sociology exam 4 prep

What percentage of all students enrolled in college in the United States are enrolled in two-year community colleges?

35%

social media and politics.

A filter bubble is created by search engine algorithms that deliver customized findings based on a user's online history and social media circles.

The ________ was a macro-level social change that resulted in new innovations in farming such as mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation.

Agricultural Revolution

the ability to control the actions of others

power

a relatively small group of people in the top ranks of economic, political and military institutions who make many of the important decisions in American society

power elite

aims to avoid or forestall the onset of disease by making lifestyle changes

preventitive

Kea tries to take good care of herself by regularly exercising, getting an appropriate amount of rest, and eating a healthy diet. Her approach to health is MOST closely aligned with

preventive medicine

Which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism?

privatization of the means of production

the ordinary, mundane, or everyday

profane

What were African Americans acting out of when they joined a protest movement because it was harder for them to vote than it was for white Americans?

relative deprivation

any institutionalized system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and profane

religion

Sociologists who focus on how practical constraints and opportunities can help or hinder a social movement are using

resource mobilization theory

a practice based on religious beliefs

ritual

the holy, divine, or supernatural

sacred

payments from the government to parents whose children attend failing public schools; the money helps parents pay private school tuition

school vouchers

Match each type of religious group to the appropriate example.

sect: mennonites, amish cult: heaven's gate, branch davidians denomination: shia, protestanism

an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real

simulacrum

Which of the following examples highlights the autonomy experienced by knowledge workers such as those who work at Google?

they often have the freedom to take breaks whenever they choose

the placement of students in educational "tracks", or programs of study that determine the type of classes they take

tracking

What is a term for someone who labels themselves "spiritual but not religious"?

unchurched

________ is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members.

Education

Anna's father tried a low-carb diet for a while but stopped when he became aware of a new diet called "paleo." This is an example of

a fad

According to Max Weber, Protestant values contributed to the rise of

capitalism

true statements about religion

-Approximately 23 percent of Americans claim no religious affiliation. -Between 1990 and 2001, the number of Americans who described themselves as "fundamentalist Christians" tripled. -Many European groups are less than half as likely as Americans to say that religion is very important in their lives.

Identify the true statements about the relationship between media and politics.

-As much as the power of the media has transformed politics, the reverse is also true. -The 2016 presidential election year started with most Americans—about three-quarters of both Republicans and Democrats alike—believing in the media's role as a "watchdog" for political leaders.

true statments about charter schools

-Charter schools face many challenges. -Charter schools are public schools run by private entities, which operate with relative freedom from many of the bureaucratic regulations that apply to traditional public schools.

Identify the characteristics of a socialist economic system.

-Citizens have access to resources such as health care, food, housing, and other social services to meet their basic needs. -Property and goods are mainly collectively owned.

Identify the true statements about capitalism.

-Efficiency is encouraged through technological innovation, expansion of markets, and reduction of production costs. -The production, pricing, and distribution of goods are determined by a free market. -Property and goods are mainly privately owned.

Identify the true statements about educational inequality in the United States.

-Lifetime earnings for someone with a bachelor's degree are about 75 percent higher than for someone with only a high school diploma. -Among young adults ages twenty-five to twenty-nine, women are more likely than men to have a bachelor's degree or higher. -Individuals with a high school diploma have an unemployment rate about 2 percent higher than individuals with a bachelor's degree do.

Which of the following are functions of religion, according to structural functionalists?

-Religion gives meaning to our lives. -Religion provides the opportunity to come together with others. -Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for its participants.

Place each event related to American democracy in order from first to last.

-The 15th amendment to the United States constitution technically gave all adult males of all races voter rights --Women earned the right to vote in the United States -Native Americans were legally given the right to vote in federal elections -Residents of the District of Columbia were given the right to vote in presidential elections -The voting rights act officially removed all barriers and allowed African Americans to vote

Identify the true statements about the Information Age and modern knowledge work.

