Leadership Exam #1

Low in competence and high in commitment ______. A. D1 B. D2 C. S2 D. S4

A. D1

Research by Hill and colleagues supports the notion that positive a leader-member relationship can result from ______. A. a high degree of electronic communications between them B. the leader and member having the same degree of conscientiousness C. frequent social encounters with one another outside the workplace D. the leader and member having complementary skill sets

A. a high degree of electronic communication between them

Context and culture is ______. A. an antecedent condition in servant leadership B. a leader behavior in servant leadership C. an outcome of transformational leadership D. an outcome of servant leadership

A. an antecedent condition in servant leadership

The origins of the study of leadership can be traced back to ______. A. ancient Greeks B. the American Revolution C. the early 20th century D. the 1960s

A. ancient Greeks

Authentic leadership ______. A. can be learned B. is follower centered C. has clear organizational outcomes D. is theoretical, not practical

A. can be learned

Which one of the following is NOT a leadership behavior in Path-Goal Theory? A. Coaching B. Supportive C. Participative D. Achievement Oriented

A. coaching

Individuals with deep interest in and who truly care about what they do and also care about helping others are using which characteristics of authentic leadership? A. compassion and heart B. relationship and purpose C. heart and connectedness D. self-discipline and passion

A. compassion and heart

Follower development level in SLII is determined by level of ______. A. competence and commitment B. social judgment and cognitive ability C. sociability and determination D. task and directive behaviors

A. competence and commitment

The ideas and mental abilities that people learn through experiences can best be described as ______. A. crystallized cognitive ability B. motivation C. career experiences D. general cognitive ability

A. crystallized cognitive ability

My leader tries to appreciate what I am thinking and feeling in our interactions; he is using which characteristic of a servant leader? A. empathy B. listening C. persuasion D. conceptualization

A. empathy

The emerging approach known as servant leadership ______. A. focuses on followers' needs B. focuses on traits C. focuses on adapting to solve problems D. focuses on spirituality

A. focuses on followers' needs

Adjusting leadership styles is based on the assumption that ______. A. followers' skills and motivation vary over time B. leaders have to develop basic skills prior to assessing follower needs C. followers' skill level stays the same, whereas motivation level varies D. leaders adjust their styles to the behavioral styles of followers

A. followers' skills and motivation vary over time

The essential ingredient in leadership is ______. A. influence B. intelligence C. efficiency D. expertise

A. influence

Paternalism/maternalism refers to a leader who ______. A. is a benevolent dictator B. is focused on selfish needs C. is noncommittal D. integrates task and relationship behaviors

A. is a benevolent dictator

Differences between management and leadership include ______. A. leaders are emotionally involved, whereas managers have low emotional involvement B. managers shape ideas, whereas leaders are reactive in solving problems C. leaders are unidirectional influencers, whereas managers are multidirectional influencers D. leaders are controlling, whereas managers are motivating

A. leaders are emotionally involved, whereas managers have low emotional involvement

In the Skills Model, one of the four individual attributes, is _________ which Kerns stated has three categories: self-interest, career considerations, and higher purpose. The Skills Model further clarifies this individual attribute as willingness, dominance, and social good. A. motivation B. personality C. general cognitive ability D. crystallized cognitive ability

A. motivation

Which one of the Big Five Personality Factors would an effective leader want to have a low score? A. neuroticism B. extraversion C. openness D. conscientiousness

A. neuroticism

Burns outlined leadership in his seminal work in 1978 and described leadership as ______ A. quite different from power B. quite similar to power C. equivalent to power D. about use of power and authority

A. quite different from power

The ability of a person to be certain in his or her competencies and skills is associated with the trait of _______________. A. Self-confidence B. Determination C. Zeal D. Neuroticism

A. self-confidence

The mature partnership phase is not characterized by ______. A. tasks B. respect C. reciprocity D. transformational relationships

A. tasks

Which of the components on Blake and Mouton's Leadership Grid has high concern for both interpersonal relationships and task accomplishment? A. team B. country club C. impoverished D. middle of the road

