Lecture Final Review Micro, Micro HW and DSM 21, Micro DSM 20, Micro HW 20, Micro DSM 19, Micro HW 19, Micro Ch. 18 DSM, Micro HW ch. 17, Micro Ch. 18 HW, Micro HW ch. 16, DSM Ch. 16, 17, Micro Quick Quiz (Ch. 11,, Microbiology Ch. 11-14, Microbiolog...

Stool is rich in which of the following organisms?

Bacteriodes

Which of the following anatomical parts is a muscular tissue that makes up the bulk of the heart?

Myocardium

Which of the following outcomes is observed during Rabies virus pathogenesis?

Negri bodies are a diagnostic sign of Rabies virus infection.

During which of the following stages of pertussis would a patient display the characteristic "whoop" during a coughing spell?

Paroxysmal stage

What is true about viral evolution?

RNA viruses mutate faster than DNA viruses due to a lack of proofreading replicative enzymes.

Normal microbiota plays many roles in assisting the immune system. Which of the following does not describe a positive mechanism by which normal microbiota assists the immune system? Reacting against self-tissues Tolerating non-pathogens Tolerating food Fine-tuning the immune response

Reacting against self-tissues

Which of the following is false about the enzyme lysozyme?

destroys viruses and fungi

Which of the following is the best way to treat Cryptococcosis?

Adminstering antifungal drugs

You would like to sterilize bacterial growth media in a flask. You have about 1.5 hours before your patient's sample will be ready for inoculation. Which method would be best to sterilize the media within the timeframe?

Autoclaving

The causative agent for whooping cough is ________________.

Bordetella pertussis

Often women develop a vaginal yeast infection after antibiotic therapy causes a reduction in lactobacilli levels, changing the pH, and leading to an overgrowth of __________ . Staphylococcus epidermidis Clostridium difficile Escherichia coli Candida albicans

Candida albicans

The hygiene hypothesis proposes which of the following?

Decreasing diversity of our normal flora from increased antibiotic usage and changes in diet and lifestyle may lead to increased allergies and autoimmune disorders.

Which of the following provides the best definition for the term dysentery?

Diarrhea accompanied by pain, blood, and/or mucus

Your patient is suffering from a parasitic infection. Which of the following cells would most likely be elevated?

Eosinophils

An important source of vitamin K in the intestine comes from which species?

Escherichia coli

Which of the following is not a role of normal microbiota in the human body? Evading the immune response Training the immune response Calibrating the immune response Inducing the immune response

Evading the immune response

Which of the following methods would be best for sterilizing a sample of a heat-sensitive solution?

Filtration

Which of the following does not describe innate immunity? Found in all eukaryotes Generalized response Inborn protection Found only in vertebrate animals

Found only in vertebrate animals

After your dog drank puddle water at the dog park a few days prior, he is now suffering from severe diarrhea. The vet observed cysts in his stool sample. Which organism likely infected your dog?

Giardia lamblia

Which of the following is the most common STI in the U.S. and the world?

HPV

Which of the following people would most likely develop an uncomplicated UTI?

Healthy individuals

Your patient complains of upper abdominal pain, heartburn, and indigestion. Based on the patient's case history and clinical presentation, you believe that your patient has a stomach ulcer caused by a resident microorganism. You ask the microbiology laboratory to culture the stomach pathogen from a gastric tissue biopsy. Which of the following bacterial genera would you expect the microbiology laboratory to observe in the patient's culture?

Helicobacter

_____________ is transmitted mainly via the fecal-oral route.

Hepatitis A

Which of the following is considered the most common healthcare-acquired infection?

Infections with Clostridium difficile

_________ play a role in hematopoiesis.

Interleukins

Which of the following is true about antimicrobial peptides?

It's rare for microbes to develop resistance to AMPs.

Which of the following is one of the categories of the second-line defenses?

Leukocytes

Which of the following statements incorrectly describes viral spikes? ANSWER correct Spikes are glycoprotein extensions that help viruses attach and gain entry to host cells. Lipid-based spikes make up the envelope that surrounds the capsid. Spikes have an important role in determining what species and tissues the virus can infect. Spikes may be recognized by the host immune system that mounts an immune response to them.

