Lecture 13 Module: Endocrine system
Hormones are classified based on their chemical structure into ? distinct groups.
3
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?
A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood Low body temperature
The hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete its own hormones is _____.
ACTH
Which is secreted by the zona glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
Parafollicular cells secrete which of the following hormones?
Calcitonin
______ is synthesized by the kidneys when they are stimulated by increased blood levels of parathyroid hormone.
Calcitriol
Calcitriol is a form of vitamin ?.
D
Less severe type 2 diabetics can be treated with which of the following treatments?
Diet Medications that enhance insulin release Exercise
______ causes increases the rate of red blood cell production and maturation.
EPO
Which germ layers give rise to the endocrine system?
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
glands are ductless organs that secrete their products directly into the bloodstream.
Endocrine
When the sympathetic division of the ANS stimulates the chromaffin cells, they secrete which of the following hormones?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Atriopeptin, ANP, from the heart is released in response to which of the following?
Excessive stretch in the atrium
PTH, parathyroid hormone, may be released due to which of the following?
Excessive urine formation Loss of electrolytes Excessive sweating
Which of the following hormones influence both the male and female reproductive systems by regulating the hormones produced in the gonads and the maturation of gametes.
FSH and LH
True or false: An excess of growth hormone can result in pituitary dwarfism and extraordinary height of up to 8 feet.
False
Epinephrine prepares the body for which of the following?
Fight or flight
Which of the following hormones are considered gonadotropins?
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Somatostatin produced by the delta cells of the pancreas is also known as ______.
GHIH
______ diabetes is associated with some pregnant women.
Gestational
______ stimulates cell growth and cell division specifically in bones and muscles.
Growth hormone
The kidneys secrete hormones that help with which functions?
Increase in blood pressure Red blood cell production Increase in blood volume Electrolyte concentration
Thyroid hormones have which of the following effects?
Increasing body temperature Increasing metabolism
Type 1 diabetes is also referred to as which of the following?
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Glucagon causes adipose cells to break down and release what molecule into the bloodstream?
Lipids
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is released from the hypothalamus in response to which of the following stimuli?
Low body temperature A decreased level of thyroid hormone in the blood
If a woman has an overactive zona reticularis, she will likely experience which of the following?
Masculinization
Which is REDUCED as a consequence of an aging endocrine system?
Muscle mass Sex hormone levels GH levels
Which is not a hormone released by the anterior pituitary?
Oxytocin
Which are hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin ADH
In males, _______ may influence the production of androgens.
PRL
_____ stimulates resorption of bone and the release of calcium into the bloodstream.
PTH
Which of the following glands is not controlled by the hypothalamus?
Parathyroid gland
Which are examples of how the hypothalamus directly regulates endocrine activity?
Producing two hormones that are stored in the posterior pituitary gland Producing regulatory molecules that either stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary gland
The hormone(s) and enzyme(s) that the kidneys secrete are?
Renin Erythropoietin Calcitriol
In order to stimulate the thyroid gland, there has to be a release of _____ from the hypothalamus.
TRH
The anterior pituitary gland secretes _______ to stimulate the follicular cells of the thyroid gland to release _______.
TSH, TH
Cells with specific receptors for the hormone are called ? cells.
Target cells
True or false: Generally, only severe cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus require insulin injections.
True
True or false: Injections of human growth hormone over a period of many years will not bring pituitary dwarfs to normal heights.
True
True or false: Insulin promotes lipid storage.
True
True or false: When the body tries to repair its injuries, it secretes cortisol.
True
_____ diabetes is also known as insulin-independent diabetes mellitus.
Type 2
An excess of growth hormone in an adult results in a condition known as .
acromegaly
The majority of the pituitary gland is composed of the _____.
adenohypophysis
The hormone ACTH acts on the _____ to cause release of corticosteroids.
adrenal cortex
In a complex series of reactions, renin will indirectly stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce and secrete ______.
aldosterone
ADH is released in response to all of the following conditions EXCEPT ______.
an increase in blood pressure
The testes produce the male sex hormones called ? , many of which are converted into testosterone.
androgens
Modified cardiac muscle cells in the atrium secrete the hormone ______.
atrial naturetic peptide
PTH causes the calcium ions to be reabsorbed from the filtrate to the _______.
blood
PTH stimulate calcitriol synthesis which promotes _______ absorption from the small intestine.
calcium
The _____ cells are the source of the parathyroid hormone, PTH.
chief
The two types of cells in the parathyroid gland are the ______ and ______ cells.
chief, oxyphil
The _______ cells of the adrenal medulla are essentially modified ganglionic cells of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.
chromaffin
The primary cells of the adrenal medulla are called _______ cells.
chromaffin
The adrenal cortex synthesizes over 25 hormones collectively referred to as _____.
corticosteroids
The most common glucocorticoids are ? and corticosterone.
cortisol
PTH, parathyroid hormone, is secreted into the bloodstream in response to _____ blood calcium levels.
decreased
Type 2 diabetes results from either decreased insulin release or _____.
