Leadership and Management Quiz 5,6,11,15
Reminder
Historically, when the economy improves, nursing shortages occur. When the economy declines, nursing vacancy rates decline as well.
Areas for Nursing Competency Assessment
Improvement of the quality and safety of health-care systems; informatics Evidence-based practice Knowledge of complex systems Skills and methods for leadership and management of continual improvement Population health and population-based care management Health policy knowledge, skills, and attitudes
Career Planning
Includes evaluating one's strengths and weaknesses, setting goals, examining career opportunities, preparing for potential opportunities, and using appropriate developmental activities
Turnover
Some turnover is normal and in fact desirable. It infuses the organization with fresh ideas and reduces the probability of groupthink. However, excessive or unnecessary turnover reduces the ability of the organization to produce its end-product and is expensive.
Good Samaritan Laws
Suggest that health-care providers are typically protected from potential liability if they volunteer their nursing skills away from the workplace (generally limited to emergencies), provided that actions taken are not grossly negligent and if the health-care worker does not exceed his or her training or scope of practice in performing the emergency services
Being Sued for Malpractice
"Just following physician orders" is not a defense for malpractice. Nurses have an independent responsibility to take appropriate steps to safeguard patients.
Res judicata
(a thing or matter settled by judgment): applies only when a competent court has decided a legal dispute and when no further appeals are possible
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Provides patient right to confidentiality Essentially represents two areas for implementation - Administrative simplification plan - Privacy rules
Incident Reports (Adverse Event Forms)
Records of unusual or unexpected incidents that occur in the course of a client's treatment Generally considered confidential communications and cannot be subpoenaed by clients or used as evidence in their lawsuits in most states A copy of an incident report should not be left in the chart, and no entry should be made in the patient's record about the existence of an incident report.
Justification for Career Development
Reduces employee attrition Provides equal employment opportunity Improves the use of personnel Improves the quality of work life Improves competitiveness of the organization Avoids obsolescence and builds new skills Promotes evidence-based practice
Career Stages: Promise
Reflects the first 10 years of employment; making wise career choices is important Milestones: socialization to the nursing role; building knowledge, skills, abilities, credentials, and an education base; gaining exposure to a variety of experiences; identifying strengths and building confidence; and positioning for the future
Responsibilities of the Nurse-Manager
Reporting dangerous understaffing Checking staff credentials and qualifications Carrying out appropriate discipline
Patient Self-Determination Act (PSDA)
Required health-care organizations that received federal funding (Medicare and Medicaid) to provide education for staff and patients on issues concerning treatment and end-of-life issues - Includes the use of advance directives (ADs), written instructions regarding desired end-of-life care - Also likely includes durable power of attorney for health care (health-care proxy)
Career Planning (Individual)
Self-assess interests, skills, strengths, with weaknesses, and values. Determine goals. Assess the organization for opportunities Assess opportunities outside. Develop strategies. Implement plans. Evaluate plans. Reassess and make new plans as necessary at least biannually.
Factors Affecting Staffing Needs
Source of nursing pools Number of students enrolled in local nursing schools Usual length of employment of newly hired staff Peak staff resignation periods Times when patient census is highest Patient care delivery system in place Knowledge level of needed staff Budget constraints
Respondeat superior
(the master is responsible for the acts of his servants): an employer should be held legally liable for the conduct of employees whose actions he or she has a right to direct or control
Career Coaching Steps
Gathering data Asking what is possible Conducting the coaching session
Tips for the Applicant During the Interview
The goal is to make a good first impression! Be on time. Smile, shake hands, and maintain eye contact. Stand until the interviewer invites you to sit. Place personal belongings beside you on the floor. Do not slouch or fidget. Do not chew gum or smoke cigarettes. Bring a paper and pencil to make notes. Answer the questions with confidence and watch the interviewer for nonverbal cues.
Purposes of the Selection Interview
The interviewer seeks to obtain enough information to determine the applicant's suitability for the available position. The applicant seeks to obtain adequate information to make an intelligent decision about accepting the job, should it be offered. The interviewer seeks to conduct the interview in such a manner that, regardless of the interview's result, the applicant will continue to have respect for and good will toward the organization.
Subjectivity of Interview
The major defect of the interview is subjectivity.
