LC 34-37
Heredity accounts for about _____ percent of the variation among people in happiness ratings
50
Nearly _____ percent of all Americans think that being very well off is important for happiness. This belief is _____ by scientific research
75; contradicted
Jim recently received a large inheritance from a distant relative. Based on research, it can be expected that
Jim will initially be happy, but will then adjust and need more to be happy
The Stanford prison experiment consisted of male college students who volunteered to participate in the simulation of a prison. Half of the students became guards and the other half prisoners. After only six days, the lead psychologist, _____, had to call off the study because of the guards' degrading behaviors and the way the prisoners became passive, broke down, or rebelled
Phillip Zimbardo
Which statement is true with respect to religiosity? -Attending church without changing the lifestyle has positive effects on longevity -Religiously active people tend to live longer -Religiosity can be explained by gender differences -Religiously active people tend to utilize doctors and hospitals more often
Religiously active people tend to live longer
Social scripts refer to
a culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations
Social thinking is to _____ as social influence is to _____
attitude; obedience
Prejudice involves a three-part mixture of
beliefs, emotions, and predispositions to action
Joanna disagrees with her classmates on an issue. During a class discussion of the issue, Joanna is MOST likely to conform to her classmates' opinion if she
believes the rest of the class is unanimous in their position
During a test, Abe impulsively copied several answers from a nearby student's paper. He felt very uncomfortable about having done this until he convinced himself that copying answers is not wrong if classmates are careless enough to expose their test sheets. Which theory BEST explains why Abe adopted this new attitude?
cognitive dissonance theory
Many studies cited in the textbook have shown that, in order to reduce conflict between groups, it is suggested that these groups be put in situations where _____ is/are needed to solve a problem
cooperation
Following an ugly confrontation with a co-worker, Simon seeks sympathy from his friends. Simon is practicing _____ coping
emotion-focused
Casey and Reagan both earned A's on their biology test. Casey believes that her test score was due to luck, while Reagan attributes her grade to hard work. Casey demonstrates an _____ locus of control; Reagan demonstrates an _____ locus of control
external; internal
As Arlette walks through a shopping mall, she happens to pass an older woman who is sitting on a bench, clutching her arm and moaning in pain. The presence of many other shoppers in the mall will MOST likely increase the probability that Arlette will
fail to notice the older woman's problem
Deficits in the functioning of the _____ are associated with aggression
frontal lobe
The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group is called
group polarization
Janie is amazed how Jim can recognize and identify people who are of Asian ethnic groups, while she really struggles with this type of identification. One can assume from this example that Jim
has more experience interacting with Asian people
This is the tendency to favor one's own group
in-group bias
Aggression is related to _____ activity in the amygdala and _____ activity in the frontal lobe
increased; decreased
Since 1950, Americans' buying power has _____ and their happiness has _____
increased; remained constant
Jennifer has been experiencing depression. Which recommendation from her doctor is likely to be MOST successful?
join an exercise group
Chuck has just moved into a new neighborhood. This new neighborhood is full of people addicted to drugs who live in rundown houses in horrible condition. He often sees them on the street struggling to find food and shivering through the cold winter. When his friend asks him if he feels bad seeing these people suffer he replies, "Good people don't end up that way, so I don't feel bad for them." Chuck's attitude BEST illustrates
just-world theory
A local religious organization has taken an interest in reaching out to community members with AIDS. They were prompted to do this when they learned that religiously active AIDS patients _____ than do their nonreligious counterparts
live longer
Mrs. Crane frequently thinks she has to shout at her husband to get his attention, but he thinks she yells because she is angry. Mr. Crane typically feels he has to shout back at his wife to defend himself, but she thinks his screaming proves that he is hostile. This couple's experience BEST illustrates
mirror-image perceptions
People heavily exposed to pornography are _____ likely to have lenient views of rape and are _____ likely to recommend long prison sentences for convicted rapists
more; less
Milgram is to _____ as _____ is to cognitive dissonance
obedience; Festinger
Couples are more likely to meet _____ than they were in the past
online
A researcher defines subjective well-being as the ratio of positive to negative emotion words that participants check on a list. This precise _____ definition should allow subsequent researchers to replicate her work
operational
As passionate love matures into a calm and steady companionate love, the bonding of two partners is MOST likely to be facilitated by
oxytocin
An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another is to _____ love as deep affectionate attachment is to companionate love
passionate
Clarissa and Julio are in English class together and have been assigned to sit next to each other. Which factor will MOST likely affect their first impression of each other?
