LDSP 386 Midterm

What are the downsides of a leaders abuse of Privilege?

those who hoard the power are likely to hoard the status and wealth, and take it away from followers. can lead to unethical decisions

What is a leadership transgressor?

transgressor- anyone who violates a rule or oversteps a boundary.

authoritarians

unconditional respect for authority

When do leaders use Kidder's Ethical Checkpoints?

when some decisions involve deciding between two "goods" and leaves the door open for creative solutions

What is integrity?

wholeness or completeness. the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles; moral uprightness.

Explain the Lonergan/ Baird Method

empirical, intellectual, rational, responsible are the four steps of this model

Conformers

engage in destructive behavior in obedience to leader

How does Johnson define evil?

evil inflicts pain and suffering, deprives innocent people of their humanity, and creates feeling of hopelessness and despair.

Monster #6

evil- there are lots of other demons lurking in leaders and follower alike- jealousy, envy, rage

define narcissism

excessive or erotic interest in oneself and one's physical appearance

Ethical Challenges of Followership: Dissent

failure to speak up or overkill

Monster #4

fear- fear of chaos drives many leaders to stifle dissent and innovation

Ethic of Care

feminist approach to altruism, combating the traditional male- oriented approach to ethics preference of care over justice

What is the Foursquare Protocol?

focuses on procedures that members use to reach their conclusions

define pseudo-transformational leadership

focuses on the leader's own interests rather than the interests of his or her followers; leaders transform in a negative way because they are self-consumed and/or power-oriented

How are humans and animals thought to differ in terms of leadership and ethical judgement?

from the pattern of dominance and submission animals lead by physical power (pure physical strength)- that is until a larger animal takes over. Humans consciously choose how they want to influence others. They rely on persuasion, rewards, punishments, ethical appeals, rules, and a host of other means to get their way.

the loftier a leaders position, the ______ the chances that he or she will overestimate his or her abilities

greater

Ethical Challenges of Followership: Cynicism

healthy skepticism or questioning vs. destruction of commitment and trust

Define Moral Development

how people make moral judgements. emergency, change, and understanding of morality from infancy to adulthood.

The Faces of Evil: Evil as Choice

human choice

leader may justify _______ _________ such as lying or intimidating followers on the grounds that is it the only way to protect the country or save the company

immoral behavior

define vices

immoral or wicked behavior examples: drinking alcohol, smoking tobacco, gambling

Define greed

intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth, power, or foods

Define the Shadow of Privilege

the greater the leaders powers, the greater their privilege, or rewards they receive

Define selfishness

the quality or condition of being selfish- lacking consideration for others

Define Deontology

the study of the nature of duty and obligation

Johnson and Barbra Kellerman share what view of bad/unethical leadership?

they both believe that limiting our understanding of leadership solely to good leadership IGNORES the reality that many great leaders engage in destructive behavior. Bad leaders can be ineffective, unethical, or both.

Johnson and Barbra Kellerman share what view of bad/unethical leadership?

they both believe that limiting our understanding of leadership solely to good leadership ignores the reality that many great leaders engage in destructive behavior. Bad leaders can be ineffective, unethical, or both.

What are the downsides of broken or misplaced loyalties in juxtaposition with the Ethical Challenge of Followership?

they must consider all stakeholders, including family and friends loyalties can be broken as well as misplaced

The Faces of Evil: Evil as Exclusion

those outside of the "circle" are seen as undeserving or expendable. As a result, harming them appears acceptable, appropriate, or just.

Define Pro-Social behavior

"Intended to benefit another", is a social behavior that "benefit[s] other people or society as a whole", "such as helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering". Obeying the rules and conforming to socially accepted behaviors are also regarded as pro-social behaviors

what is the Bathsheba syndrome?

"The ethical failure of successful leaders"

What is the Taoist perspective on leadership?

"lead natures way" the best leaders are those the people hardly know exist

What are the various ethical decision making models that leaders use?

- Kidder's Ethical Checkpoints - Nash's 12 questions - The Lonergan/Baird Method - The Foursquare Protocol

What are the three ways values are transmitted or formed?

1. Inculcation- passing on of values from the world around you; the instilling of values by parents, religious institutions, schools, peers, culture 2. Modeling- the passing of values by providing examples of values in action 3. Values Clarification: answers questions that arise from inculcation and modeling and helps one build their own value system

What are the 4 components of Moral Action?

