Learn Smart #6

_____-_____ is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

pancreatic lipase

What is an economical source of protein and many micro nutrients, the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical American diet, hidden in many commonly eaten foods, and does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease?

eggs

A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atheosclerosis

false

Dietary fats in foods are often composed of

fatty acids

____ is a major risk factor for CVD that cannot be modified

genetics

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called?

hypertension

Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

lipids

Which of the following nutrients can contribute to a feeling of satiety?

lipids

Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that break down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

lipoprotein lipase

Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in _____ fat. Diets high in this type of fat may lead to the reduction of toal cholesterol, LDL, and HDL cholesterol

polyunsaturated

_____ fat is a layer under the skin that stores energy, insulated the body against cold temperatures, protects against minor bruising, and contributes to the body's contours

subcutaneous

a ___ is a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow?

thrombus

Which form of unsaturated fatty acid contains a chemical structure similar to that of saturated fatty acids?

trans

____ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of ___ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process.

trans, saturated fatty

A _____ is a lipid that has three fatty acids attached to a three-carbon compound called glycerol.

triglyceride

a ____ has three fatty acids attached to glycerol

triglyceride

T:F Long-chain fatty acids contain 14 to 24 carbons

true

phospholipds contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophillic portions, which attract and repel water

true

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

As individual with an acceptable total cholesterol level may be still be at risk for atherosclerosis. What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?

-HDL cholesterol -LDL cholesterol

The lipoprotein that carries the highest concentration of cholesterol to cells in the body is ____.

-LDL

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

-alpha-linolenic acid -linoleic acid

Arteriosclerosis is described by which of the following?

-contributes to the development of hypertension -commonly called "hardening of the arteries" -decreases flexibility of the artery

Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?

-corn oil -soybean oil

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include

-coronary artery disease -stroke

Choose the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease

-eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels -avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels -drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include _____

-family history (genetics) -increasing age -Male sex

What are the end products of fat digestion?

-glycerol -fatty acids -monoglycerides

The four majors classes of lipoproteins are

-high density lipoproteins -chylomicrons -low density lipoproteins -very low density lipoproteins

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

-ice cream -eggs -chicken

Non modifiable risk factors for CVD include

-increasing age -family history of CVD

Choose the body parts that are most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis?

-kidneys -legs -eyes

Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids?

-pancreas -liver

Which of the following can contribute to unwanted weight gain?

-physical inactivity -excess calorie consumption

Lipoproteins carry different amount of

-protein -cholesterol -phospholipids

What are some ways to reduce a person's risk of developing CVD

-reduce alcohol intake -eat whole-grain foods -quit smoking

what are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body

-to provide energy -to insulate and protect the body -to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins

Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD

-tobacco use -genetics -diabetes

Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease includes

-tobacco use -hypertension -type 2 diabetes -excess body fat

What information can be found on a Nutrition Facts panel

-total fat -cholesterol -saturated fat

Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel?

-trans fat (grams) -saturated fat (grams) -cholesterol (mg) -calories from fat -total fat (grams)

How many kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

____, which is often called 'hardening of the arteries' is a condition that reduces the flexibility of arteries

Arteriosclerosis

____ is a hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzyme

Cholecystokinin

embolus

a blood cot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

What is an emulsifier

a compound that helps water-soluble and water-insoluble compounds to mix with each other

thrombus

a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow

what is the structure of a phospholipid molecule

a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids

__ cells, which remove fatty acids and glycerol from the blood and reassemble them as triglycerides for storage, are commonly called fat cells

adipose

Trans fatty acid

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

___ is the long term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls

atherosclerosis

____ is a condition that can in inhibit the blood flow and permanently damage the kidneys, eyes, legs, hear, and brain

atherosclerosis

The dietary guidelines for Americans (acceptable macronutrient range-AMDR) recommends that adults should keep daily fat intake

between 20 and 35% of total calories

Cis fatty acids

causes the carbon chain to bend

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is ___

cholesterol

Lipids or fats include

cholesterol

saturated fatty acid

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

Margarine is

made from vegetable oil

Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in:

monounsaturated fat

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

A(n) _______ fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms.

saturated

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

statins

Which cooking method best reduces fat intakes?

steaming

a lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a(n)

sterol

alcohol

stimulates triglyceride synthesis, which can result in storage of excess triglycerides in adipose tissue

protein

the body can convert certain amino acids into fatty acids

carbohydrates

the body can convert excess glucose into fatty acids

By reading the Nutrition Facts panel, you can determine how much ___ are in most packaged foods

-saturated fat -cholesterol -total fat -trans fat

_____ transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.

lipoproteins

Choose food sources of omega-3 fatty acids.

-salmon -tuna -walnuts

The lipoprotein that carries lipids away from the tissue and to the liver is

HDL

Outline the process of enterohepatic circulation beginning with bile salts absorbed in the small intestine

1. bile salts are absorbed in the ileum of the small intestine 2. bile salt travels through the blood to the liver 3. the liver recycles used bile salts to make new bile

Fats are not soluble in

water

List in order from 1 to 3 the steps of lipid digestion in the small intestine

1. fatty chime stimulates the release of cholecystokinin 2. cholecystokinin signals the pancreas to secret digestive enzymes, including pancreatic lipase, into the duodenum 3. Pancreatic lipase digests triglycerides and converts them into monoglycerides and 2 fatty acid molecules

T:F Fatty acids are always saturated

false

____ is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature

partial hydrogenation