physical attractiveness
In recent years, the study of happiness has taken on increased importance with the rise of _____psychology
positive
Faced with overlapping, unrealistic deadlines at work, Ira recruits his co-workers to perform some of the routine clerical tasks associated with the projects. Ira is engaged in _____ coping
problem-focused
After the Greenway family accepted their neighbor's invitation to Thanksgiving dinner, Mrs. Greenway felt obligated to invite the neighbors to Christmas dinner. Sense of obligation BEST reflects the
reciprocity norm
Some European-Canadians living in a large city on Canada's west coast believe that wealthy immigrants from Hong Kong and, increasingly, China's mainland have inflated the price of housing in the city, making homeownership difficult for many. They therefore view Asian-Canadians negatively. This is BEST explained by _____ theory
scapegoat
The ability to control impulses and delay gratification is called
self-control
The local basketball team seems to perform better in front of the home audience on their home court. According to the textbook, the phenomenon of home field advantage is BEST understood with reference to
social facilitation
Casandra is a devoted Catholic and volunteers five hours each week at a local women's shelter. Casandra may volunteer so much because of
social-responsibility
After Marcus lost the student election for president of his high school class, he spread false rumors intended to spoil the newly chosen president's reputation. Marcus' behavior is BEST explained in terms of
the frustration-aggression principle
Marilyn thinks a strict class attendance policy is an indication of her professor's overly controlling personality, rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once each week. Her judgment BEST illustrates
the fundamental attribution error
"Fake it until you make it" is a saying of Alcoholics Anonymous and represents
the power of acting a new role
Since 1950, Americans' happiness has remained constant, even though their buying power has
tripled
Diffusion of responsibility is MOST likely to occur
when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other bystanders present
Refusing to hire qualified job applicants because of the color of their skin is to engage in
discrimination
Joseph has been experiencing financial problems associated with his recent divorce. He was able to save $300 from his tips, but since he could not pay off his bills, he decided to purchase a flat screen television to help him take his mind off his stress. This is an example of _____ coping
emotion-focused
It is often heard that successful long-term relationships are 50/50 or 100/100, highlighting the role of _____in companionate love
equity
The _____ phenomenon refers to the tendency to make judgments relative to a baseline established by one's experience
adaptation-level
A former major-league football player is convicted of a violent crime against another person. An expert testifies in his defense that the player's crime stemmed from a degenerative brain disease called chronic traumatic encephalopathy, or CTE. CTE is brought on by the repeated head injury experienced by many football players. With respect to the _____ model, CTE reflects a biological influence on aggression
biopsychosocial
The frustration-aggression principle MOST clearly applies to individuals with higher-than-average levels of
blood alcohol
Owen and his boyfriend are becoming more serious. "I feel I can tell him absolutely anything," Owen remarks. This example illustrates the contribution of _____ to the growing intimacy Owen and his boyfriend are experiencing
self-disclosure
According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others
diminishes performance on difficult or new tasks
Whether people are progressive or conservative, they tend to favor those with whom they share a common political identity. This exemplifies
an in-group bias
Seven-year-old Marcus' parents use a lot of harsh physical punishment and verbal intimidation to control his behavior. Studies have shown that if his parents continue this type of discipline Marcus is more likely to
demonstrate delinquent behavior in the future
While driving his girlfriend to work, Nate narrowly avoided a collision with another vehicle. Moments later, he experienced an unusually warm glow of affection for his girlfriend. His romantic reaction is BEST explained in terms of the _____ theory
two-factor