1. Moral Sensitivity- recognition of a moral problem 2. Moral Judgement- deciding what is right or wrong 3. Moral Focus- Motivation, when values conflict 4. Moral Character- courage to act, internally oriented, competence

Courage is required to fulfill what two components of ethical leadership?

1. ethical leaders recognize that moral action is risky but 2. they continue to ethical behavior despite the danger. They refuse to set their values aside to go along with the group, and they strive to create ethical environments even when faced with opposition

What are the 5 assumptions about the nature of human values

1: the total number of values that a person possesses is relatively small 2: all men everywhere possess the same values to varying degrees 3: values are organized into value systems 4: the backgrounds of human values can be traced to culture, society and its institutions, and personality 5: the consequences of human values will be manifested in virtually all phenomenon

Name the five sources of power suggested by French and Raven

Coercive- penalty/punishment Reward Legitimate- position not person Expert- person not position Referent- admiration for leader

Define Kant's Categorical Imperative

Do what is right, no matter what the cost

Monster #3

Functional Atheism- a leader's belief that she or he has the ultimate responsibility for everything that happens to the group or organization

Define Utilitarianism

Greatest good for the greatest number

What does Johnson mean by light or shadow?

How we handle the challenges of leadership determines whether they cause more harm then good, or, whether we cast a light or shadow.

Monster #1

Insecurity- leaders often are deeply insecure people who mask their inner doubts through extroversion and by tying their identities to their role as leaders

According to the Center for Creative Leadership (CCL), how can we expand our leadership competence?

Leader development is based on assessment, challenge, and support. Successful developmental experience provide plenty of feedback that lets their participants know how they are doing and how others are responding to their leadership strategies. Identifying a leaders ethical blinds spots, and actively trying to "close the gap" may allow the leader to step out of their shadows.

Leader vs. Manager

Leader- motivate, relate, seek results, encourage Manager- make every person, system, activity, program, and policy countable, measurable, predictable, and therefore controllable

What are the 3 levels to the "Justice Central Principle"?

Level 1: Preconventional Level 2: Conventional Level 3: Pincipled

What is significant about Nash's 12 points?

Like Kidder's ethical checkpoints, Nash's 12 questions highlight the importance of problem identification and information gathering. They go a step further, however, by encouraging us to engage in perspective taking. We need to see the problem from the other party's view.

How does forgiveness play a role in leaders who are combating evil?

Loving acts can overcome evil. social scientist believe that forgiving instead of retaliating can prevent or break cycles of evil. forgiveness is a process

What are the two parts or elements of ethical leadership?

PERSONAL MORAL BEHAVIOR AND INFLUENCE Ethical leaders earn that label when they act morally as they carry out their duties and shape the ethical context of their groups, organizations, and societies.

Who questions whether societal values are across the board? Is there one value system that everyone operates within?

Rokeach- he has found that various combinations of terminal and instrumental values significantly differentiate among people with extremely diverse social and economic status characteristics

Define Rawl's Veil of Ignorance

Suggests that you imagine yourself in an original position behind a veil of ignorance. Behind this veil, you know nothing of yourself and your natural abilities, or your position in society.

What is the "Hedonistic Paradox"

There is no such thing as a selfless act We fail to attain pleasures if we deliberately seek them. In order to be happy, a person must aim at things other than their own happiness

The Faces of Evil: Evil as Deception

They consider themselves above reproach and project their shortcomings, attacking anyone who threatens their self- conceptions

The Faces of Evil: Evil as dreadful pleasure

[they] do evil, instead of coming to grips with their inner darkness, they try to get rid of it by making others feel "dreadful"

define virtues

a behavior showing high moral standards example: honesty, service.

Example of Terminal Values

a comfortable life, inner harmony, a sense of accomplishment, a world at peace, a world of beauty

Define pride

a feeling of deep pleasure or satisfaction derives from one's own achievements, the achievements of those whom one is closely associated, or from qualities or possessions that are widely admired.