A. team

According to Katz's skills model, which two skills are most important for supervisory- (low-) level managers to be successful leaders? A. technical skill and human skill B. human skill and conceptual skill C. technical skill and conceptual skill D. all three skills are equally important for supervisory level management

A. technical skill and human skill

Charismatic leadership is often described as being similar to or even synonymous with ______. A. transformational leadership B. adaptive leadership C. servant leadership D. transactional leadership

A. transformational leadership

Who focused on leaders matching their styles to the competence and commitment of employees? A. Stogdill B. Hersey and Blanchard C. Blake and McCanse D. Katz

B. Hersey and Blanchard

Hitler's reign is not considered a form of leadership because ______. A. leadership was not a true field of study before 1950 B. Hitler used coercion, which runs counter to the idea of working with followers C. Hitler did not possess the traits that are universally associated with leaders D. leadership is about teams and organizations, not communities and regions

B. Hitler used coercion, which runs counter to the idea of working with followers

Which of the following is not a competency in the skills model? A. problem-solving skills B. cognitive ability C. social judgment skills D. knowledge

B. cognitive ability

Which of the styles on Blake and Mouton's Leadership Grid has high concern for interpersonal relationships and low concern for task accomplishment? A. authority compliance B. country club C. impoverished D. middle of the road

B. country club

The Ohio State studies identified the behaviors of consideration and initiating structure as ______. A. cause and effect B. distinct and independent C. high value and low value D. interdependent

B. distinct and independent

Henry leads a group of 20 in a fast-paced telemarketing center. He stopped his own work to console one of his followers who was struggling with a personal issue unrelated to his work. He is using which servant leader behavior? A. helping followers grow and succeed B. emotional healing C. creating value for the community D. empowering

B. emotional healing

According to House, the following is not one of the specific types of behaviors commonly exhibited by charismatic leaders ______. A. serving as a strong role model B. giving structure to complex tasks C. articulating ideological goals with moral overtones D. arousing emotions

B. giving structure to complex tasks

Servant leadership has been called a paradox because ______. A. it is not a trait but a behavior that can be learned B. it asks leaders to serve and influence others at the same time C. it is both a theory and an approach D. followers grow while being served

B. it asks leaders to serve and influence others at the same time

One of the main critisms (weaknesses) of the path-goal theory is _______. A. it attempts to integrate the motivation principles of expectancy theory into a theory of leadership. B. it treats leadership as a one-way event: the leader affects the follower C. it provides a useful theoretical framework for understanding how various leadership behaviors affect followers' satisfaction and work performance. D. it is a practical model

B. it treats leadership as a one-way event: the leader affects the follower

I am a leader who watches my staff carefully and stops them immediately when they make a mistake. I am using ______. A. management by exception-passive B. management by exception-active C. intellectual stimulation D. contingent reward

B. management by exception-active

Kouzes and Posner's five practices that enable leaders to get extraordinary things accomplished include all of these except ______. A. inspire a shared vision B. offer valuable rewards C. challenge the process D. model the way

B. offer valuable rewards

The four key elements of the definition of leadership used in the text are______. A. trait, goal, emergent, expert B. process, influence, group, goal C. values, ethics, process, performance D. capability, competency, skill, relationship

B. process, influence, group, goal

According to the practical approach to leadership, which leader characteristics refer to a leader's deep-seated interest in their work? A. values and behaviors B. purpose and passion C. self-discipline and consistency D. heart and compassion

B. purpose and passion

Expectancy theory is about ______. A. clearing the path for followers B. rewarding followers for meeting their goals C. establishing work group norms D. anticipating leaders' needs

B. rewarding followers for meeting their goals

The trait approach focuses on ______. A. follower-leader interaction B. role of the leader C. role of the follower D. role of the organization

B. role of the leader

Researchers studying the behavioral approach determined that leadership is composed of two general kinds of behaviors: ______. A. directive and supportive B. task and relationship C. directive and authoritative D. supportive and authoritative

B. task and relationship

My job as a leader using path-goal theory is to use a style that ______. A. that best fits the leader's ability B. that best fits the followers' needs and the type of job they are doing C. that best fits the leader's style and the followers' work style D. that best fits the followers' characteristics

