Learn Smart #6
_____-_____ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
What is an economical source of protein and many micro nutrients, the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease?
eggs
A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atheosclerosis
false
Dietary fats in foods are often composed of
fatty acids
____ is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot be modified
genetics
A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called?
hypertension
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
lipids
Which of the following nutrients can contribute to a feeling of satiety?
lipids
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that break down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?
lipoprotein lipase
Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in _____ fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of toal cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol
polyunsaturated
_____ fat is a layer under the skin that stores energy, insulated the body against cold temperatures, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours
subcutaneous
a ___ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow?
thrombus
Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?
trans
____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ___ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.
trans, saturated fatty
A _____ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.
triglyceride
a ____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol
triglyceride
T:F Long-chain fatty acids contain 14 to 24 carbons
true
phospholipds contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophillic portions, which attract and repel water
true
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
As individual with an acceptable total cholesterol level may be still be at risk for atherosclerosis. What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?
-HDL cholesterol -LDL cholesterol
The lipoprotein that carries the highest concentration of cholesterol to cells in the body is ____.
-LDL
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
-alpha-linolenic acid -linoleic acid
Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following?
-contributes to the development of hypertension -commonly called "hardening of the arteries" -decreases flexibility of the artery
Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?
-corn oil -soybean oil
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include
-coronary artery disease -stroke
Choose the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease
-eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels -avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels -drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____
-family history (genetics) -increasing age -Male sex
What are the end products of fat digestion?
-glycerol -fatty acids -monoglycerides
The four majors classes of lipoproteins are
-high density lipoproteins -chylomicrons -low density lipoproteins -very low density lipoproteins
What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?
-ice cream -eggs -chicken
Non modifiable risk factors for CVD include
-increasing age -family history of CVD
Choose the body parts that are most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis?
-kidneys -legs -eyes
Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids?
-pancreas -liver
Which of the following can contribute to unwanted weight gain?
-physical inactivity -excess calorie consumption
Lipoproteins carry different amount of
-protein -cholesterol -phospholipids
What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD
-reduce alcohol intake -eat whole-grain foods -quit smoking
what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body
-to provide energy -to insulate and protect the body -to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins
Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD
-tobacco use -genetics -diabetes
Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease includes
-tobacco use -hypertension -type 2 diabetes -excess body fat
What information can be found on a Nutrition Facts panel
-total fat -cholesterol -saturated fat
Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel?
-trans fat (grams) -saturated fat (grams) -cholesterol (mg) -calories from fat -total fat (grams)
How many kilocalories are in one gram of fat?
9
____, which is often called 'hardening of the arteries' is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries
Arteriosclerosis
____ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzyme
Cholecystokinin
embolus
a blood cot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream
What is an emulsifier
a compound that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds to mix with each other
thrombus
a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
what is the structure of a phospholipid molecule
a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids
__ cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells
adipose
Trans fatty acid
allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
___ is the long term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls
atherosclerosis
____ is a condition that can in inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, hear, and brain
atherosclerosis
The dietary guidelines for Americans (acceptable macronutrient range-AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake
between 20 and 35% of total calories
Cis fatty acids
causes the carbon chain to bend
A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is ___
cholesterol
Lipids or fats include
cholesterol
saturated fatty acid
contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
Margarine is
made from vegetable oil
Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in:
monounsaturated fat
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
A(n) _______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.
saturated
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?
statins
Which cooking method best reduces fat intakes?
steaming
a lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a(n)
sterol
alcohol
stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue
protein
the body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids
carbohydrates
the body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids
By reading the Nutrition Facts panel, you can determine how much ___ are in most packaged foods
-saturated fat -cholesterol -total fat -trans fat
_____ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.
lipoproteins
Choose food sources of omega-3 fatty acids.
-salmon -tuna -walnuts
The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from the tissue and to the liver is
HDL
Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine
1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile
Fats are not soluble in
water
List in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine
1. fatty chime stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secret digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules
T:F Fatty acids are always saturated
false
____ is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature
partial hydrogenation