-The average worker is working more hours in a week than their predecessor in the pre-Information Age workplace. -Knowledge or information work is increasingly common in the twenty-first century. -The rise of new technologies may roll back many of the original effects of the Industrial Revolution.

statements about authoritarianism

-Two types of authoritarianism are dictatorship and totalitarianism. -Dictators may gain control through a military coup or by being legally elected or appointed. -Under authoritarianism, citizens have no say in who rules them, what laws are made, or how those laws are enforced.

true statements about early education system

-in the middle ages, church was the main education -The roots of what we would recognize as modern mass education can be traced back to the idealism of the European Enlightenment of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Match each theoretical perspective to its representative classic study of education.

-structural functionalism: Randall Collins's The Credential Society -conflict theory:Jonathan Kozol's Savage Inequalities -symbolic interactionism: Robert Rosenthal and Leonore Jacobson's Pygmalion in the Classroom

Identify the results of the 2010 Supreme Court ruling in the Citizens United v. Federal Election Committee case.

-unlimited spending on campaigns by corporations, unions, and other noncampaign entities -the creation of Super PACs (political action committees) -over $1 billion spent in support of candidates in the 2016 presidential election

Place each political protest in order, from earliest to most recent.

1) Iraq war protests 2) beginning of BLM movements 3) Women's March on Washington 4) March for our Lives

What percentage of the U.S. population could be called evangelicals?

25%

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about industrialization in the United States.

Because factories were usually located in cities, industrialization went hand-in-hand with urbanization. The industrial economy helped create robust growth in the United States for many decades. Plentiful manufacturing and industrial jobs meant that high school graduates could enter the job market making a good wage. But as the economy began to transform once more, from an industrial to a postindustrial system, the nature of work changed as well. Offshoring led to a decline in manufacturing jobs: with about 7.5 million jobs lost since 1980.

Approximately 12,000 years ago, people domesticated grain, that spread around the world over 7,000 years. In 1984, 8% of U.S. households had a computer; by 2008, more than 70% did. How do these two things relate to social change?

Both are examples of social change that occurred at different rates

What does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the United States?

Educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability.

Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about political systems.

Government is the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society. Governments are vested with the power and authority to make laws and enforce them. Max Weber defined power as the ability to get others to do one's bidding. When sociologists talk about authority, they are referring to the legitimate, noncoercive exercise of power.

The adhan is the Islamic call to prayer that is recited five times each day. This means that, in theory, five times each day every Muslim is doing the exact same thing at the exact same time. What function or dysfunction of religion does the adhan help br

It brings people together

knowledge work vs. service work

Knowledge workers deal primarily with information or develop and use knowledge in the workplace. Service workers provide a service to businesses or individual clients.

conflict theory theoretical perspective to the corresponding approach to outsourcing.

Outsourcing exploits poor and developing nations and laid-off local workers, all while enriching corporations.

structural functionalism theoretical perspective to the corresponding approach to outsourcing.

Outsourcing is necessary to keep both national and global economies stable in the current market.

________ is the type of care we are practicing when we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life.

Palliative

In the Sermon on the Mount of the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you?

Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants

Which of the following statements highlights the idea that mental illness can be socially constructed?

The meanings and definitions of mental illness varies over time and place

symbolic interactionism theoretical perspective to the corresponding approach to outsourcing.

Workers whose jobs are outsourced may come to see themselves as worthless and expendable because it seems that others see them that way, too.

