LEJA Final Exam

The purpose of rape crisis centers is to:

perform all of these functions.

There are two goals of probation. One is to protect society. The other is to:

rehabilitate the offender.

A 2010 Gallup poll found that ________% of Americans supported the legalization of marijuana.

46

According to Travis Hirschi's social bond theory, which of the following terms refers to time spent engaged in conventional activities with others?

Involvement

Which of the following is true of police discretion?

It allows officers to decide where to focus their energies.

Which of the following is a true statement about juries?

Juries have been around for thousands of years.

Sometimes juries choose not to apply criminal laws when they feel doing so would be unjust. This is an example of:

Jury nullification

Police use geographic information systems (GIS) to produce descriptions of crime occurrences and analyze the relationships between variables such as:

Location and Time

Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi propose that individuals with ________ exhibit certain characteristics that make them more likely to engage in crime.

Low self-control

The ________ is a report, published in 1974, indicating that rehabilitative efforts, for the most part, were having little to no effect on recidivism.

Martinson Report

What famous case, introduced in 1966, made it a requirement for police to notify suspects of their rights?

Miranda V. Arizona

Which of the following cases required that defendants must be informed of certain rights prior to custodial interrogation?

Miranda v. Arizona

Which defense is also known as the "lesser of two evils" defense?

Necessity

________ is a standard for insanity that asks whether the defendant had a mental disease or defect, as a result of which the defendant was unable to control his or her behavior.

The irresistible impulse test

Less than ________ percent of prisoners escape from U.S. prisons.

0.1

Approximately how many cases does the U.S. Supreme Court hear each year?

100

The Supreme Court has ruled that judges must recuse themselves from deciding cases involving parties who(m):

have given them significant campaign contributions.

Restorative justice views the ________ as the true victim of a crime.

Individual

Which of the following is NOT an example of maintaining order?

Giving directions

One of the early forms of punishment in England was to hold convicts in abandoned ships, which are called:

Hulks

When Alex turned 14, he started hanging out with a new group of kids. These kids were on drugs most of the time and stole money from the stores in the neighborhood. Alex noticed that they never seemed to get caught or face any negative consequences for these actions. After gaining enough confidence, Alex shoplifted some items from a store. Which of the following theories best explains Alex's behavior?

The social learning theory

Which of the following groups of released offenders had highest (though by a very small margin) recidivism rates?

Those on unconditional release

Blank is the systematic, organized effort by society to punish offenders, protect the public, and change an offender's behavior.

corrections

The term ________ denotes society's efforts to punish and treat individuals who break the law, and thereby to protect the public.

corrections

Determinism is the idea that:

criminal behavior is a product of biological, psychological, and social forces that are beyond a person's control.

A preliminary hearing is held to:

determine if there is a probable cause to take the defendant to trial.

Services provided by specialized units include:

direct victim services. interview strategies. training curricula for others who work with victims.

The process of both legal parties in a criminal case requesting opposing counsel's evidence or information is known as:

discovery.

In most states, high courts have ________ appeals.

discretionary

In general, research has found that intensive-supervision probation:

does not clearly reduce recidivism or enhance rehabilitation.

A judges' responsibility is to ensure that the trial proceeds according to the rules of:

due process

Research has indicated that women who stay in shelters:

experience fewer incidents of violence.

A specialty court deals with:

family law issues. mentally ill offenders. Drug offenders

Dr. Jones works in the county medical examiner's office. She spends her days determining the cause and time of death of all murder victims.Dr. Jones is a:

forensic pathologist.

The ________ system was the peacekeeping system in early England in which a group of 10 local families agreed to maintain the peace and make sure lawbreakers were taken into custody and brought to court.

frankpledge system

The derivative evidence rule is also known as the ________ doctrine.

fruit of the poisonous tree

If the grand jury finds that probable cause exists, it issues a(n):

indictment.

Mandatory arrest policies were created to help reduce police discretion in incidents of:

intimate partner violence.

During a criminal trial of a murder suspect, the judge must decide all matters of:

law

A group of university students was granted permission to hold a rally. On the day of the rally, 6,500 people gathered in a common area. The city's police department was called to help manage the crowds. At the rally, the role of the police was:

maintaining order.