Elements of Malpractice
negligence and malpractice
Malpractice
the failure of a person with professional training to act in a reasonable and prudent manner—also called professional negligence
Negligence
the omission to do something that a reasonable person, guided by the considerations that ordinarily regulate human affairs, would do—or as doing something that a reasonable and prudent person would not do
Interviewer
Contact the interviewee. With the team and by yourself, critique the interview experience. Review in your mind what went well and other comments. If offered the job, send a formal letter about the job.
Advocating for Patients as Managers
Creating a work environment that recognizes patients' needs and goals as paramount Creating a work culture in which patients are respected, well informed, and empowered Advocating for patients with regard to distribution of resources and the use of technology Taking risks particularly when advocating for a client may be in direct conflict with a provider or institutional goal
Which is not an intentional tort? a False imprisonment b Defamation of character c Invasion of privacy d Negligence
D. Negligence Rationale: An intentional tort requires that the act be committed with the awareness of the perpetrator.
true or false: Following a physician's order is a valid excuse in a malpractice case.
False Rationale: Nurses have a responsibility to safeguard their patients, independent of physician's orders.
Factors Affecting Recruitment
Financial resources Adequate nursing pool Competitive salaries The organization's reputation The location's desirability The status of the national and local economy
Finalizing the Selection
Follow up with applicants, thanking them for applying, and informing them when they will be notified about a decision. Candidates not offered a position should be notified of this as soon as possible and reasons provided. Applicants offered a position should be informed in writing of the benefits, salary, and placement. Applicants who accept job offers should be informed a to preemployment procedures such as physical examinations and date to report to work. Applicants who are offered positions should be requested to confirm in writing their intention to accept the position.
Media Exposure
Many nurses avoid media exposure because they believe they lack the expertise or because they lack self-confidence. However, nurses should take every opportunity to appear in newspapers and on radio and television.
Staffing Shortages and the Economy
Nationwide downsizing of hospitals in the 1990s Aging of the nursing workforce Accelerating demand for professional nurses Inadequate enrollment in nursing programs of study Aging of nursing faculty
Making Concerns Known
Nurses must exert their collective influence and make their concerns known to policy makers before they can have a major impact on political and legislative outcomes.
Professional Specialty Certification
Nurses must meet eligibility criteria that may include years and types of work experience as well as minimum educational levels, active nursing licenses, and successful completion of a nationally administered examination. Certifications normally last 5 years.
Two Types of Negligence
Ordinary negligence Professional negligence (also called malpractice)
Patient Medical Records
Patient owns the information, but the record belongs to the facility that made it and is storing it. Patients must have reasonable access to the record. Collaboration between health-care providers and patients, and documentation thereof, is a good indication of well-provided clinical care.
Long-Term Coaching
Planned, systematic management action that occurs over the duration of an employee's employment Should occur at least annually in addition to performance appraisal Includes data gathering, assessing what is possible, and performing coaching interview
Reducing the Risk of Malpractice Claims
Practice within the scope of the nurse practice act. Observe agency policies and procedures. Model practice after established standards by using evidence-based practice. Always put patient's rights and welfare first. Be aware of relevant law and legal doctrines. Practice within the area of individual competence and upgrade technical skills consistently.
Selection
Process of choosing from among applicants the best-qualified individual or individuals for a particular job or position Consider: Educational and credential requirements Reference checks and background screening Preemployment testing Physical examination
Which are an organization's responsibilities for career management ? (Select all that apply.) a Posting job openings b Offering support and encouragement c Providing education and training d Determining the course of an employee's career e All of the above
A. Posting job openings B. Offering support and encouragement AND C. Providing education and training Rationale: An organization has many responsibilities in career development, but each employee's needs, skills, and personal choices should also largely influence the course of his or her career.
true or false: One way nurses can act as advocates is by directly intervening on behalf of others.
A. True Rationale: Sometimes it is advisable for nurses to advocate for patients by directly intervening on their behalf.
Recruitment Methods
Advertisements Career days Literature Informal use of members of the organization as examples of satisfied employees
Advocacy
Advocacy involves helping others to grow and self-actualize. Nurses must advocate for themselves, clients, subordinates, and their profession. Advocates must inform others of their rights and make sure they have enough information to make informed decisions. Advocacy is defined as protecting and defending what one believes in for both self and others.