What are normative theories?

a hypothesis or statement about what is right or wrong, desirable or undesirable, just or unjust in society. Normative- establishing, relating to, or deriving from a standard norm, especially of behavior

What is servant leadership?

a leadership philosophy in which the main goal of the leader is to serve. This is different from the traditional leadership where the leaders main focus is the thriving of their company or organizations "Puts the needs of the follower first"

define machiavellianism

a personality trait which sees a person so focused on their own interests they will manipulate, deceive, and exploit others to achieve all of their goals

What is impression management? When is it used ethically?

a process in which people attempt to influence the perceptions of other people about a person, object, or event

What is Burn's definition of transformational leadership? Is there an altruistic element?

a process where leaders and followers engage in a mutual process of "raising one another to higher levels of morality and motivation" In doing so, they may model the values themselves and use charismatic methods to attract people to the value and to the leader Altruistic: showing a disinterested and selfless concern for the well- being of others; unselfish

Dr. Enright and his colleagues define forgiveness as...

a willingness to abandon one's right to resentment, negative judgement, and indifferent behavior toward one who unjustly injured us, while fostering the undeserved qualities of compassion, generosity, and even love toward him or her

acolytes

agree with destructive mission on an identity level

Example of Instrumental Values

ambitious, capable, clean, helpful, honest

Full Circle: Leaders are the _______ of unethical situations

architects

Define Terminal Values

are the goals that we work towards and view as most desirable

according to rokeach, adults possess many thousands of _______ towards specific objects and situations but relatively few terminal and instrumental values

attitudes

Define authentic leadership

authentic leadership is an approach to leadership that emphasizes building the leader's legitimacy through honest relationships with followers which value their input and are built on an ethical foundation

Monster #2

battleground mentality- leaders often use military images when carrying out their tasks, speaking in wins and losses, allies and enemies, and doing battle with the competition

Ethical Challenges of Followership: Delivering Bad News

being honest about problems, feedback, etc

To avoid following bad leaders, how should followers be courageous?

by overcoming their fear in order to do the right thing and acknowledge the dangers they face and their anxieties.

Ethical Challenges of Followership: Obedience

degree of ethical duty to obey (be reliable)- deciding when to disobey is critical

Monster #5

denying death- our culture as a whole denies the reality of death, and leaders in particular, don't want to face the fact that projects and programs should die if they are no longer useful

Define the Shadow on Inconsistency

leaders deal with a variety of followers, each with their own set of abilities, needs, and interests. In addition, they like some followers better than others. (LMX theory) consistency in situations Honoring diversity- "who should we bend the rules for"

Define the Shadow of Mismanaged Information

leaders have access to more information than do others in the organization leaders must be in the information loop in order to carry out their tasks, but possessing knowledge makes life more complicated.

Define the Shadow of Misplaced and Broken Loyalties

leaders must weigh loyalties and duties when making choices noteworthy leader put the needs of the larger community above selfish interests

lost souls

needy people

What is Ethical Pluralism?

no single ehtical perspective is perfect, each has strengths and weaknesses.

Ethical Challenges of Followership: Obligation

not holding up their end, holding too much, duties to others

The Faces of Evil: Evil as Bureaucracy

organizational members commit heinous crimes while carrying out their daily tasks as "good" or "responsible" professionals War and Government officials are good examples

Define Altruism/ Love your Neighbor

our actions should be designed to help others, whatever the personal cost (self sacrifice).

bystanders

passive and fearful

Define the Shadow of Power

power is the foundation for influence; the more power we have the more likely people will comply with our wishes Primary concern is ABUSE

Define Instrumental Values

preferred methods of behavior

"leadership is taking what you believe in based on your core values and translating beliefs and values into action

rowitz 1996

opportunists

seek rewards/ personal gain from participation

unrealistic _____ _______ of all types put leaders at ethical risks

self perceptions

What is moral imagination?

sensitivity to moral issues and options- is key to ethical behavior and works hand in hand with moral reasoning in the decision- making process. - reproductive: replaying to identify the frame - productive: re-framing the problem - creative: new and morally sound, justifiable solutions MORAL IMAGINATION FACILITATES AND ENHANCES ETHICAL REASONING

"at every turn we are forced to make choices about how to live our lives. Ideally our choices will be made on the bases of the value we hold"

simon et al 1995

The Faces of Evil: Evil as Ordinary

situational factors that cause otherwise ordinary people or normal people to become evildoers

colluders

supportively contribute in destructive behavior

Shadow of Irresponsibility

the breadth of responsibility is one of the factors distinguishing between the leader and the follower roles. Since leaders are accountable for collective performance, leaders cast a shadow when the fail to make reasonable effort to prevent misdeeds, ignore or deny ethical problems, deny responsibility for consequences, or hold followers to higher standards themselves