Blank is officers' maintenance of a visible presence in communities to serve as a deterrent to a variety of street-level crimes.

Preventive patrol

Bai, a young mother, is a victim of domestic violence. She decides to leave her husband, taking her children with her. When Bai goes to the police department to file charges, she is treated disrespectfully. The police seem skeptical of her story and make light of her allegations. When she meets with the prosecutor, he does the same and is hesitant to bring charges. Bai is the ________ victim in this situation.

Primary

One of the main goals of community corrections is:allowing

allowing offenders to remain in the community. preventing institutionalization. reducing recidivism.

Marcie works for a private law firm but takes indigent clients on a case-by-case basis and is paid a set fee for representing those clients. Marcie is:

an assigned counsel.

Mary decides to rob a bank. She obtains a gun, drives to the bank, enters the bank, points the gun at the teller and asks him to get the money from the vault. Before the teller can respond, an off-duty police officer tackles Mary, disarms her, and places her under arrest. Mary could be charged with:

attempted robbery.

Which of the following states banned plea bargaining in 1975?

Alaska

Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the homeless?

All homeless people are unemployed.

The word victimology was coined by:

Beniamin Mendelsohn.

hat was the suspect, who was the reason for the search of Mapp's boarding house, accused of in the case of Mapp v. Ohio?

Bombing

Blank is the line of authority that extends throughout an organization.

Chain of command

Which of the following is NOT a critique of community policing?

Community policy improves the degree of civilianization.

Mark often steals items from Walmart and sells them for cash on the street. He argues that his actions are not wrong because judges in courts, who pass judgement on people committing crimes, commit more serious crimes. Which of the following neutralization techniques is Mark using to support his actions?

Condemnation of the condemners

Walter Reckless's ________ argues that some factors that keep behavior in check are personal, such as self-concept, self-control, goal-directedness, conscience, tolerance for frustration, sense of responsibility, realistic levels of aspiration, and identification with lawful norms.

Containment theory

Identify a difference between criminal law and civil law.

Criminal defendants are entitled to a number of legal protections, while civil defendants do not automatically have such protections. Correct

Which of the following theories is a branch of the social conflict theory and is concerned with the ways in which structural conditions and social inequalities influence crime?

Critical theory

Someone who is required to sign in and out of the facility while they attend work, school or treatment is in a:

Halfway house

If a judge on the appellate court disagrees with the majority decision, he or she can write a ________ opinion.

Dissenting

When investigating a case of arson, Detective Rodriguez questions the crowd around the crime scene and believes one of the witnesses to be the culprit. He places the suspect under arrest. Arresting suspects falls under which function of policing?

Enforcing the law

Two months after graduating from the police academy, Rookie Officer Pike starts patrolling the streets. On duty, he realizes that the police academy training was very different from the real world of policing. What do rookie police officers realize once they are on the job?

Every action takes much longer to complete than it does in the academy.

Modern parole is typically administered at the state and ________ levels of government.

Federal

What is a judge's office called?

chambers

In the 1980s, there was an ideological shift in the criminal justice system to be more focused on:

punitive punishment.

Foreign-born offenders are often infected with:

tuberculosis (TB).

How many Circuit Courts of Appeals are present in the United States?

13

The word victimology can be traced back to:

1940's

Most states have ________ justices on their high court.

7

How many federal district courts are present in the United States?

94

Which of the following would be an example of the equity requirement of the Code of Hammurabi?

A murderer is executed.

Which of the following would be considered a private place according to Fourth Amendment standards?

A person's home

Blank is information from individuals who are guaranteed confidentiality, reveal offenses that they have committed but for which they may or may not have been arrested and held accountable.

A self report

Suppose Jack is incarcerated in a facility where he makes shoes that are sold on the open market. He is subject to strict discipline and is not paid for his work. Jack is most likely incarcerated in a(n):

Industrial Prison

Upon entering prison, most inmates go through a process where they learn and adopt the values and norms of the prison. Some of these values and norms include not portraying themselves as weak or needy, not associating with corrections officers, and not snitching on others. The norms and values of prisons that inmates learn is referred to as the:

Inmate code

Blank is a perspective that focuses on the offender's responsibility to repair the hurt, damage, and injustice that the crime victim has experienced by making restitution and doing community service.

