EXAM 2 (1-35)
Regarding activity of the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems during sleep/wake states, which of the following is most likely to be seen when a person is falling asleep?
Decreasing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons
A histamine agonist would likely serve as an effective hypnotic drug (i.e. sleep aid).
False
All short-term memories are converted to long-term memories through the process of consolidation.
False
Somnambulism and night terrors occur during REM sleep.
False
Which of the following is most likely to be seen when a person is transitioning from non-REM to REM sleep?
Increasing activity of pons acetylcholine neurons
EEG electrodes record activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex.
True
Mutations in Clock genes are linked to
bipolar disorder
A researcher wants to study the effects of stimulating various medial temporal lobe structures on recognition memory in monkeys. Which of the following tasks should she use in her study?
delayed non-matching to sample test
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding declarative and non-declarative memories?
non-declarative memories are not easily formed and not easily forgotten.
Night terrors are most likely to occur during
stage 3 sleep.
Which of these is an example of a non-declarative memory?
Knowing how to tie your shoes
REM sleep behavior disorder is linked to an increased risk of developing
Parkinson's disease.
Which of the following groups of neurons shows an INCREASE in activity during REM sleep?
acetylcholine neurons in the pons
Caffeine promotes wakefulness by
acting as an antagonist at adenosine receptors.
Which of these best describes what is recorded by electroencephalography (EEG)?
activity of groups of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex
After his surgery, which of the following tasks would the patient H.M. be most likely to have trouble with?
all of the above
Which of the following is an example of a declarative memory?
all of the above
An EEG recording from a person who is relaxed but awake would mostly show
alpha waves.
An EEG recording of an awake person engaged in a complex cognitive task would likely show waves that are
high in frequency and low in amplitude.
The patient H.M. underwent a surgery that removed a substantial portion of his medial temporal lobes, including his
hippocampus
Individuals with narcolepsy display a severe reduction of _____________________ in the brain.
hypocretin
When comparing brain activity during REM sleep vs. waking, frontal areas are _________________ active and limbic areas are ______________ active during REM.
less ; more
This sleep disorder is thought to be caused by a severe reduction of hypocretin neurons in the brain.
narcolepsy
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Clock genes' control of circadian rhythms?
period and timeless (protein) levels are lowest in the early morning.
Lesions to this brain area result in poor performance on the DNMS task.
perirhinal cortex
Referring to the question above, which brain area would be most likely to enhance performance in this task when it is stimulated?
perirhinal cortex
The suprachiasmatic nucleus indirectly controls production of the hormone melatonin by the
pineal gland.
The delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS) task is used to measure
recognition memory in monkeys
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are typically seen during ________________________ sleep, whereas delta waves are characteristic of ________________________ sleep.
stage 2 non-REM ; stage 3 non-REM
Which of these drugs would serve to promote sleep?
A drug that increases melatonin production
Drugs that enhance the activity of this neurotransmitter in the brain are effective anticonvulsants (i.e., they reduce seizures).
GABA
The drug bicuculline inhibits the action of GABA in the brain. This means bicuculline can cause seizures.
True
Following a stoke, Patient B has some retrograde amnesia. This means Patient B
cannot recall the names of her children
As a result of head trauma, Patient C has anterograde amnesia. This means Patient C
cannot remember names of new people he meets
This area is considered to be the brain's "clock".
suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus
