Lecture 19 - Ch 18: Applications of Immune Responses

The serological test illustrated in this figure is an (unknown antigen on solid surface, labeled antibodies specific for antigen X is added, washed off unbound antibodies, test for label & a positive or negative result (detection or lack of detection) occurs).

DIRECT IMMUNOASSAY

Side question: What is an example of an immunoassay?

Diagnosing syphilis - detecting the causative bacterium Treponema palladium through adding antibodies specific to the baterium to the specimen. If the antibodies attach to an organism in the specimen, then the organism is T. pallidum. If the antibodies are present, then the patient's immune system must have responded to the microbe at some point, indicating either previous or current infection. (464)

The tuberculin skin test detects... (cell-mediated or humoral response)

a cell-mediated response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins

Which of the following are inactivated vaccines? - polysaccharide vaccine - subunit vaccine - attenuated vaccine - toxoid

- polysaccharide - subunit - toxoid

An effective vaccine should do all of the following EXCEPT ___.

An effective vaccine should do all of the following EXCEPT PROVIDE ONLY SHORT-TERM PROTECTION.

An enzyme linked ___ assay uses antibodies labeled with an enzyme.

An enzyme linked IMMUNOSORBENT assay uses antibodies labeled with an enzyme.

A ___ is a preparation of a pathogen or its products used to induce an active immune response.

vaccine

Side question: how can an assay be clever?

467: some assays have been developed by scientists that allow them to monitory antigen-antibody interactions, something that is difficult as antibodies are small molecules and therefore they cannot be seen using conventional microscopy.

A ___ antibody preparation contains antibodies from multiple lines of B cells.

A POLYCLONAL antibody preparation contains antibodies from multiple lines of B cells.

Which of the following has been used as an adjuvant to boost the immune response to a vaccine?

A derivative of lipid A.

A disadvantage of attenuated vaccines is that they _____.

A disadvantage of attenuated vaccines is that they CAN CAUSE DISEASE IN IMMUNOSUPPRESSED RECIPIENTS.

A promising novel approach to vaccines is ___ vaccines, which are segments of naked nucleic acid, either DNA or mRNA, from an infectious agent.

A promising novel approach to vaccines is NUCLEIC ACID-BASED vaccines, which are segments of naked nucleic acid, either DNA or mRNA, from an infectious agent.

An inactivated vaccine typically (requires ___ dose(s)) + (elicits a ___ immune response) + (provides relatively ___-term protection).

An inactivated vaccine typically (requires MULTIPLE dose(s)) + (elicits a LIMITED immune response) + (provides relatively SHORT-term protection).

Antibody preparations that recognize only a single epitope are called ___ antibodies.

Antibody preparations that recognize only a single epitope are called MONOCLONAL antibodies.

Antiserum injection is an example of ___ acquired ___ immunity.

Antiserum injection is an example of ARTIFICALLY acquired PASSIVE immunity.

Any diagnostics test that relies on specific antibody-antigen interactions is classified as ___.

Any diagnostics test that relies on specific antibody-antigen interactions is classified as IMMUNOASSAY.

Attenuated strains are often produced by _____.

Attenuated strains are often produced by GROWING A MICROBE UNDER CONDITIONS THAT CAUSE MUTATIONS TO ACCUMULATE.

Match each type of vaccine with the correct statement: - Attenuated vaccine - Is immunogenic but unable to replicate in the vaccine recipient - Inactivated vaccine - A weakened form of a pathogen that retains the ability to replicate in the vaccine recipient

Attenuated vaccine, weakened form of pathogen that retains the ability to replicate in the vaccine recipient. Inactivated vaccine, is immunogenic but unable to replicate in the vaccine recipient

Attenuated viruses often induce long-term immunity because they ___ in the recipient and stimulate the immune system in a manner that mimics the wild-type strain.

Attenuated viruses often induce long-term immunity because they REPLICATE in the recipient and stimulate the immune system in a manner that mimics the wild-type strain.

Match the action with the chance of developing a serious brain inflammation Child with measles Vaccinating a child against measles 1 in 1,000,000 chance 1 in 2,000 chance

Child with measles - 1 in 2,000 chance Vaccinating a child against measles - 1 in 1,000,000 chance

Which type of immunoassay is the easiest to do and requires minimal technical skills?

ELISA

True or false? Bacterial cultures are used to obtain polyclonal antibodies

False

True or false? Routine childhood immunizations are associated with autism.

False

Fluorescently labeled cells can be counted and separated by a techique called

Fluorescence-actived cell sorter

In modern clinical and research laboratories, the most common types of immunoassays rely on _____.