Illegal Interview Inquiries
Age Marital status Children Race Sexual preference Financial or credit status National origin Religion
A nurse is charged with administering a fatal dose of morphine to a patient on hospice. In which type of court would this nurse be charged? a Civil b Criminal c Administrative d None of the above
B. Criminal Rationale: Nurses found guilty of intentionally administering fatal doses of drugs to patients would be charged in a criminal court. In civil cases, one individual sues another for money to compensate for a perceived loss. In administrative cases, an individual is sued by a state or federal governmental agency assigned the responsibility of implementing governmental programs.
Civil
Based on a preponderance of the evidence Monetary damage
Subordinate Advocacy
Nurse administrators should advocate for other health-care providers (including subordinates) as well as patients, especially when this is related to health and safety. Workplace advocacy occurs when the manager works to see that the work environment is both safe and conducive to professional and personal growth for subordinates.
Which of the following accurately describes why nurses are at increased liability for malpractice suits? a Their realm of responsibility has decreased. b Fewer nurses have liability insurance. c Nurses are making more money. d Nurses currently have less independence in decision making.
C. Nurses are making more money. Rationale: Higher salaries have corresponded to increased liability in the nursing profession.
Administrative
Clear and convincing standard Suspension or loss of licensure
Career Stages: Harvest
Commences in late career Milestones: elevating mastery to sage practice for advancing the profession and positioning as a professional statesperson and establishing a legacy
Law effects on Nurses
Constitution: little direct involvement Statutes: since the 1970s, more effects on malpractice Administrative Agencies: National Labor Relations Board, Health and Safety Board - affect the nursing practice Court Decisions: Most malpractice law are addressed by the courts
Common Areas Requiring Nurse-Patient Advocacy
End-of-life decisions; aging populations Technological advances Health-care reimbursement Access to health care Provider-patient conflicts Withholding of information Insurance authorization Medical errors Patient information disclosure Patient grievance and appeals process Culture and ethnic diversity and sensitivity Respect for patient dignity Inadequate consents; complex social problems Incompetent health-care providers
Profession of Nursing
Entry into a profession involves a personal and public promise to serve others with the special expertise that a profession can provide and that society legitimately expects it to provide. If nursing is to advance as a profession, practitioners and leader-managers must broaden their sociopolitical knowledge base to understand better the bureaucracies in which they live. Nurses who participate in professional organizations are integral in determining whether voluntary or legal controls represent what nursing is and should be.
true or false: Nurses should avoid media exposure.
False Rationale: Although many nurses avoid media exposure out of self-consciousness, in fact it is advantageous to appear in newspapers and on radio and television when the opportunity arises.
True or False Career development occurs in the early phases of one's work life, during the period of education, training, and job search.
False Rationale: Career development should be viewed as a lifelong process that can be accomplished through various means, including education, self-assessment, and work experience
true or false: Management development can be initiated in any level of an organization, independent of the administration.
False Rationale: Management development must be supported by top-level administration.
true or false: Positive information is usually weighed more heavily than negative information in an interview.
False Rationale: One of the disadvantages of the interview as a selection tool is that negative information about the applicant is weighed more heavily than positive information.
true or false: Reporting an offense to one's boss is an example of external whistleblowing.
False Rationale: Reporting a problem to a higher-up within the organization is called internal whistleblowing. External whistleblowing involves reporting outside the organization such as the media and an elected official.
Seeking Employee Diversity
Having a staff that is diverse in terms of gender, culture, age, ethnicity, and language is helpful in meeting the needs of an increasingly diverse client population. Diversity also brings new perspectives to thinking and problem solving. Managers should be alert to the gender, culture, ethnicity, age, and language diversity in the communities served by their organization and should seek to recruit a staff that is both sensitive and responsive to that diversity.
How Nurses Can Act as Advocates
Helping others make informed decisions Acting as intermediaries in the environment Directly intervening on behalf of others Advocating for social justice
Suggested Interview Format
Introduce yourself and greet the applicant. Make a brief statement about the organization and position and clarify the position for which the person is applying. Discuss the information on the application and seek clarification or amplification as necessary. Discuss employee qualifications and proceed with structured interview format. If applicant is qualified, discuss the position further. Explain hiring procedures. Terminate the interview.
Career Coaching
Involves helping others to identify professional goals and career options and then designing a career plan to achieve those goals In short-term career coaching, the manager regularly asks employees questions or challenges them to refocus their perspective or improve their performance.