B. that best fits the followers' needs and the type of job they are doing

According to early LMX theory, which of the following is false? A. the out-group has less influence with the leader than does the in-group B. the leader usually expects extra duties from out-group members C. in-group members are chosen on the basis of compatibility with the leader D. out-group members may not want to be in-group members

B. the leader usually expects extra duties from out-group members

Which of the following statements about authentic leadership is false? A. Research on authentic leadership is very recent. B. The theoretical approach is based on real-life examples. C. There is no single accepted definition of authentic leadership. D. Authentic leadership is prescriptive.

B. the theoretical approach is based on real-life examples

Which point on the Leadership Grid is proven to consistently be the best form of leadership? A. authority compliance B. there is no best style C. middle-of-the-road D. team behaviors

B. there is no best style

In George's model of authentic leadership, which characteristics refer to a leader's sense of "True North"? A. relationships and connectedness B. values and behaviors C. heart and compassion D. self-discipline and consistency

B. values and behaviors

The early research on LMX theory was called ______. A. group classification theory B. vertical dyad linkage theory C. didactic linkage theory D. horizontal dyad linkage theory

B. vertical dyad linkage theory

Which researcher developed a practical approach to authentic leadership? A. Avolio B. Walumbwa C. George D. Liden

C. George

Management by exception is ______. A. a form of transformational leadership B. the non-leadership factor C. a form of transactional leadership D. more effective than contingent reward

C. a form of transactional leadership

Greenleaf credits his early formulation of servant leadership to ______. A. his years moving around from job to job B. a powerful religious experience C. a mythical story about a band of travelers D. time he spent incarcerated in jail

C. a mythical story about a band of travelers

Which of the following is not a behavior consistent with factors of transformational leadership? A. presenting challenging problems to solve B. collaborating on a shared vision C. communicating details of an employee bonus program D. spending the morning with one employee to mentor her

C. communicating details of an employee bonus program

Which of the following statements best describes situational leadership? A. Specific leaders are needed in specific situations. B. Leaders must adapt to the situation, but not to the followers. C. Different situations demand different kinds of leadership. D. Leadership is directive.

C. different situations demand different kinds of leadership

______ is described as those abilities to understand one's own and others feelings, behaviors and thoughts and to act appropriately. A. Great Man theory B. Social intelligence C. Emotional intelligence D. Big Five personalities

C. emotional intelligence

Which one of the following is a type of personal power, not position power? A. legitimate B. reward C. expert D. coercive

C. expert

The first papers about servant leadership were written by ______. A. Liden B. Spears C. Greenleaf D. House

C. greenleaf

The developmental definition of authentic leadership states that leadership ______. A. involves followers' commitment to the leader's values B. involves followers' commitment to developing their own skills C. grows out of the leader's self-awareness and morality D. is based on the unique traits of the leader

C. grows out of the leader's self-awareness and morality

Which factor in the Full Range of Leadership Model is the emotional factor in which leaders act as strong role models for followers? A. individualized consideration B. inspirational motivation C. idealized influence D. intellectual stimulation

C. idealized influence

During the stranger phase of leadership making, ______. A. interests are mixed B. exchanges are high quality C. influences are one-way D. interests are group focused

C. influences are one-way

Later studies of LMX found all of the following except ______. A. positive relationship between quality of LMX and citizenship behaviors B. high-quality LMX was positively related to employee feelings of energy C. interest in studying LMX has diminished D. high LMX correlates to positive organizational outcomes

C. interest in studying LMX has diminished

Which is not a strength of the skills approach? A. It is intuitively appealing. B. Skills can be learned. C. It has high predictive value. D. It is an expansive view of leadership.

C. it has high predictive value

Which type of leadership gives no feedback and makes little effort to help followers satisfy their needs? A. charismatic B. transactional C. laissez-faire D. democratic

C. laissez-faire

Which statement is true? A. Leaders are above and better than followers. B. Leadership can exist without influence C. Leaders change the way people think about what is possible. D. Management is identical to leadership.