Litter, not the most pressing problem, but many people still wish that our streets and parks had less trash strewn about. However, it is difficult to convince people to clean these public areas, which is a problem that sociologists would call

a public goods dilemma

What do all religions have in common?

a system of beliefs and rituals that establish a relationship between the sacred and the profane

a system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens

authoritarianism

the legitimate right to wield power

authority

a proposition or idea held on the basis of faith

belief

Match each type of school to the appropriate example.

charter school: A group of teachers and parents petition the state government to give them the autonomy to open a new elementary school that focuses on bilingual education and the arts. The new school will be this type of school. unschooling: Jennifer's parents allow her to choose her own curriculum freely at home that allows her to direct her exploration of subject matter. private school: Jamal's parents obtain a school voucher from the government because his neighborhood school has been consistently labeled "failing" by the state government. Jamal will now be able to attend this type of school.

public schools run by private entities to give parents greater control over their children's education

charter schools

The Pacific Gas/Electric Comp. poisoned the water in Hinkley, CA. The poisoned water system had sickened many residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer. How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified?

chronic diseases

According to the text, what is the MOST extreme form of socialism called?

communism

social institutions such as politics, education, and religion represent the interests of those in power and thus create and maintain inequalities in society

conflict theory approach to social institutions

What theory of collective behavior would suggest that when crowds come together a "mob mentality" takes over and rational thought disappears?

contagion theory

a society that emphasizes the attainment of degrees and certificates as necessary requirements for the job market and social mobility

credential society

Good health is

culturally relative

treats the disease once it has become apparent

curative or crisis

a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate

democracy

stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently

disenfranchised

methods and tactics intended to influence government policy, policy-related attitudes and activities

politics

a phenomenon in which readers seek out and consume only those sources that confirm beliefs they already hold

echo chamber

is the central means by which modern society transmits knowledge, values, and expectations to its members

education

the process by which a society transmits its knowledge, values, and expectations to its members so they can function effectively

education

what does a sociological perspective tell us about education in the U.S.?

educational success often has as much to do with social stratification as it does with individual ability

If you have been asked to research why malaria infection rates in Cambodia are near 40%, do to your experience with the study of social disease patterns, you are MOST likely a(n)

epidemiologist

According to the class, sociologists would consider someone who listens to public radio but never contributes during pledge drives as a

free rider

redrawing the boundary lines of state voting districts in order to advantage one political party over another

gerrymandering

The cultural and economic changes resulting from dramatically increased international trade and exchange in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries are known as what?

globalization

the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws

government

An elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. This example highlights what sociological term about the education system?

hidden curriculum

an elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. this example highlights what sociological term about the education system?

hidden curriculum

values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the course of their schooling

hidden curriculum

What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness?

how health and illness are shaped by social factors

In 2008 and 2009, the US government initiated a large-scale economic bailout of the banking and auto industries by investing enormous amounts of money in to the corporations, becoming the majority shareholder in some corporations. This suggests the US

is a mostly capitalist nation, but it also has a degree of socialism in government subsidies to businesses

More than half of American women gave birth at home in the early 1900s, while around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals today. This is an example of

medicalization

Many health inequities that people of lower socioeconomic status experience are worsened in ________ groups.

minority

a government ruled by a king or queen, with succession of rulers kept within the family

monarchy

high-profile individuals whose interpretation of events influences the public

opinion leaders

care focuses on symptom and pain relief and on providing a nurturing and supportive environment to those suffering from a serious illness or at the end of life

palliative

a system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and the mechanisms of power

pluralist model

organizations that raise money to support the interests of a select group or organization

political action committees (PACS)

The transformation of culture over time is called

social change

What do sociologists call behaviors that are rational for any given individual but that lead to disaster for an entire group?

social dilemmas

systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals

social institutions

The economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services is called

socialism

Good health is

socially defined

organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials and/or public opinion

special interest groups

social institutions such as politics, education, and religion provide critical functions for the needs of society and help maintain order and unity

structural functionalism approach to social institutions

social institutions such as politics, education, and religion are created through individual participation; they give meaning to and are part of the everyday experience of members

symbolic interactionism approach to social institutions

The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence

that the United States is not a totally secular society

Beyond just money, the economy is about

the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services

What is it called when individual fishing boats harvest more fish each year in order to maximize profits while, as a result, threatening the fish population with extinction?

the tragedy of the commons

In a capitalist system, what do workers have available to sell?

their own labor