Malpractice Insurance Dilemma
Nurses need malpractice insurance because of their expanded roles, but they also incur a greater likelihood of being sued if they have malpractice insurance because injured parties will always seek damages from as many individuals with financial resources as possible
Recruitment and Retention
One of the best ways to maintain an adequate employee pool is by word of mouth—the recommendation of the organization's own satisfied and happy staff. Recruitment, however, is not the key to adequate staffing in the long term. Retention is, and it occurs only when the organization is able to create a work environment that makes staff want to stay.
Common Causes of Professional Nursing License Suspension or Revocation
Professional negligence Practicing medicine or nursing without a license Obtaining a nursing license by fraud or allowing others to use your license Felony conviction for any offense substantially related to the function or duties of an RN Participating professionally in criminal abortions Not reporting substandard medical or nursing care Providing patient care while under the influence of drugs or alcohol Giving narcotic drugs without an order Falsely holding oneself out to the public or to any health-care practitioner as a "nurse practitioner"
Guidelines for Informed Consent
The person(s) giving consent must fully comprehend: 1. The procedure to be performed 2. The risks involved 3. Expected or desired outcomes 4. Expected complications or side effects that may occur as a result of treatment 5. Alternative treatments that are available Consent 1. A competent adult 2. A legal guardian or individual holding durable power of attorney 3. An emancipated or married minor 4. Mature minor (varies by state) 5. Parent of a minor child 6. Court order
Purpose of Law and Legislation
The primary purpose is to protect the patient and the nurse. Laws and legislation define the scope of acceptable practice and protect individual rights. Nurses who are aware of their rights and duties in legal matters are better able to protect themselves against liability or loss of professional licensure.
Recruitment
The process of actively seeking out or attracting applicants for existing positions Should be an ongoing process
Evaluation of the Interview
The requirements of the job Qualified versus overqualified Personal bias Examine any negative feelings occurring in the interview for personal bias.
Resumés
The resumé should be typed on good paper in a format that is easy to read. The resumé should maximize strong points and minimize weaknesses. The style should reflect good grammar, correct punctuation, proper sentence structure, and simple, direct language. A cover letter should be included.
Practice Interview Questions (found at the end of the chapter)
Why do you want this job? What is your philosophy of nursing? What strengths and weaknesses do you bring to this job? Why should we hire you? Why us? What is your 20-year career plan? Can you define professionalism in nursing practice? What do you know about our organization?
Writing a Letter to a Legislator
Write a personal letter. Be formal but polite. The letter should be one page. Address the legislator by title. Establish your credibility early in the letter as both a constituent and as a health-care expert. Refer to a specific bill by number. State your position on the issue. Offer your assistance as a resource person for additional information. Sign the letter, including your name and contact information. Be persistent and write repeatedly to legislators who are undecided on an issue.
Criminal
beyond a reasonable doubt Incarceration, probation and fines
Stare decisis
(let the decision stand): uses precedents as a decision-making guide
Limitations of the Interview Process as a Selection Tool
1. Subjectivity can never be totally eliminated. 2. High interview assessments do not necessarily correlate with high-level performance on the job 3. Mixed reliability and validity - Intrarater reliability high - Interrater reliability low in unstructured interviews - Interrater reliability is better if interview is structured and same interview format is used by all interviewers. Negative information about the applicant is weighed more heavily than positive information, and the earlier in the interview, the greater the negative effect. Most decisions about the applicant are made in the first 30 to 60 seconds. In unstructured interviews, the interviewer generally does 80% to 90% of the talking. In structured interviews, the interviewer does only 50% to 60% of the talking. The environment is artificial, and it is difficult for many interviewees to relax and be natural. The interviewer may have poor communication skills and be unable to generate a discussion. Physical appearance often contributes substantially to an interviewer's opinion about an applicant. Interviewers frequently ask questions that demonstrate a self-fulfilling prophecy regarding their first impression of the applicant.
Nursing Portfolio
All nurses should maintain a portfolio to reflect their professional growth over their career.
