Learning Check Final

Which of the following accurately defines compensatory equalization? a. one group demands the same benefits received by another group b. one group Works extra hard to make up for not receiving benefits received by the another group c. one group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits by another group d. elements of the treatment and one group has spread to another group

a.

How many participants will be needed for a within subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment? a. 20 b. 40 c. 80 d. cannot answer without more info

a. 20

Which of the following is an option for limiting the variance within treatment conditions? a. Hold a participant variable constant b. randomize participant variables across treatments c. match participant variables across treatments d. all of the above

a. Hold a participant variable constant

Which of the following maximizes the likelihood of a successful research results? a. Increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments b. decrease the differences between treatments and increase the variance within treatments c. increase the differences between treatments and increase the variance within treatments d. decrease the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments

a. Increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments

What is the purpose for using a control condition in the experiment? a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect b. It minimizes the threat of a confounding variable c. It is necessary to ensure the internal validity of the study d. It is necessary to ensure the external validity of th study

a. It provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect

A nonexperimental design a. Makes no attempt to minimize threats to validity b. make some attempts to minimize threats to validity c. controls extraneous variables similar to an experiment d. manipulates one variable similar to an experiment

a. Makes no attempt to minimize threats to validity

Which of the following is a limitation of using matching rather than random assignment to form groups in an in-between subjects experiment? a. Matching requires another measurement procedure b. matching reduces are due to participant differences c. matching is easier than randomization d. matching eliminates any systematic relationship between participant characteristics and treatment conditions

a. Matching requires another measurement procedure

Which of the following accurately describes the scores in a between-subjects experiment? a. Only one score is obtained for each participant enter b. At least two scores are obtained for each participant c. One score is obtained for each treatment condition for each participant d. Each score represents multiple participants

a. Only one score is obtained for each participant enter

Which of the following is an example of a nonexperimental study? a. a study comparing self-esteem scores for children with a learning disability versus scores for children without a learning disability b. a study comparing depression scores for one group that is assigned to receive a therapy versus another group that is assigned not receive therapy c. a study comparing performance in a room where the walls have been painted yellow versus performance in a room painted blue d. a study comparing cognitive function for one group of Alzheimer's patients who are assigned to receive memory therapy versus another group that is a assigned not to receive therapy

a. a study comparing self-esteem scores for children with a learning disability versus scores for children without a learning disability

Which research design is used by a researcher comparing self-esteem scores for children from divorced Families versus scores for children from families with no divorce? a. differential research design b. pretest only nonequivalent control group design c. pre-test post-test nonequivalent control group design d. time series design

a. differential research design

A journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. A teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third-grade students. What is the teacher questioning? a. external validity of the report b. internal validity of the report c. reliability of the report d. accuracy of the report

a. external validity of the report

What is measured and removed to reduce the variance in within subjects design compared to a between subjects design? a. individual differences b. the carryover effect c. the Progressive error effect d. instrumentation effects

a. individual differences

In a between subjects experiment if the participants in one group have characteristics that are different from participants in another group and which of the following is threatened? a. internal validity b. external validity c. reliability d. accuracy

a. internal validity

In a within subjects research study comparing different treatment conditions at different times what kind of validity is threatened by factors that change over time such as history and maturation? a. internal validity b. external validity c. both d. neither

a. internal validity

What aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment at a different time? a. internal validity b. external validity c. reliability d. accuracy

a. internal validity

Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ____ but it can limit the _____ of an experiment. a. internal validity; external validity b. external validity; internal validity c. internal validity; reliability d. external validity; reliability

a. internal validity; external validity

How does eliminating a variable constant prevent the variable from becoming a confound? a. it eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another b. it reduces error c. it ensures a nonbiased sample d. It increases the differences between the groups

a. it eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another

Although field studies tend to have higher external validity that traditional laboratory studies, they also tend to have ____. a. lower internal validity b. lower reliability c. increased risk of confoudning from history effects d. an increased risk that the manipulation of the independent variable will not be effective

