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A recent addition in DSM-5 to the substance use disorders section is gambling disorder. Internet use disorder is under consideration for future inclusion. How are gambling disorder and Internet use disorder similar to, and different from, substance use disorders? 1) so define each; 2) how each is like or different from substance use disorders?

1. gambling disorder: A disorder marked by persistent and recurrent gambling behavior, leading to a range of life problems. Interent use disorder: an uncontrollable need to be online 2. symptoms that are similar to the tolerance and withdrawal reactions displayed in substance use disorders and they both display addictive behaviors

A 20-year-old friend of yours tells you he wants to receive treatment for alcohol use disorder. Which form of treatment would you recommend and why? Detail the strengths of the form of treatment you would recommend, along with its possible weaknesses. 1) State and explain the treatment you would recommend; 2) state its strengths and why; 3) state its possible weaknesses and why.

1. CBT treatments including aversion therapy. aversion therapy is A treatment in which clients are repeatedly presented with unpleasant stimuli while they are performing undesirable behaviors such as taking a drug. In one version of this therapy, drinking is paired with drug-induced nausea and vomiting. The pairing of nausea with alcohol is expected to produce negative responses to alcohol itself. Another version of aversion therapy requires people with alcoholism to imagine extremely upsetting, repulsive, or frightening scenes while they are drinking. The pairing of the imagined scenes with alcohol is expected to produce negative responses to alcohol itself. 2. strengths: has had limited success when used as sole form of treatment 3.weaknesses: only successful if people are motivated to subject themselves to multiple sessions of this unpleasant procedure, and many people are not.

Describe the different possible effects of smoking cannabis. 1) define what 'cannabis' is; 2) list the effects and physical effects

1. Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant, grows in warm climates throughout the world. The drugs produced from varieties of hemp are collectively called cannabis.They cause a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects. 2. At low doses, the user typically has feelings of joy and relaxation and may become either quiet or talkative. Some users, however, become anxious, suspicious, or irritated, especially if they have been in a bad mood or are using in an upsetting environment.Physical changes include reddening of the eyes, fast heartbeat, increases in blood pressure and appetite, dryness in the mouth, and dizziness. Some people become drowsy and may fall asleep.In high doses, cannabis produces odd visual experiences, changes in body image, and hallucinations. Users may become confused or impulsive. Some worry that other people are trying to hurt them.

A friend of yours tells you she is going to try LSD and wants to know what to expect. Give an example of hallucinosis. Include both short-term and long-term risks of taking the drug. 1) define what LSD is and what it does to you; 2) what are the effects: our text gives 7 psychological effects and 5 physical symptoms. The more you give the better. 3) what are short-term and long-term effects?

1. LSD:A hallucinogen derived from ergot alkaloids. Within 2 hours of being swallowed, LSD brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication, sometimes called hallucinosis, marked by a general strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along with psychological changes and physical symptoms. People may focus on small details — the pores of the skin, for example, or individual blades of grass. Colors may seem enhanced or take on a shade of purple. People may have illusions in which objects seem distorted and appear to move, breathe, or change shape. 3. ST:Although a substance use disorder is rare among LSD users (they do not usually develop tolerance to the drug or have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking it), LSD poses dangers for both one-time and long-term users. It is so powerful that any dose, no matter how small, is likely to produce enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions. Sometimes the reactions are extremely unpleasant — a so-called bad trip. LT:Some users eventually develop psychosis or a mood or anxiety disorder. And a number have flashbacks — a recurrence of the sensory and emotional changes after the LSD has left the body. Flashbacks may occur days or even months after the last LSD experience

According to our text, describe how neurotransmitters and the brain's reward circuit can play a role in substance abuse. 1) what neurotransmitters are involved: 2) define "brain's reward circuit" 3) explain how this circuit works. (hint: tolerance and withdrawal).

1. Repeated and excessive use of alcohol or benzodiazepines may lower the brain's production of the neurotransmitter GABA, regular use of opioids may reduce the brain's production of endorphins, and regular use of cocaine or amphetamines may lower the brain's production of dopamine. In addition, researchers have identified a neurotransmitter called anandamide that operates much like THC; excessive use of marijuana may reduce the production of anandamide. 2. Reward Circut: A dopamine-rich circuit in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated.Apparently, whenever a person ingests a substance (from foods to drugs), the substance eventually activates the brain's reward circuit. This circuit features the brain structure called the ventral tegmental area (in the midbrain), a structure known as the nucleus accumbens (also called the ventral striatum), and the prefrontal cortex

Describe how marijuana has changed since the 1970s, and describe the increase in the number of diagnoses of "cannabis use disorder," as well as the dangers associated with marijuana use. How might these be related? 1) Cite the changes and the 2) effects of the 'new' changes: to society and to one's health.

1. Until the early 1970s, the use of marijuana, the weak form of cannabis, rarely led to a pattern of cannabis use disorder. Today, however, many people regularly get quite high smoking marijuana or ingesting edibles, develop symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal, experience social or occupational (or academic) impairment, and come to display cannabis use disorder. The marijuana widely available in the United States today is at least seven times more powerful than that used in the early 1970s. The THC content of today's marijuana is typically 15 percent or more, compared with 2 percent in the 1970s.Marijuana is now grown in places with a hot, dry climate, which increases the THC content. 2.automobile accidents, panic attacks, memory loss, contributes to lung disease, reproduction issues. law enforcement problems due to legalization of recreational use in some states.

