Leadership Final

In perception, which term refers to the process of assigning underlying causes to behaviors?

Attribution

Which statement about perceptual sets is most likely FALSE? A. Perceptual sets can influence any of our senses. B. Perceptual sets are the tendency to perceive everything. C. Feelings and needs can trigger a perceptual set. D. Prior experiences can cause a perceptual set

B. Perceptual sets are the tendency to perceive everything.

Leadership development is enhanced when experience involves the three processes of:

C. action, observation, and reflection.

_____ describe leadership situations and are used as vehicles for leadership discussions. A. In-basket exercises B. Simulations C. Case studies D. Games

Case Studies

Ideal leaders and followers according to a survey were commonly characterized as all of the following except

Cooperative

In the informal coaching process, a leader is most likely to help a follower to grow skills by:

Creating a coaching plan

People who are observing an action are much more likely than the actor to make the fundamental attribution error. This is called:

D. actor/observer difference.

According to the text, a comprehensive and helpful definition of leadership is

D. the process of influencing an organized group toward accomplishing its goals.

Which of the following involves confronting your beliefs, inviting others to challenge you, and working on personal blind spots?

Double-loop learning

Being a leader is either in one's genes or not. Which of the following statement is true?

Each person can make the most of leadership opportunities he or she faces.

To many, the word "management" suggests

Efficiency

A drawback to action learning is that it requires spending time away from one's immediate job responsibilities.

False

A leader may be given more latitude as a newcomer than as someone who is widely respected for a history of accomplishment.

False

A participant in an in-basket exercise has a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to emails and phone messages from an actual manager's in-box.

False

While leadership involves both rational and emotional sides of human experiences, aroused feelings cannot be used constructively.

False

You only need common sense to be a good leader.

False

Identify a myth associated with leadership development.

Good leaders are born with the traits and abilities, which make them successful leaders.

Which of the following involves participants being given a limited amount of time to prioritize and respond to a number of notes, phone messages, and letters?

In-basket exercises

In leaderless group discussions, facilitators and observers rate participants and provide feedback about _____ skills.

Interpersonal

Which of the following statements about leaders versus managers is false?

Leaders are thought to do things right, managers do the right things.

What best describes the leader-follower relationship?

Leadership and followership merge and are linked concepts.

According to the text, which of the following statements is true?

Leadership and management have some unique functions with an area of overlap.

Which of the following is not a common myth about leadership development?

Leadership can only be taught

Which of the following statements concerning the rational and emotional aspects of leadership is false?

Leadership includes actions and influences based only on reason and logic.

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

Leadership is restricted to the influence exerted by someone in a particular role.

This is a conventional distinction made between managers and leaders.

Managers maintain while leaders develop.

The process by which an older and more experienced person helps to socialize and encourage younger organizational colleagues is called:

Mentoring

What are some characteristics of cults?

One charismatic leader is the group's sole authority on truth; only this leader decides or has the right to approve, all policies and practices. -Members are zealous, protective, and unquestioningly committed to the leader. -Members regard the leader's beliefs and practices as truth and law; the leader affirms and enforces this idea.

Which of the following statements is false?

One needs nothing more than common sense to be a good leader.

What is personality?

Personality- the impression a person makes on others -Underlying, unseen structures and processes inside a person that explain behavior

What is most likely an advantage of role playing in leadership development programs?

Provides greater transferability to the workplace

In the informal coaching process, a leader is most likely to inspire commitment from a follower by _____.

Reviewing performance appraisals

Leadership training programs for mid-level managers are LEAST likely to focus on improving _____ skills.

Strategic Planning

Which of the following statements about "common sense" is false?

The term "common sense" implies practical knowledge about life that most people have not yet acquired.

What is the reason behind the usage of the phrase "desirable opportunities" in one of the definitions of leadership?

To distinguish between leadership and tyranny.

What is Hollander's approach to leadership called?

Transactional.

Followers can often provide leaders with relevant information for good solutions to be implemented since they are often at the level where many organizational problems occur.

True

Insight on a leader's strengths and development needs can be gathered through 360-degree feedback.

True

The times when people most need to break out of the mold created by past learning patterns tend to be the times when they are most unwilling to do so.

True

What is divergent theory?

When there are many possible answers

According to the text, leadership is often more associated with

change

In Bennis's definition of leadership, the word 'subordinate' seems to

confine leadership to downward influence in hierarchical relationships.

Schein's classic study of sex roles

demonstrated how bias in sex role stereotypes created problems for women moving up through managerial roles.

The "ends" of leadership involve

getting results through others

What is the Great Man Theory?

-Leaders were not qualitatively different than their followers -Intelligence, initiative, stress tolerance, responsibility, friendliness, and dominance were moderately related to leadership success

Myers-Brigg type indicator (MTBI) Test- and all their various dimensions:

1.extraversion-introversion: dimension is concerned with where people get their energy 2. sensing-intuition: dimension is concerned with how people look at data 3. thinking-feeling: is concerned with the considerations leaders prefer when making decisions 4. judging-perceiving: dimension describes the amount of information needed before a leader is comfortable making a decision

Which statement about the reflection component of the A-O-R model is most likely FALSE? A. The importance of reflection in leadership development is rarely addressed by scholars. B. Reflection is the most significant and most neglected component of the A-O-R model. C. Reflection provides leaders with insight into how to frame problems differently. D. Busy schedules typically prevent leaders from engaging in leadership reflection.

