EXAM 2 (1-35)

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Regarding activity of the diffuse modulatory neurotransmitter systems during sleep/wake states, which of the following is most likely to be seen when a person is falling asleep?

Decreasing activity of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons

A histamine agonist would likely serve as an effective hypnotic drug (i.e. sleep aid).

False

All short-term memories are converted to long-term memories through the process of consolidation.

False

Somnambulism and night terrors occur during REM sleep.

False

Which of the following is most likely to be seen when a person is transitioning from non-REM to REM sleep?

Increasing activity of pons acetylcholine neurons

EEG electrodes record activity of neurons in the cerebral cortex.

True

Mutations in Clock genes are linked to

bipolar disorder

A researcher wants to study the effects of stimulating various medial temporal lobe structures on recognition memory in monkeys. Which of the following tasks should she use in her study?

delayed non-matching to sample test

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding declarative and non-declarative memories?

non-declarative memories are not easily formed and not easily forgotten.

Night terrors are most likely to occur during

stage 3 sleep.

Which of these is an example of a non-declarative memory?

Knowing how to tie your shoes

REM sleep behavior disorder is linked to an increased risk of developing

Parkinson's disease.

Which of the following groups of neurons shows an INCREASE in activity during REM sleep?

acetylcholine neurons in the pons

Caffeine promotes wakefulness by

acting as an antagonist at adenosine receptors.

Which of these best describes what is recorded by electroencephalography (EEG)?

activity of groups of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex

After his surgery, which of the following tasks would the patient H.M. be most likely to have trouble with?

all of the above

Which of the following is an example of a declarative memory?

all of the above

An EEG recording from a person who is relaxed but awake would mostly show

alpha waves.

An EEG recording of an awake person engaged in a complex cognitive task would likely show waves that are

high in frequency and low in amplitude.

The patient H.M. underwent a surgery that removed a substantial portion of his medial temporal lobes, including his

hippocampus

Individuals with narcolepsy display a severe reduction of _____________________ in the brain.

hypocretin

When comparing brain activity during REM sleep vs. waking, frontal areas are _________________ active and limbic areas are ______________ active during REM.

less ; more

This sleep disorder is thought to be caused by a severe reduction of hypocretin neurons in the brain.

narcolepsy

Which of the following is TRUE regarding Clock genes' control of circadian rhythms?

period and timeless (protein) levels are lowest in the early morning.

Lesions to this brain area result in poor performance on the DNMS task.

perirhinal cortex

Referring to the question above, which brain area would be most likely to enhance performance in this task when it is stimulated?

perirhinal cortex

The suprachiasmatic nucleus indirectly controls production of the hormone melatonin by the

pineal gland.

The delayed non-matching to sample (DNMS) task is used to measure

recognition memory in monkeys

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are typically seen during ________________________ sleep, whereas delta waves are characteristic of ________________________ sleep.

stage 2 non-REM ; stage 3 non-REM

Which of these drugs would serve to promote sleep?

A drug that increases melatonin production

Drugs that enhance the activity of this neurotransmitter in the brain are effective anticonvulsants (i.e., they reduce seizures).

GABA

The drug bicuculline inhibits the action of GABA in the brain. This means bicuculline can cause seizures.

True

Following a stoke, Patient B has some retrograde amnesia. This means Patient B

cannot recall the names of her children

As a result of head trauma, Patient C has anterograde amnesia. This means Patient C

cannot remember names of new people he meets

This area is considered to be the brain's "clock".

suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus


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