Common Job Interview Mistakes of Applicants
Arriving so early you appear overanxious Saying too much Wearing a coat/hat during the interview Wearing psychologically intimidating colors or patterns Sitting down before the interviewer does or addressing the interviewer by his or her first name Asking about salary, vacation, or promotions too early in the interview Bad-mouthing or revealing confidential information about a former or current employer Not having any questions Overstating your accomplishments Having a "what can you do for me?" attitude Being vague, rambling, or evasive, all of which show poor communication skills Lacking clear direction regarding what you want in your career Showing apathy or lack of motivation
Intentional Torts
Assault and battery False imprisonment Invasion of privacy Defamation of character - Slander (spoken) - Libel (written)
Phases of Employee Indoctrination
Induction: includes all activities that educate the new employee about the organization and employment and personnel policies and procedures Orientation: teaches activities that are more specific to the position Individual orientation to each department: specific departments are responsible for developing their own orientation program
The Organization's Responsibility for Career Management
Integration of needs Establishment of career paths Dissemination of career information Posting of job openings Assessment of employees Provision of challenging assignments Giving support and encouragement Development of personnel policies Provision of education and training
Personal Benefits of Professional Certification
Provides a sense of accomplishment and achievement Validation of specialty knowledge and competence to peers and patients Increased credibility Increased self-confidence Promotes greater autonomy of practice Provides for increased career opportunities and greater competitiveness in the job market May result in salary incentives
Interviewee
Send a thank-you note to the interviewer. Personally critique the interview experience. Review in your mind what you did well and what you would do differently the next time. If offered the job, send a formal letter accepting or rejecting the job.
Nurses Are at Increased Legal Liability in the 21st Century Owing to the Following
They have more authority and independence in decision making. They have increased legal accountability for decision making. They are performing more actions that used to be in the realm of medical practice. They are making more money. More nurses are carrying malpractice insurance.
Many Nurses Lack a Career Focus and Instead View Nursing as a Job
This viewpoint limits opportunities for professional advancement and personal growth because what cannot be imagined rarely becomes a reality. Many novice professionals and most young people neglect to make long-term career plans. Shirey (2009, p. 400) suggests that "extraordinary careers do not just happen; they are cultivated and planned."
In Management Development Programs
Top-level management should bear the cost of management development classes and create an organizational structure that allows managers to apply their new knowledge. Whenever possible, nursing administrators should teach some of the classes and, at the very least, make sure that the program supports top-management philosophy.
Nursing Values Central to Advocacy
1. Each individual has a right to autonomy in deciding what course of action is most appropriate to meet his or her health-care goals. 2. Each individual has a right to hold personal values and to use those values in making health-care decisions. 3. All individuals should have access to the information they need to make informed decisions and choices. 4. The nurse must act on behalf of patients who are unable to advocate for themselves. 5. Empowerment of patients and subordinates to make decisions and take action on their own is the essence of advocacy.
Tips for Interacting with the Media
1. Respect and meet the reporter's deadlines. 2. Assume, until proven otherwise, that the reporter will be fair and accurate in his or her reporting. 3. Have key facts and figures ready for the interview 4. Limit your key points to two or three and frame them as bullet points. 5. Avoid technical or academic jargon. 6. Speak confidently but do not be afraid to say when you do not have the expertise to answer a question or when a question is better directed to someone else. 7. Avoid being pulled into inflammatory arguments or blame setting and repeat key points if you are pulled off into tangents. 8. Provide the reporter with contact information for follow-up and needed clarifications. Be prepared. Stick to three or four key points. Provide the media with clear, concise information. Stay on track by sticking to predetermined points. Do not be afraid to say that you do not have enough information or expertise to answer a question.
Patient Rights
1998 Patient's Bill of Rights - Helps patients feel comfortable in the system - Stresses strong patient-provider relationship - Stresses key role patients play in staying healthy 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Gives patients protection in dealing with insurance companies
Five Components Necessary for Professional Negligence to Occur
A standard of care is in place (minimal level of expertise delivered to a patient). There is a failure to meet the standard of care (breach of duty). Foreseeability of harm must exist (ignorance is not an excuse). There must be a provable correlation between care and harm. Actual patient injury must occur.
Whistleblowing Concern
Although much of the public wants wrongdoing or corruption to be reported, such behavior is often looked upon with distrust, and whistleblowers are often considered disloyal and experience negative repercussions for their actions.
Which should one not do when writing a letter to a legislator? Be persistent. Write a personal letter Address the legislator by his or her title. Make the letter at least two pages long.
D. Make the letter at least two pages long. Rationale: The letter should be succinct and to the point (not more than one page in length).
Supply and Demand Factors Leading to Potential Nursing Shortage Demand
Demand for RN is expected to continue or accelerate. RN occupation will grow due to shortage of RNs. Technological advances in patient care and preventative health care Magnet status
Tips for the Applicant Prior to the Interview
Do your homework about the organization you are applying to. Practice the interview and rehearse answers to foreseeable questions about your education and experience. Be prompt on the day of the interview. Look your best for the interview. Dress conservatively and make sure you are neatly groomed.