C. leaders change the way people think about what is possible

In situational leadership ______. A. leaders find their personal best style and apply it to all followers B. leaders adapt their behaviors to meet the organization's needs C. leaders match their styles to the subordinate development levels D. leaders adjust their styles based on their own skill level

C. leaders match their styles to the subordinate development levels

Path-goal theory could be best described as a ______. A. great person theory B. transformational theory C. motivational theory D. skills theory

C. motivational theory

______ refers to a leader who uses any combination of the basic five styles for the purpose of personal advancement. A. middle-of-the-road management B. maternalism C. opportunism D. team management

C. opportunism

I think about situations and the future with a sense of abundance. What influencing factor of authentic leadership am I using? A. moral reasoning B. integrity C. optimism D. confidence

C. optimism

Each week your supervisor holds a meeting to which he invites you and all the other employees to give feedback regarding current projects. According to path-goal theory, which behavior best describes your supervisor? A. supportive B. directive C. participative D. achievement oriented

C. participative

The situational approach requires leaders to ______. A. show high degree of control B. demonstrate heavy authority C. practice great flexibility D. provide constant coaching

C. practice great flexibilty

Which leader behavior is the defining characteristic of Liden's servant leadership model? A. behaving ethically B. emotional healing C. putting followers first D. empowering

C. putting followers first

Which of the following is not one of the four positive psychological attributes of authentic leadership? A. confidence B. resilience C. self-awareness D. optimism

C. self-awareness

______ are what leaders can accomplish, whereas ______ are who leaders are. A. Traits, outcomes B. Behaviors, skills C. Skills, traits D. Outcomes, skills

C. skills, traits

The trait approach is ______. A. no longer a viable leadership approach B. primarily a focus of outdated research C. still a focus of contemporary leadership research D. irrelevant in modern society

C. still a focus of contemporary leadership research

In SLII, leaders use different degrees of ______ and ______ to meet the needs of followers. A. motivation and determination B. competence and commitment C. supportive and directive behaviors D. social judgment and cognitive ability

C. supportive and directive behaviors

Followers with an internal locus of control believe ______. A. that leaders are in charge of events that occur in their followers' lives B. that fate and change are in charge of events that occur in their lives C. that they are in charge of the events that occur in their lives D. that the organization is in charge of the events that occur in their lives

C. that they are in charge of the events that occur in their lives

Which one of the following is false? A. As IQ increases, perceived leadership increases to a certain point, then a further increase in IQ has a negative impact on leadership. B. The trait approach is alive and well as a relevant theory of leadership C. There is a consistent set of traits that differentiates leaders from nonleaders. D. Intellectual ability is positively related to leadership.

C. there is a consistent set of traits that differentiates leaders from nonleaders

The five traits that have been found to be the set of traits leaders must have to be considered leaders are ______. A. intelligence, sociability, self-confidence, integrity, determination B. self-confidence, social judgment, integrity, determination, extraversion C. there is not a set of traits that all leaders must have D. there is a set of leader traits that all leaders must have, just not those listed above

C. there is not a set of traits that all leaders must have

The Full Range Model of Transformational Leadership contains how many transformational leadership factors? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 7

D. 7

Which statement is true about Path-Goal Theory? A. Leaders should adopt one style of leadership to be most effective B. followers with an internal locus of control believe that chance, fate, or outside forces determine life events. C. directive leadership consists of inviting followers to share in the decision making. D. a special focus of path-goal theory is helping followers overcome obstacles

D. a special focus of path-goal theory is helping followers overcome obstacles

This type of power involves the use of force to effect change. A. transformational B. referent C. reward D. coercion

D. coercion

The D4 follower needs which type of leader? A. supportive B. directive C. coaching D. delegating

D. delegating

Influences that represent factors outside a leader's competencies, characteristics, and experiences are ____________ influences. A. extraneous B. exponential C. extrapolated D. environmental

D. environmental

Of the Big Five personality factors, which is the most strongly associated with leadership? A. openness B. neuroticism C. social status D. extraversion