Lipid-based spikes make up the envelope that surrounds the capsid.

After excess lymph drains from our tissues, it is shuttled to the lymph nodes and ________, where waste filtering and pathogen detection take place.

MALT tissue

During a pertussis infection, the pathogenic bacterium Bordatella pertussis produces tracheal cytotoxin, which destroys cilia. Which of the following would most likely result from ciliary destruction?

Mucus would accumulate in the respiratory tract.

Which of the following statements regarding polio vaccines is true?

One disadvantage of the oral polio vaccine is that immunocompromised individuals can develop illness from the attenuated virus and, in rare circumstances, develop paralytic polio.

Which of the following best describes the role of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)?

Phagocytic protection from pathogens and mediation of immune responses

For which of the following infections is a vaccine available?

Pneumococcal meningitis

Which of the following is mainly found in immunocompromised patients?

Pneumococcal pneumonia

Which of the following infectious agents infects the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

Poliovirus

In which of the following scenarios would you expect lysozyme to be an effective chemical barrier?

Preventing the entry of Haemophilus aegyptius, a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen, into the conjunctiva

Neonatal herpes has three major clinical presentations. Which of the following is not one of the three?

Respiratory manifestations

Which of the following diseases is incorrectly matched with its characteristics?

Roseola: rare childhood infection that tends to present without a fever

Which of the following does not describe adaptive immunity? Found only in vertebrate animals Same response regardless of the pathogen Four- to seven-day window to activate Matures over time

Same response regardless of the pathogen

One of your co-workers recently returned from Eastern Europe. She was there for over a year to support the medical staff in local hospitals. She is a healthy individual who does not have a history of TB and does not present any clinical signs. She is given a TB test to make sure she does not have the disease. After 72 hours, the site of the injection shows an induration that is 5 mm in diameter. How would you interpret this result?

She is negative for TB.

Gram-stains prepared from bacteria isolated from the urine of a patient with UTI symptoms revealed purple-stained, clustered cocci. Which of the following genera likely infected the patient?

Staphylococcus

Why is there a need to be vaccinated with a new flu shot every year?

The RNA genome of influenza mutates frequently, causing minor changes. This is referred to as antigenic drift.

Your patient is born without a thymus. This inherited, chromosomal deletion would affect the patient in which of the following ways?

The patient would not produce mature T lymphocytes.

Which is not an innate protection of the female reproductive tract?

The vaginal lining contains ciliate cells which trap and expel bacteria from the tract.

Which of the following statements best describes the goal of the first line of immune defense?

To prevent pathogen entry

Your female patient is complaining of frothy, greenish discharge, dysuria, and itchiness in her vagina. A wet mount of her vaginal discharge shows motile cells. What is she likely suffering from?

Trichomoniasis

Which of the following is the primary distinguishing factor between uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections?

Uncomplicated urinary tract infections occur in otherwise healthy individuals with normal urinary tract structure, whereas complicated urinary tract infections usually occur in people with catheters, urinary tract malformations/obstructions, or immune-compromised people.

Mast cells are the key players in which phase of inflammation?

Vascular changes phase

Which of the following agents is considered nonliving? Viruses Helminths Archaea Bacteria

Virsuses

Anatomical factors that cause women to be at higher risk of urinary tract infections than men include

a shorter urethra positioned closer to the anus in women.

Stool is rich in which of the following organisms? Actinomyces Fusobacterium Streptococcus Bacteriodes

bacteriodes

Which of the following is not one of the four cardinal signs of inflammation? Pain Swelling Redness Bleeding

bleeding

A two-year-old child presents to a pediatric practice with a barking cough and loud wheezing. The parent is alarmed and insists on antibiotics. What is the likely diagnosis, and are antibiotics appropriate?

croup / no, most cases are viral

d

d

A sample obtained from a patient's throat was inoculated on blood agar. After 24 hours, there was a clear yellow zone covering the area of growth. The medium used was _________ and the organism is said to be _________.

differential; beta hemolytic

Which of the following is not a sign of sepsis?

dilated pupils

e

e

What happens if lymph is not collected?