What are some important aspects of diversity to consider in choosing a staff? Gender Culture Age Language All of the above
E. All of the above Rationale: Gender, culture, age, and language, along with race or ethnicity, are all important aspects to consider in hiring a diverse staff.
Staffing—The Third Phase of the Management Process
In staffing, the leader-manager recruits, selects, orients, and promotes personnel development to accomplish the goals of the organization Staffing is an especially important phase of the management process in health-care organizations because such organizations are usually labor intensive (i.e., many employees are required to accomplish organizational goals).
Supply and Demand Factors Leading to Potential Nursing Shortage Supply
Increases in nursing school enrollment has not kept pace with lose of nurse retirement. Inadequate resources for nursing education including clinical site, classroom space, nursing faculty and clinical preceptors Faculty shortages
Career Management (Organizational)
Integrate individual employee needs and organizational needs. Establish, design, communicate, and implement career paths. Disseminate career information. Post and communicate all jobs for the organization openings. Assess employees' career needs. Provide work experience for development. Give support and encouragement. Develop new personnel policies as necessary, at least biannually necessary. Provide training and education.
Internal Versus External Whistleblowing
Internal whistleblowing occurs within an organization, reporting up the chain of command. External whistleblowing involves reporting outside the organization, such as to the media or an elected official.
Career Stages: Momentum
Is the middle career phase and typically reflects the nurse with 11 to 29 years of experience Milestones: further building confidence in one's competence; developing experience, gaining mastery, and establishing a professional track record; and finding a voice through aligning strengths with passion
Management Development
It is a planned system of training and developing people so that they acquire the skills, insights, and attitudes needed to manage people and their work effectively within the organization. Often referred to as succession planning Many nurses feel that they lack the knowledge and experience necessary to become a manager. It must be supported by top-level administration. It must be planned and systematically implemented. It must include a means of developing appropriate attitudes through social learning theory and adequate management theoretical content.
Controlling Patient Choices Versus Assisting Patient Choices
It is important for the patient advocate to be able to differentiate between controlling patient choices (domination and dependence) and assisting patient choices (allowing freedom).
Interviewing as a Selection Tool
It is the most common method for employee selection used by managers. It is also the most time-consuming and thus one of the most costly selection tools. It generally requires an interviewer to use judgments, biases, and values to make decisions based on a short interaction with an applicant in an unnatural situation. Thus, reliability and validity are always suspect.
Career Development
It should be viewed as a lifelong process involving both the individual and the environment in which he or she lives. It is accomplished through self and work environment assessment, job analysis, education, training, job search and acquisition, and work experience. Career development in an organization must include more than management employees.
Leader-Managers - Advocates for the nursing profession
Leader-managers also must be advocates for the nursing profession. When nurses find a discrepancy between their perceived role and society's expectations, they have a responsibility to advocate for the profession.
What are some ways nurses can advance the nursing profession? (Select all that apply.) Learn about sociopolitical issues Participate in professional organizations Participate in bureaucracy
Learn about sociopolitical issues AND Participate in professional organizations Rationale: It is important for nurses to participate in the larger social framework in a professional capacity in order to advance the profession as a whole.
Career Planning and the New Graduate Nurse
Transition to practice programs or residencies Funded by employers 6 months to 1 year of employment
true or false: Regular data gathering from employees is an example of long-term coaching.
True Rationale: Long-term coaching includes data gathering in order to assess possibilities.
true or false: Nurse practice acts are examples of statutes.
True Rationale: The 51 Nurse Practice Acts representing the 50 states and the District of Columbia are examples of statutes. These Nurse Practice Acts define and limit the practice of nursing, thereby stating what constitutes authorized practice as well as what exceeds the scope of authority
Overcoming Interview Limitations
Use a team approach. Develop a structured interview format for each job classification. Use scenarios to determine decision-making ability. Conduct multiple interviews. Provide training in effective interviewing techniques.
Reliability and Validity Issues of the Selection Process
Validity increases with a team approach. Negative information tends to be weighed more heavily than positive information. The same standards should be used for all applicants. Selection should be based on established criteria, not value judgments. Personal bias should be minimized, because negative feelings likely have no relation to the criteria necessary for success in the position.