In modern clinical and research laboratories, the most common types of immunoassays rely on LABELED ANTIBODIES.

The concentration of specific antibodies is referred to as the ___.

The concentration of specific antibodies is referred to as the TITER.

In the ___ ___, the proteins in a sample are separated by size using gel electrophoresis and are then reacted with antibodies.

In the WESTERN BLOTTING, the proteins in a sample are separated by size using gel electrophoresis and are then reacted with antibodies.

In the fluorescent antibody (FA) test, a microscope is used to detect a ___ labeled antibody that is bound to a specific antigen.

In the fluorescent antibody (FA) test, a microscope is used to detect a FLUORESCENTLY labeled antibody that is bound to a specific antigen.

The image shows a (square plate with what looks like circular openings).

MICROTITER PLATE.

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from ___.

Naturally acquired passive immunity can result from BREASTFEEDING.

Because it induces mucosal immunity which prevents the spread of wild poliovirus, eradication efforts in endemic areas depends upon ___.

OPV

___ is the fluid portion of the blood that remains after the blood clots.

SERUM is the fluid portion of the blood that remains after the blood clots.

The ___ poliomyelitis vaccine is a good vaccine because it can be administered orally and it provides both IgG and secretory IgA protection.

Sabin

Match each term with its definition. - Seronegative - The presence of specific antibodies in serum against a pathogen - Seropositive - The absence of specific antibodies in serum against a pathogen

Seronegative - the absence of specific antibodies in serum against a pathogen Seropositive - the presence of specific antibodies in serum against a pathogen

Substances added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response are called ___.

Substances added to a vaccine to enhance the immune response are called ADJUVANTS.

___ vaccines contain inactivated toxins that retain their antigenic epitopes.

TOXOID vaccines contain inactivated toxins that retain their antigenic epitopes.

The ___ is routinely used to test blood and serum for antibodies against certain pathogens such as HIV.

The INDIRECT ELISA is routinely used to test blood and serum for antibodies against certain pathogens such as HIV.

The MMRV vaccine _____.

The MMRV vaccine MINIMIZES THE NUMBER OF INJECTIONS REQUIRED.

The transition from seronegative to seropositive status is refered to as ___.

The transition from seronegative to seropositive status is refered to as SEROCONVERSION.

Vaccination is an example of ___ acquired ___ immunity.

Vaccination is an example of ARTIFICIALLY acquired ACTIVE immunity.

Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are ___ vaccines.

Vaccines that contain killed microorganisms or inactivated viruses are INACTIVATED WHOLE AGENT vaccines.

Western blotting relies on SDS-PAGE, a special type of gel electrophoresis that can be used to separate proteins by _____.

Western blotting relies on SDS-PAGE, a special type of gel electrophoresis that can be used to separate proteins by SIZE.

Antiserum is a preparation of serum that contains protective ___.

antibodies

Match each poliomyelitis vaccine type with the correct statement. - attenuated vaccine - sabin - inactivated vaccine - salk

attenuated vaccine - Sabin inactivated vaccine - Salk

Match each type of immunity with its definition: Immunity acquired through normal events such as infection Immunity acquired through unnatural events such as immunization

naturally acquired immunity acquired passive immunity

Words to add to your word bank

naturally acquired immunity (18.1) artificially acquired immunity (18.1) antiserum (18.1) antitoxin (18.1) herd immunity (18.2) attenuated vaccine (18.2) inactivated vaccine (18.2) dose in vivo ? (18.2, p. 459) inactivated whole agent vaccines (18.2) toxoid vaccines (18.2) adjuvant, (adjuvare means "to help") (18.2) serum (18.3) plasma (18.3) serology (18.3) seroconversion (18.3) titer (18.3) polyclonal antibodies (18.3) monoclonal antibodies (18.3) Immunoassays that use labeled antibodies (18.4) Immunoassays that involve visible antigen-antibody aggregates (18.4) Direct immunoassays (18.4) Indirect immunoassays (18.4) Fluorescent Antibody (FA) Test (18.4) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter (FACS) (18.4) Agglutination reactions (18.4) -passive agglutination test v. DAT (472) Precipitation reactions (18.4)

Because the attenuated strain replicates in the vaccine recipient, causing an infection with undetectable or mild disease, an attenuated vaccine typically (results in _____-lasting immunity) + (induces the ___ type of immune response to the pathogen)

results in LONG-lasting immunity + induces the APPROPRIATE type of immune response to the pathogen