a. lower internal validity

Cross-sectional developmental design is an example of which general category of research designs a. nonequivalent group designs b. pre-test post-test designs c. time series design d. interrupted time series design

a. nonequivalent group designs

An experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatmeant control, and a placebo control. Which two should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment? a. placebo vs. treatment b. placebo vs. no treatment c. treatment vs. no treatment d. You only need to look at the scores in the placebo control condition

a. placebo vs. treatment

The clinician psychologist measures body satisfaction for a group of clients diagnosed with anorexia each day for one week before and one week after the psychologist begins a series of group therapy sessions what kind of design is being used? a. Time series b. interrupted Time series c. equivalent time samples d. pretest post-test design

a. time series

If a between subjects experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment to then how many participants were in the entire experiment? a. 50 b. 100 c. 25 d. 200

b. 100

Which statement best characterizes a between-subjects experimental design? a. Participants are randomly selected from two different populations b. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment c. Each participant is assigned to every condition of the experiment d. Participants with the same characteristics are assigned to different conditions of the experiment

b. Each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment

For a between-subjects experiment which of the following is a possible threat to internal validity? a. Individual differences that exist within treatments b. Individual differences that exist between treatments c. The risk that one treatment condition may influence scores in another treatment d. All the above are threats

b. Individual differences that exist between treatments

Which of the following is common in within subjects experimental designs what is impossible in a pre-post design? a. randomly assign participants b. counterbalance order of treatments c. control for differential effects d. Generalize the results

b. counterbalance order of treatments

Cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms? a. reactivity b. demand characteristics c. experimenter bias d. volunteer bias

b. demand characteristics

A researcher moves an experiment out of the lab and into the real world. This type of research is called a. stimulation study b. field study c. transported study d. quasi-experiment study

b. field study

Researchers often use stimulation experiments in attempt to obtain the _____ of an experiment and still keep much of the _____ of research conducted in the real world. a. external validity, internal validity b. internal val., external val. c. experimental realism, mundane realism d. mudane realism, experimental realism

b. internal val., external val.

Which of the following is a potential problem with holding a participant variable constant? a. It's threatens the internal validity of the study b. it threatens the external validity of the study c. it lowers the likelihood of obtaining a significant difference between treatments d. None of the above

b. it threatens the external validity of the study

What is the effect of increasing the time between treatment conditions in a within subjects experiment? a. It's decreases the threat of time-related History effect b. it's increases the threat of the order affect fatigue c. decreases the threat of a Time related maturation effect d. none of the above

b. it's increases the threat of the order affect fatigue

In an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7 year old children and ten 8 year old. For this study, what method is being used to control participant age? a. randomization b. matching c. holding constant d. limiting range

b. matching

Which of the following accurately defines a compensatory rivalry? a. one group demands the same benefits received by another group b. one group Works extra hard to make up for not receiving benefits received by the another group c. one group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits by another group d. elements of the treatment and one group has spread to another group

b. one group Works extra hard to make up for not receiving benefits received by the another group

Which of the following does not guarantee that a specific participant variable will not become a confounding variable? a. Matching the variable across treatments b. randomizing the variable across treatment c. holding the variable constant d. all the other options guarantee that the variable does not become a confounding variable

b. randomizing the variable across treatment

How can sensitization threaten external validity of a study? a. the results may be limited to the novel situation of the research study b. the results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest c. the results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a series of different treatment conditions d. the results may be limited to participants taking on different subject roles

b. the results may be limited to individuals who have experienced a pretest

For an experiment that compares to treatment conditions with 10 scores needs treatment which design would require fewer subjects? a between subjects design b. Within subjects design c. match subjects design d. All the Above

b. within-subject design

Which of the following describes a completely counterbalanced Within subjects experiment? a. each group receives a different treatment b. each participant receives each treatment in the same order c. a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence d. participants receive a random order of treatment conditions

c. a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence

Which of the following is an advantage of the between subjects design versus a within subjects design a. require fewer participate b. usually is a more sensitive test c. eliminates the risk of order effect d. eliminates potential problems that may be caused by individual differences

c. eliminates the risk of order effect

Which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined? a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. external