D. extraversion

My leader is great at predicting the future based on past experiences. He is using which characteristic of a servant leader? A. empathy B. awareness C. persuasion D. foresight

D. foresight

Which of the following attributes begins to decline in later adulthood? A. personality B. motivation C. crystallized cognitive ability D. general cognitive ability

D. general cognitive ability

The trait approach ______. A. takes followers into account B. is highly objective C. is quite useful for training programs D. has not found one definitive list of leadership traits

D. has not found one definitive list of leadership traits

During the mature partnership phase of leadership making, the exchanges are ______. A. low quality B. medium quality C. moderately high quality D. high quality

D. high quality

The researcher who consistently studied path-goal theory from the 1970s to 1990s is ______. A. Bass B. Hersey C. Vroom D. House

D. house

A leader who is indifferent and apathetic is displaying ______. A. country club behaviors B. authority compliance behaviors C. middle-of-the road behaviors D. impoverished behaviors

D. impoverished behaviors

_______________ makes a leader believable and worthy of our trust. A. Sociability B. Self-Confidence C. Determination D. Integrity

D. integrity

Which is not a strength of LMX? A. It looks at dyadic relationships in the leadership process. B. It accurately describes the in- and out-group process. C. Research substantiates how LMX is related to organizational outcomes. D. It runs counter to the human value of fairness.

D. it runs counter to the human value of fairness

The SLII model is divided into two parts: ______. A. leadership attributes and follower skills B. leadership skills and follower development level C. leadership development levels and follower behaviors D. leadership style and follower development level

D. leadership style and follower development level

Authentic leadership focuses on ______. A. tasks B. leadership outcomes C. leadership for change D. leadership that is genuine

D. leadership that is genuine

Which statement is false about Path-Goal theory? A. followers need to feel their work is of value. B. a directive leader sets clear standards of performance and makes the rules and regulations clear to followers. C. the major components of path-goal Theory include leader behavors, follower behaviors, task characteristics and motivation. D. pragmatically, path-goal theory is confusing and complex, which makes it difficult to be practical.

D. pragmatically, path-goal theory is confusing and complex, which makes it difficult to be practical

Which researcher(s) identified the 10 characteristics of servant leaders? A. Liden et al. B. Luthans and Avolio C. Riggio D. Spears

D. spears

At the upper-management level in an organization, ______. A. technical skills are not important B. human skills are not important C. technical skills are more important than conceptual skills D. technical skills are less important than human skills

D. technical skills are less important than human skills

LMX focuses on ______. A. matching leader behaviors to followers' development levels B. the integration of task and relationship behaviors C. matching the leader behavior to follower characteristics D. the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower

D. the dyadic relationship between the leader and follower

Which of the following is a criticism of the behavioral approach? A. there is no instrument to identify leader behaviors B. the universal style of team leadership is best C. the wide range of research on leadership behaviors gives it credibility D. the research has not shown how leader's behaviors correlate with performance outcomes

D. the research has not shown how leader's behaviors correlate with performance outcomes

Which one of the following is false? A. human skills are important in all three levels of management. B. conceptual skills are the ability to work with ideas and concepts. C. leaders with human skills adapt their own ideas to those of others. D. the skills approach suggests that very few people have the potential for leadership.

D. the skills approach suggests that very few people have the potential for leadership

The behavioral approach reminds leaders that ______. A. personality is the essence of effective leadership B. who they are is more important than what they do C. task behaviors are more important than relationship behaviors D. they should continually engage in both task and relationship behaviors

D. they should continually engage in both task and relationship behaviors

The ________ definition of leadership looks closely at leadership through the leader's height, intelligence, fluency, and extraversion. A. holistic B. process C. behavior D. trait

D. trait

Which of the following is not a reason followers become part of the in-group? A. how well they work with the leader B. how well the leader works with them C. the amount of interest they show toward negotiating with the leader D. willingness to stay within job and task guidelines

D. willingness to stay within job and task guidelines

There are two common forms of leadership. One is assigned leadership and the other form is ________ leadership

Emergent