edema

A urine dipstick test can diagnose urinary tract infections by indicating

elevate levels of leukocyte eterase

Toxins associated with food poisoning that specifically target the intestines are __________.

enterotoxins

Which is not a specific cause of reactivation of HSV-1?

having a cold or fever

Four days after admission to the hospital, an elderly patient suddenly suffers from high fever, chills, and chest pain. A chest X-ray reveals substantial fluid accumulation in both lungs. The patient is likely suffering from ________________.

healthcare-acquired, typical pneumonia

Which factor may influence the specific types of microbes found on the skin?

hormones, moisture levels, and soap and cosmetics usage

Normal bacteria in/on the _________ create a robust competition against Clostridium difficile. human intestinal tract female vagina human skin human mouth

human intestinal tract

Haemophilus influenzae type b is the most common causative agent of bacterial meningitis in __________.

infants and children

Patients are infected with mumps via _____________.

infected saliva

Influenza differs from the common cold in that

it has a greater fatality rate.

The presence of ________, a waterproofing protein, in epidermis prevents many microorganisms from gaining access to the body.

keratin

Which component of the lower respiratory tract is incorrectly matched with a function or description?

larynx: contains the mucociliary escalator

What diagnostic tool is used to confirm a diagnosis of meningitis or encephalitis?

lumbar puncture

Which of the following is not a tick-borne disease?

malaria

Haemophilus influenzae causes __________.

meningitis

A course of infection with Schistosoma is described as having three stages. During the ___________ stage a rash or itchy skin is present at the site of infection.

migratory

The hygiene hypothesis suggests that each of the following negatively impact immune responses except: low numbers of microbiota. more diverse gut microbiota. less diverse microbiota. increased antibiotic usage.

more diverse gut microbiota.

What is the correct order of the following eight parts of the GI tract?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

Which of the following comprises the peripheral nervous system?

nerves

The ________ sense internal and external stimuli, and send out responses in the form of chemical messengers called ________.

neurons; neurotransmitters

The picture shows _________ that are commonly elevated during ___________.

neutrophils; acute bacterial infections

A(n) _________ only causes disease in a weakened host. opportunistic pathogen microbe true pathogen bacteriophage

opportunistic pathogen

These two secondary lesions arise when bleeding or burst capillaries occur in the skin.

petechiae and purpura

Which type of genetic material may be found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and may contain genes conferring antibiotic resistance?

plasmids

The dominant genus in the vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women, Lactobacillus, acts to limit infection by

producing lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins.

Listeria monocytogenes can grow slowly in your refrigerator, with its optimum temperature range between 30 to 37°C. This organism is characterized as a __________.

psychrotroph

Each of the following features are common to both innate and adaptive immunity except: discriminates between self and foreign antigens. eliminates identified invaders. requires four to seven days to fully activate. recognizes diverse pathogens.

requires four to seven days to fully activate.

Which of the following describes how blood travels through the heart?

right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, rest of the body

Which factor, beginning in 1995, is responsible for the decline in chicken pox from a routine childhood disease to a rare infection?

routine vaccination

Strawberry tongue and a sandpaper like rash all over the body are signs of _____________.

scarlet fever

Frequent mutations in Influenza A change the protein makeup of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) __________.

spikes

TORCH pathogens are all characterized by

the ability to cross the placenta to infect a developing fetus.

The rabies virus primarily affects the nervous system. The specificity that the rabies virus has for neuronal host cells is primarily dictated by __________________________.

the spikes that protrude from its viral envelope

Vaccine prevention of acute respiratory infections (the common cold) is unlikely because

there are many distinct virus strains and serovars that cause the common cold.

Your have a patient who is displaying the following signs and symptoms: fever, coughing blood-tinged sputum, and fatigue. You have a suspicion that he is suffering from ____________ and suggest to perform _____________ of his sputum.

tuberculosis; acid-fast staining

Which type of molecule can diffuse through the blood-brain barrier?

very small molecules and lipophilic molecules

The upper respiratory tract is lined with mucous membranes which secrete mucous. What is the purpose of mucous?

warms and humidifies, and traps microbes and debris from the air we breathe