Lecture 13 Module: Endocrine system

Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into ? distinct groups.

3

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?

A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature

The hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete its own hormones is _____.

ACTH

Which is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?

Aldosterone

Parafollicular cells secrete which of the following hormones?

Calcitonin

______ is synthesized by the kidneys when they are stimulated by increased blood levels of parathyroid hormone.

Calcitriol

Calcitriol is a form of vitamin ?.

D

Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?

Diet Medications that enhance insulin release Exercise

______ causes increases the rate of red blood cell production and maturation.

EPO

Which germ layers give rise to the endocrine system?

Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm

glands are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.

Endocrine

When the sympathetic division of the ANS stimulates the chromaffin cells, they secrete which of the following hormones?

Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Atriopeptin, ANP, from the heart is released in response to which of the following?

Excessive stretch in the atrium

PTH, parathyroid hormone, may be released due to which of the following?

Excessive urine formation Loss of electrolytes Excessive sweating

Which of the following hormones influence both the male and female reproductive systems by regulating the hormones produced in the gonads and the maturation of gametes.

FSH and LH

True or false: An excess of growth hormone can result in pituitary dwarfism and extraordinary height of up to 8 feet.

False

Epinephrine prepares the body for which of the following?

Fight or flight

Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Somatostatin produced by the delta cells of the pancreas is also known as ______.

GHIH

______ diabetes is associated with some pregnant women.

Gestational

______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.

Growth hormone

The kidneys secrete hormones that help with which functions?

Increase in blood pressure Red blood cell production Increase in blood volume Electrolyte concentration

Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects?

Increasing body temperature Increasing metabolism

Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

Glucagon causes adipose cells to break down and release what molecule into the bloodstream?

Lipids

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?

Low body temperature A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood

If a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will likely experience which of the following?

Masculinization

Which is REDUCED as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?

Muscle mass Sex hormone levels GH levels

Which is not a hormone released by the anterior pituitary?

Oxytocin

Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?

Oxytocin ADH

In males, _______ may influence the production of androgens.

PRL

_____ stimulates resorption of bone and the release of calcium into the bloodstream.

PTH

Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?

Parathyroid gland

Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?

Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland

The hormone(s) and enzyme(s) that the kidneys secrete are?

Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol

In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of _____ from the hypothalamus.

TRH

The anterior pituitary gland secretes _______ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______.

TSH, TH

Cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called ? cells.

Target cells

True or false: Generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections.

True

True or false: Injections of human growth hormone over a period of many years will not bring pituitary dwarfs to normal heights.

True

True or false: Insulin promotes lipid storage.

True

True or false: When the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol.

True

_____ diabetes is also known as insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.

Type 2

An excess of growth hormone in an adult results in a condition known as .

acromegaly

The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.

adenohypophysis

The hormone ACTH acts on the _____ to cause release of corticosteroids.

adrenal cortex

In a complex series of reactions, renin will indirectly stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete ______.

aldosterone

ADH is released in response to all of the following conditions EXCEPT ______.

an increase in blood pressure

The testes produce the male sex hormones called ? , many of which are converted into testosterone.

androgens

Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ______.

atrial naturetic peptide

PTH causes the calcium ions to be reabsorbed from the filtrate to the _______.

blood

PTH stimulate calcitriol synthesis which promotes _______ absorption from the small intestine.

calcium

The _____ cells are the source of the parathyroid hormone, PTH.

chief

The two types of cells in the parathyroid gland are the ______ and ______ cells.

chief, oxyphil

The _______ cells of the adrenal medulla are essentially modified ganglionic cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

chromaffin

The primary cells of the adrenal medulla are called _______ cells.

chromaffin

The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as _____.

corticosteroids

The most common glucocorticoids are ? and corticosterone.

cortisol

PTH, parathyroid hormone, is secreted into the bloodstream in response to _____ blood calcium levels.

decreased

Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or _____.

decreased insulin effectiveness

Acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in _____.

digestion

Pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the ______.

duodenum

Both parts of the pituitary start growing ______.

during the third week of development

The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the _____.

epithalamus

The kidneys release _______ when the blood's oxygen content is low.

erythropoietin

In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to _____.

estrogen

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones and .

estrogen progesterone

As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both ?and ? functions.

exocrine endocrine

The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona .

fasciculata

Hormones are regulated by self-adjusting mechanisms called ? loops.

feedback

In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ______ enlarge and widen.

feet face hands

The wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called _______ cells.

follicular

Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary .

gigantism

The most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona ______.

glomerulosa

The zona ? is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex.

glomerulosa

If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _____.

glucagon

The zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called ______.

glucocorticoids

In diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of _____, a condition otherwise known as glycosuria.

glucose in the urine

Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ? hormone production.

growth

An example of a protein hormone is

growth hormone

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the _____.

hypothalamus

Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland ______ at night and ______ during the day.

increases, decreases

Beta cells secrete _____ when blood glucose levels are elevated.

insulin

Target cells respond to ______ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels.

insulin

Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic ?.

islets

The thyroid gland has left and right ______ connected by a narrow isthmus in the midline.

lobes

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by _____.

low to no insulin secretion

Insulin ______ blood glucose levels.

lowers

The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.

medulla

The hormone ? helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).

melatonin

The pineal gland secretes a hormone called .

melatonin

The target cells of thyroid hormones are ______.

most cells of the body

The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ______ cells because they secrete hormones.

neurosecretory

Gestational diabetes ______.

occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications

PTH stimulates _____ to resorb bone and release calcium ions from the bone matrix.

osteoclasts

The pancreas is composed mostly of groups of cells called _____.

pancreatic acini

The large anterior part of the anterior pituitary is the ______.

pars distalis

The rounded lobe of the posterior pituitary gland is the ______.

pars nervosa

The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.

pituitary

At the microscopic level, neurons can be observed in the ______.

posterior pituitary

In a feedback loop, the ______ of a pathway acts on an earlier step in the pathway to regulate the pathway's activities.

product

In females, _______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.

prolactin

Most of our body's hormones are ______ hormones.

protein

Only cells with specific for the hormone respond to that hormone.

receptors

Aging _____ the efficiency of endocrine system functions.

reduces

Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the _____ and _____ systems.

skeletal, muscular

Delta cells of the pancreatic islets synthesize ______ also known as growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone.

somatostatin

The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ______ bone.

sphenoid

The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 different _____.

steroid hormones

The pancreas is located between the small intestine and _____.

stomach

A hormone's ? determines how it interacts with the target cells.

structure

The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic _______ axons.

sympathetic

Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into ___

the blood

The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into _____.

the bloodstream

The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the ? gland.

thyroid

Under the microscope, the _____ gland is composed of spherical structures called follicles.

thyroid

TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of _______.

thyroid stimulating hormone

Thyroid-stimulaitng hormone (TSH) is also called ______.

thyrotropin

The posterior pituitary gland releases ______ hormone(s).

two

The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet _____."

urine

PTH prevents the loss of calcium ions during the formation of ______.

urine in the kidneys

ADH causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels which increases blood pressure; thus ADH is also referred to as .

vasopressin

PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis from an inactive form of _______.

vitamin D