decreased insulin effectiveness
Acinar cells of the pancreas produce an alkaline pancreatic juice that aids in _____.
digestion
Pancreatic juice is secreted through the pancreatic ducts into the ______.
duodenum
Both parts of the pituitary start growing ______.
during the third week of development
The pineal gland is a small, cone-shaped structure attached to the posterior portion of the _____.
epithalamus
The kidneys release _______ when the blood's oxygen content is low.
erythropoietin
In females, the androgens produced by the zona reticularis are converted to _____.
estrogen
The ovaries produce the female sex hormones and .
estrogen progesterone
As a mixed, or heterocrine gland, the pancreas has both ?and ? functions.
exocrine endocrine
The middle layer of the adrenal cortex is called the zona .
fasciculata
Hormones are regulated by self-adjusting mechanisms called ? loops.
feedback
In acromegaly, the individual doesn't grow in height, but the bones of the ______ enlarge and widen.
feet face hands
The wall of each thyroid follicle is formed by simple cuboidal epithelial cells called _______ cells.
follicular
Too much growth hormone in childhood causes pituitary .
gigantism
The most superficial layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona ______.
glomerulosa
The zona ? is the outermost layer of the adrenal cortex.
glomerulosa
If you haven't eaten in a long while and your blood glucose levels are low, your pancreas will release _____.
glucagon
The zona fasciculata synthesizes a group of hormones called ______.
glucocorticoids
In diabetes mellitus, there is an excess of _____, a condition otherwise known as glycosuria.
glucose in the urine
Pituitary dwarfism exists at birth and is due to inadequate ? hormone production.
growth
An example of a protein hormone is
growth hormone
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones when stimulated by the _____.
hypothalamus
Melatonin secretion from the pineal gland ______ at night and ______ during the day.
increases, decreases
Beta cells secrete _____ when blood glucose levels are elevated.
insulin
Target cells respond to ______ by taking up glucose, thus lowering blood glucose levels.
insulin
Scattered among the pancreatic acini are small clusters of endocrine cells called pancreatic ?.
islets
The thyroid gland has left and right ______ connected by a narrow isthmus in the midline.
lobes
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by _____.
low to no insulin secretion
Insulin ______ blood glucose levels.
lowers
The adrenal ______ forms the inner core of each adrenal gland.
medulla
The hormone ? helps regulate your circadian rhythm (24 hour body clock).
melatonin
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called .
melatonin
The target cells of thyroid hormones are ______.
most cells of the body
The neurons in the hypothalamus that extend to the posterior pituitary gland are called ______ cells because they secrete hormones.
neurosecretory
Gestational diabetes ______.
occurs typically in the later half of the pregnancy can pose a risk to the fetus and pose delivery complications
PTH stimulates _____ to resorb bone and release calcium ions from the bone matrix.
osteoclasts
The pancreas is composed mostly of groups of cells called _____.
pancreatic acini
The large anterior part of the anterior pituitary is the ______.
pars distalis
The rounded lobe of the posterior pituitary gland is the ______.
pars nervosa
The ______ gland, also known as the hypophysis, lies inferior to the hypothalamus.
pituitary
At the microscopic level, neurons can be observed in the ______.
posterior pituitary
In a feedback loop, the ______ of a pathway acts on an earlier step in the pathway to regulate the pathway's activities.
product
In females, _______ regulates mammary gland growth and breast milk production.
prolactin
Most of our body's hormones are ______ hormones.
protein
Only cells with specific for the hormone respond to that hormone.
receptors
Aging _____ the efficiency of endocrine system functions.
reduces
Growth hormone (GH) stimulates cell growth, targeting primarily the _____ and _____ systems.
skeletal, muscular
Delta cells of the pancreatic islets synthesize ______ also known as growth-hormone-inhibiting hormone.
somatostatin
The pituitary gland is located within the sella turcica of the ______ bone.
sphenoid
The adrenal cortex synthesizes more than 25 different _____.
steroid hormones
The pancreas is located between the small intestine and _____.
stomach
A hormone's ? determines how it interacts with the target cells.
structure
The adrenal medulla is innervated by preganglionic _______ axons.
sympathetic
Endocrine glands secrete their products directly into ___
the blood
The posterior pituitary gland releases hormones into _____.
the bloodstream
The anterior pituitary gland secretes TSH, which stimulates the ? gland.
thyroid
Under the microscope, the _____ gland is composed of spherical structures called follicles.
thyroid
TRH travels through the portal system from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland causing the release of _______.
thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyroid-stimulaitng hormone (TSH) is also called ______.
thyrotropin
The posterior pituitary gland releases ______ hormone(s).
two
The term diabetes mellitus is derived from the phrase "sweet _____."
urine
PTH prevents the loss of calcium ions during the formation of ______.
urine in the kidneys
ADH causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels which increases blood pressure; thus ADH is also referred to as .
vasopressin
PTH stimulates calcitriol synthesis from an inactive form of _______.
vitamin D