Restorative justice

Blank is the killing of three or more people over an extended period.

Serial Murder

Which of the following is a difference between sheriffs' offices and police departments in the United States?

Sheriffs' offices typically function in rural areas, whereas police departments typically function in urban areas.

Stephanie is a recent victim of sexual assault. While recovering, Stephanie has received several therapeutic interventions. Not long after her attack, she received support from a support group of fellow survivors of sexual assault. She also received support from a clinical psychologist who provided assistance with stress management. The type of therapy that Stephanie has undergone is:

Short-term therapy

In the United States, homicide rates are highest in the ________.

South

On illegally entering Matthew's house to search for drugs, the police find evidence that Kristina is involved in a money-laundering scheme. Kristina does not live in Matthew's house. The evidence can be used against Kristina because she does not have:

Standing

In ________, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the use of deadly force was not reasonable unless the suspect committed a crime that inflicted serious harm and his or her escape posed a significant risk of further serious harm to persons at large.

Tennessee v. Garner

Who among the following is responsible for issuing an arrest warrant?

The Judge

John Jones loses his criminal case. He files an appellate brief with his state's intermediary court of appeals. Who will respond with a brief stating that no legal errors were made?

The Prosecutor

The most widely used system of indigent defense is:

The appointed counsel

Who is considered a state's head law-enforcement officer?

The attorney general

Which perspective argues that laws are influenced and created by those who control the political and economic power within the society?

The conflict perspective

blank is when police reasonably believe that the warrant or law authorizing a search or seizure is legitimate but it later turns out it is not.

The good faith exception

Davis witnesses Solomon breaking into Sam's apartment when Sam is away on a business trip. Davis calls the police and files a complaint. According to criminal law, who should bring the case to court?

The govt

Special Agent Santiago currently works for the oldest federal law enforcement agency in the United States. He apprehends federal fugitives and also transports federal prisoners. Based on the information in the scenario, Santiago works for the ________.

U.S. Marshals Service

In a retention election, who decides whether a judge has performed well enough to stay on the bench?

Voters

Kate has her first child. Although Kate does not have a history of mental illness, she begins to feel very depressed after having the baby. As the depression worsens, she gets paranoid and starts believing that the devil has possessed her baby. She begins to believe that she must do something drastic to stop the devil from taking her baby's soul to hell. In this scenario, Kate is suffering from ________.

postpartum psychosis

Most federal judges are nominated by the:

president.

Police driving around certain neighborhoods in the night to keep a watch is an example of ________.

preventive patrols

Unlike men, women develop emotional bonds with other inmates; they often develop ________ while they are incarcerated.

pseudo-families

Serious mental disorders that cause individuals to be out of touch with reality and thus unable to cope with the demands of everyday living are called ________.

psychoses

When a rape or sexual assault victim comes into a hospital to be examined, a ________ will usually be conducted to preserve evidence.

rape kit

Police view of themselves as a "band of brothers"—or "sisters"—against everyone else in society. This is known as ________.

siege mentality

Many different governmental agencies, such as law enforcement and district attorney's offices, have created groups that focus on a single type of victim and such victims' special needs. These groups are referred to as:

specialized units.

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways a federal judge loses his or her job?

Firing

Jack is incarcerated in the Southwest State Prison. He has been there for the past 12 years and has over 30 years left on his sentence. While incarcerated, his communication with his family has been restricted; most notably, any letters that he has attempted to send that criticize the conditions of the prison have been censored. Further, he has not been allowed to practice his religion because it is not a commonly practiced religion in the United States. If Jack were to sue prison officials, he would to argue that his __________ Amendment rights are being violated.

First

Which Supreme Court case ruled that all felony defendants, state, or federal have a right to counsel at trial?

Gideon v. Wainwright

Prosecutors have all of the following duties EXCEPT:

sentencing offenders