A. The importance of reflection in leadership development is rarely addressed by scholars.

Difference between traits and types:

An alternative framework to describe the differences in people's day-to-day behavioral patterns is through types, or in terms of a personality typology - psychological typologies are often expressed in terms of polar opposites - typologies tend to put people into discrete psychological categories and emphasize the similarities among people in the same category and the difference between people of different types regardless of actual score

Leadership studies programs at the university-level:

B. are increasingly popular at many liberal-arts institutions.

Crediting your own successes to dispositional factors and others' successes to factors in the environment are aspects of:

B. fundamental attribution error.

The "means" of leadership involve

B. the ability to build cohesive, goal-oriented teams.

Which statement about action learning is most likely FALSE? A. Adults learn best by doing, which is the basic philosophy of action learning. B. Although action learning is a popular tool, it has not shown a high level of effectiveness in leadership development. C. Action learning often involves assignment to a work team that addresses real-time actual challenges the company is facing. D. Action learning involves attending classes, watching videotapes, and working in teams to create development plans for the firm.

D. Action learning involves attending classes, watching videotapes, and working in teams to create development plans for the firm.

A situation in which one's expectations help determine the predicted outcome is an "attribution."

False

Although formal coaching programs are considered effective tools for developing leaders, less than half of the Global 1,000 companies use formal coaching because of high investment costs and extensive time constraints.

False

Double-loop learning is the process of learning something that one already predicted, as in the "self-fulfilling prophecy."

False

Experience is just a matter of what events happen to you.

False

Managers are thought to do the right things, whereas leaders are thought to do things right

False

Mentoring and coaching are essentially the same types of programs.

False

Role-playing activities are used extensively during informal coaching sessions

False

Studies indicate that everyone attends to all aspects of a situation equally and that perception is basically a passive activity.

False

Studies show that after event reviews (AERs), which involve reflecting on personal leadership experiences, fail to improve leadership effectiveness.

False

The main reason for using the phrase "desirable opportunities" in a definition of leadership is to distinguish between leadership and management.

False

What is a frequent lesson learned by both men and women from their career experiences?

Handling political situations

Among the following, ideal followers are more likely to be perceived as

Independent

A situation in which one's expectations or predictions help determine the very results predicted is referred to as:

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Which term refers to a kind of learning between the individual and the environment in which learners seek relatively little feedback that may significantly confront their fundamental ideas or actions?

Single-loop learning

According to the A-O-R model, leadership development is enhanced when the consequence and significance of an action is considered.

True

Effective coaches require coachees to practice targeted behaviors through role-play activities and later in real-world situations.

True

Leaders and followers use development plans as road maps for changing their own behaviors.

True

Leadership is a complex phenomenon involving the leader, the followers and the situation.

True

Men view leadership as an exchange with subordinates for services rendered.

True

Single-loop learning refers to a self-fulfilling belief system, which is generally not open to feedback.

True

Some managers may be effective leaders without ever having taken a course or training program in leadership.

True

What is convergent theory?

When there is one possible answer

What is cognitive resource theory?

explains the interesting relationships between leader intelligence and experience levels and group performance in stressful versus non-stressful situations - experienced leaders have a greater repertoire of behaviors to fall back on, leaders with greater experience but lower intelligence are hypothesized to have higher-performing groups under conditions of stress -because experience leads to habitual behavior patterns, leaders with high levels of experience tend to misapply old solutions to problems when creative solutions are called for

What is the ability model?

focuses on how emotions affect the way leaders think, decide, plan, and act

The interactional framework of leadership interaction includes

followers, leaders and situations.

Leadership:

is an interpersonal relation in which others comply because they want to.

What is the mixed model?

provides a broader and more comprehensive definition than the ability model because it includes more leadership qualities -Perceiving emotions -managing emotions -using emotions -understanding emotions

What is a trait?

recurring regularities or trends in a person's

How is OCEAN similar to the mixed model?

the mixed model provides a broader and more comprehensive definition than the ability model because it includes more leadership qualities

In reviewing the myriad of leadership definitions, the authors conclude that

various definitions help us understand the multitude of factors affecting leadership.

Formal study and learning from experience are mutually exclusive.

False

Good leadership is all about calculation, planning and following a checklist.

False

Knowledge of leadership research is a proven prerequisite for leadership effectiveness.

False

Leadership practitioners have a tendency to concentrate on coaching their top followers and overlooking low-performing followers.

False

Statements such as "Managers control; leaders inspire" represent a view that leaders and managers are fundamentally different kinds of people.

True

Technology-based approaches to leader development, such as video games and simulations, encourage participants to take risks and think quickly.

True

The mere presence of a group can cause people to act differently than when they are alone.

True

The most productive way to develop as a leader is to travel along the spiral of experience.

True

The study of leadership can help people develop perspectives to better learn from their experiences.

True

The tendency to overestimate the dispositional factors and underestimate the environmental factors in someone else's failure is a fundamental attribution error.

True