c. extraneous

Which of the following accurately describes the idiographic approact to research? a. direct observation of individuals without their knowledge b. interviewing people in a small group c. the intensive study of one individual d. the study of groups

c. intensive study of one individual

in a within-subjects study that extends over a relatively long time it is possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants skills or knowledge during the time of the study these changes influence the participants scores causing scores at the end of the study of beginning and what is the effect called? a. history b. instrumentation c. maturation d. regression toward the mean

c. maturation

For which of the following studies does the researcher not control which individuals are signed to which group? a. between-subjects experiment b. within-subjects experiment c. nonequivalent group design d. pre-post design

c. nonequivalent group design

What design is being used by a researcher comparing depression scores before and after treatment in one group of clients? a. pre-test post-test nonequivalent control group design b. differential research design c. pre-post design d. post-test only nonequivalent control group design

c. pre-post design

For a within subject study comparing two treatments A&B a researcher expects that the practice in the first treatment will improve the participant scores in the second treatment if the order of treatment is counterbalanced and what stores will be influenced by practice? a. scores in treatment A but not in treatment B b. scores in treatment B but not in treatment A c. scores and treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants d. practice will not be influence the scores because of treatments are counterbalanced

c. scores and treatment A for half the participants and scores in treatment B for half the participants

Which of the following is the primary advantage of a pre-test post-test nonequivalent control group design in comparison to other nonequivalent group designs? a. the post-test scores can help reduce threats from history effects b. the post-test scores can eliminate threats from history of effects c. the pre-test scores can help reduce the threat of individual differences between groups d. the pre-test scores can eliminate the threat of individual differences between groups

c. the pre-test scores can help reduce the threat of individual differences between groups

A researcher exposes people to stressful situation to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. Why would the researcher also include a measure of stress? a. It's a measure of the DV b. It's a measure of the extraneous variable c. It's a control for confounding variables d. It's a manipulation check

d. It's a manipulation check

What kind of research was used to study the brain surgery patient H.M. who lost the ability to store new memories? a. participant observation b. naturalasitc observation c. correlational research d. case study research

d. case study research

A study examining the relationship between humor and memory performance scores for one group presented with humorous sentences and a second group presented with nonhumorous sentences. The participants in one group are primarily 8 year old students and those in the second group are primarily 10 year old students. In this study, age is potentially a(n) _______ variable. a. independent b. dependent c. extraneous d. confounding

d. confounding

Which of the following accurately defines diffusion? a. one group demands the same benefits received by another group b. one group Works extra hard to make up for not receiving benefits received by the another group c. one group stops trying because it is not receiving the benefits by another group d. elements of the treatment and one group has spread to another group

d. elements of the treatment and one group has spread to another group

What can a researcher determine by using a series of observations before treatment? a. if the treatment has a temporary effect b. if the treatment has a permanent effect c. if scores are influenced by individual differences between the groups d. if scores are influenced by some Factor unrelated to the treatment

d. if scores are influenced by some Factor unrelated to the treatment

Which of the following is the primary threat to internal validity for nonequivalent group designs? a. history effects b. instrumentation effects c. regression toward the mean d. individual difference between treatment

d. individual difference between treatment

A research study evaluates changes in Behavior related to age by examining one group of participants who are all the same age at different times what is the name of this design? a. time series design b. interrupted time series design c. cross-sectional developmental design d. logitudinal developmental design

d. logitudinal developmental design

Which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment? a. increase the ability to generalize the results b. avoid selection bias c. ensure that the individuals in the sample are representative of the individuals in the population d. minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable

d. minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable

Which of the following is typically examined in a case study? a. single disease or psych disorder b. single clinical treatment c. single group d. single individual

d. single individual

Experimental research studies tend to have very ___ internal validity but often have relatively ____ external validity. a. high; low b. low; high c. high; high d. low; low

a. high; low

A research study evaluates changes in Behavior related to age by examining different groups of individuals with each group representing a different age what is the name for This research design a. time series design b. interrupted time series design c. cross-sectional developmental design d. logitudinal developmental design

c. cross-sectional developmental design