Describe the typical use and effects of amphetamines. Make sure to note the prevalence and occurrence of their usage. So 1) Define what amphetamines are; 2) what forms are amphetimines taken:3) what are the physiological effects of taking amphetimines; all in the context of our text

1. stimulant drugs manufactured in the laboratory. Some common examples are amphetamine (Benzedrine), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), a combination of the two (Adderall), and methamphetamine (Methedrine). 2. most often taken in pill or capsule form, although some people inject the drugs intravenously or smoke or snort them for a more rapid, powerful, and euphoric effect. 3. increase energy and alertness and reduce appetite when taken in small doses; produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis in high doses; and cause an emotional letdown as they leave the body. amphetamines stimulate the central nervous system by increasing the release of the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin throughout the brain

1) define 'tobacco use disorder.2)Why is it difficult to treat? 3) list and explain the TWO treatments for this disorder according to our text

1. tobacco use disorder:

Assume that a totally new hallucinogenic drug has hit the streets, and you are part of a research team charged with investigating the new drug. Which information would you want to gather? How might you begin to assess the impact of the new drug on society? Assume (unrealistically, of course) your budget is practically limitless. So 1) you want to get info on the drug itself and its effects; 2) how does it affect society? (hint: you can use methods used for other drugs we have studied); 3) what you would learn from users?

1.A substance that causes powerful changes primarily in sensory perception. Also called a psychedelic drug. They produce sensations so out of the ordinary that they are sometimes called "trips." The trips may be exciting or frightening, depending on how a person's mind interacts with the drugs. Also called psychedelic drugs, the hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, psilocybin, and MDMA (Ecstasy). 2.

Describe the synergistic effect of polysubstance use. Make sure to address the different kinds of synergistic effects. 1) define 'syngeristic effect'; 2) give examples of how this 'effect' can be manifested in the body.

1.In pharmacology, an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time. 2. One kind of synergistic effect occurs when two or more drugs have similar actions. For instance, alcohol, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and opioids — all depressants — may severely depress the central nervous system when mixed. Combining them, even in small doses, can lead to extreme intoxication, coma, and even death.A different kind of synergistic effect results when drugs have opposite, or antagonistic, actions. Stimulant drugs, for example, interfere with the liver's usual disposal of barbiturates and alcohol. Thus, people who combine barbiturates or alcohol with cocaine or amphetamines may build up toxic, even lethal, levels of the depressant drugs in their systems.

1) Explain what heroin is and what it does and what effect it produces. 2) What forms are Heroin taken? (your text gives 4); 3) What percent of the U.S. population is addicted to heroin? Do the same 3 steps for cocaine!

Heroin 1. One of the most addictive substances derived from opium.Cause CNS depression; drugs attach to endorphin-related brain receptors.brings on a rush — a spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with orgasm. The brief spasm is followed by several hours of a pleasant feeling called a high or nod. During a high, the drug user feels relaxed, happy, and unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs. 2. smoked, inhaled, snorted, injected (skin-pop or mainline), or swallowed. 3. 25% of those with opioid use disorder are addicted to heroin. Cocaine 1. Cocaine brings on a euphoric rush of well-being and confidence due to elevating the dopamine levels in the brain. Given a high enough dose, this rush can be almost orgasmic.At first cocaine stimulates the higher centers of the central nervous system, making users feel excited, energetic, talkative, and even euphoric. As more is taken, it stimulates other centers of the central nervous system, producing a faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing, and further arousal and wakefulness. 2. Snorting, smoking, injecting or eating 3. 0.4%

In what ways have the use and misuse of alcohol become one of society's greatest problems? Discuss at least three affected domains: personal, social, occupational, and physical. This of course is in the context of our text

People with alcohol use disorder drink large amounts regularly and rely on it to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious. Eventually the drinking interferes with their social behavior and ability to think and work. They may have frequent arguments with family members or friends, miss work repeatedly, and even lose their jobs. MRI scans of chronic heavy drinkers have revealed damage in various structures of their brains and, correspondingly, impairments in their memory, speed of thinking, attention skills, and balance

Define tolerance, withdrawal, and substance use disorder. As a clinician, which signs and symptoms would you assess for in order to determine whether someone meets the diagnostic

Tolerance: building up a resistance to a substance and needing larger amounts to produce desired effects. Withdrawal: symptoms that occur when use is halted to a stop such as trembling, weakness, nausea, profuse sweating, high BP, irritable, depression, anxiety Substance Use Disorder: A pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance, sometimes also including tolerance for the substance and withdrawal reactions.

Compare and contrast any two views on substance use disorders—sociocultural, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, and biological—and discuss two (2) ways in which they explain the causes of these disorders. Take two of the four views and define them and the view would explain substance use disorders; 2) give 2 ways in how your two chosen views EXPLAIN the CAUSES of these disorders.

sociocultural view : Sociocultural theorists propose that people are most likely to develop substance use disorders when they live under stressful socioeconomic conditions. Studies have found that people in lower socioeconomic classes have higher rates of substance use disorder than those in other classes. Similarly, regions with higher unemployment levels have heightened rates of alcohol or opioid use disorder.Sociocultural theorists also hold that people confronted regularly by other kinds of stress also have a heightened risk of developing substance use disorders. A range of studies conducted with Hispanic, Black American, and LGBTQ individuals, for example, find higher rates of the disorders among those participants who live or work in environments of particularly intense discrimination Psychodynamic: Psychodynamic theorists believe that people with substance use disorders have powerful dependency needs that can be traced to their early years.They suggest that when parents fail to satisfy a young child's need for nurturance, the child is likely to grow up depending excessively on others for help and comfort, trying to find the nurturance that was lacking during the early years. If this search for outside support includes experimentation with a drug, the person may well develop a dependent relationship with the substance.Some psychodynamic theorists also believe that certain people respond to their early deprivations by developing a substance abuse personality that leaves them particularly prone to drug abuse. Personality inventories, patient interviews, and even animal studies have in fact indicated that individuals who abuse drugs tend to be more dependent, antisocial, impulsive, novelty-seeking, risk-taking, and depressive than other individuals