lesson 6

By comparing twins raised apart to twins raised together, one can estimate how much of a trait is attributable to genetics and how much to environment. This study reported that 56 percent of the variability in whether or not people develop anorexia nervosa is attributable to (1)_____ influence, with most of the remaining influence (38 percent) being attributable to the common (2)_______.

1. genetics 2. environment shared with family members

the two factors of incentive value

1. success at the task has to be important to you. 2. the more difficult the task and the lower the odds of succeeding at it, the more it will mean to you if you do succeed.

at what month can discriminate between different types of facial expressions of emotion

5 months note: and by one year of age they rely on the faces of their caregivers to convey important information about how they might act

genes is responsible for about ____ percent of adult weight gain

70%

brain effects in real orgasm vs fake orgasm

Achieving a real orgasm always involved deactivation of brain regions involved with fear and anxiety in the amygdala and hippocampus as well as parts of the cortex involved in consciousness. During faked orgasms, however, these brain regions remained activated. Men too show brain deactivation during orgasm, but only in the left amygdala

How is BMI measured?

BMI is determined by dividing weight by height to yield a weight-to-height ratio

theory that incoming emotional sensory stimuli travel to the thalamus, where the signal gets divided into a descending pathway to control body arousal and an ascending cortical pathway to control emotional experience.

Cannon-Bard theory of emotion

a smile that expresses true enjoyment, involving both the muscles that pull up the lip corners diagonally and those that contract the band of muscles encircling the eye.

Duchenne smile

This theory looks at internal drives to explain why people do what they do.

Evolutionary theory

a widely used method for measuring all observable muscular movements that are possible in the human face.

Facial Action Coding System (FACS)

hormone secreted by empty stomach; sends "I'm hungry" signals to the brain

Ghrelin

Doug Kenrick and colleagues bridged the evolutionary and hierarchical models of motivation by modifying Maslow's hierarchy from an evolutionary perspective. The new model builds on basic needs. List them (from base to tip)

Immediate physiological needs. Self-protection. Affiliation. Status/esteem. Mate acquisition. Mate retention. Parenting.

the perception of the physiological changes that accompany emotions that produces the subjective emotional experience.

James-Lange theory of emotion for example, because we perceive different body changes for each emotion. In short, "I am trembling, and therefore I am afraid; or I feel a lump in my throat, therefore I am sad."

______ is released in the hypothalamus when an animal is hungry or underfed, and it stimulates appetite

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)

the concept that individuals have an internal motivation to maintain the right amount of arousal

Optimal Arousal Model

This view of emotions illustrates the adaptive value of negative emotions, which enable people to respond efficiently to a significant challenge or obstacle. For example, when danger approaches, the heart pumps blood to the skeletal muscles to enable quick movement in case escape is necessary, the respiratory system works harder to bring in more oxygen, and the brain prioritizes attention so that we can figure out what we need to do to escape the dangerous situation

Organized responses

program that gives teachers a detailed curriculum for improving children's emotional awareness and regulation skills and enhancing their social competence.

PATHS program (Providing Alternative THinking Strategies)

hierarchical model levels from base to tip note! According to this model, lower-level needs must be satisfied before we can focus on achieving self-actualization.

Physiological needs. Safety and security needs. Love and belongingness needs. Esteem needs. Self-actualization.

the principle that moderate levels of arousal lead to optimal performance.

Yerkes-Dodson law

Stress-induced negative mood enhances preference for sweet foods, since they contain carbohydrates that boost brain levels of a. serotonin. b. insulin. c. orexin. d. neuropeptide Y.

a. serotonin.

Brain imaging research has found that during orgasm a. some parts of the brain "shut down" and become deactivated. b. most of the brain becomes very active. c. only the brain stem is active. d. the insula becomes very active.

a. some parts of the brain "shut down" and become deactivated.

a desire to do things well and overcome obstacles.

achievement motivation

stable predispositions toward certain types of emotional responses such as anger. Consider the example of being cut off in traffic. People who have the affective trait of hostility are most likely to feel anger. They aren't always angry, but they have hair triggers.

affective traits

the need to build relationships and to feel part of a group

affiliation need

this part of the brain play a very important role in appraisal of the emotional significance of stimuli, with a specialized function for noticing fear-relevant information

amygdala

4 parts of the brain that play key roles in the way we experience emotion and remember emotional experiences

amygdala, prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the hypothalamus

an eating disorder in which people cannot maintain 85 percent of their ideal body weight for their height, have an intense fear of eating, and have a distorted body image.

anorexia nervosa

a situation that may lead to an emotional response.

antecedent event

the evaluation of a situation with respect to how relevant it is to one's own welfare; it drives the process by which emotions are elicited.

appraisal for example, the level of happiness expressed by Olympic athletes can be greater for winners of the bronze medals (third place) than for winners of the silver medal (second place). Bronze medalists could easily imagine an alternative outcome: They may not have even placed. Compared to that outcome, third is great. Silver medalists, on the other hand, could easily imagine and hope for an alternative outcome: Winning first place! Compared to that outcome, second is somewhat disappointing. Our own beliefs clearly influence the way in which we appraise our situation, as do our personalities, personal histories, and goals.

polygraph reliability in correctly detecting lying ranges from 70 to 85 percent, there is an alarming proportion of incorrectly identified lies, somewhere in the range of 7 to 15 percent. This means that 7 to 15 percent of the time, an honest person is incorrectly identified as a liar. This might be due to the fact that the polygraph actually measures ________, and therefore will detect general anxiety associated with being questioned as well as tension associated with the deception itself

arousal

The physiological system responsible for changes during an emotional response is the what? ex. The heart pumps blood rapidly to the muscles; oxygen intake in the lungs increases; and processes that are not immediately necessary for action, such as digestion, shut down so that energy is conserved for more urgent body functions

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Most research on weight loss has reported that a. losing weight is very difficult for most people. b. losing weight is relatively easy, but keeping it off is very difficult. c. keeping weight off is relatively easy for most people. d. losing weight is relatively easy and so too is keeping it off.

b. losing weight is relatively easy, but keeping it off is very difficult.

set of emotions that are common to all humans; includes anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise.

basic emotions

what is the healthiest BMI range?

between 20 and 25

Fredrickson's model for positive emotions, which posits that they widen our cognitive perspective and help us acquire useful life skills. Play, for example, especially the rough-and-tumble play of animals and young children, helps develop physical and strategic skills that may be useful for hunting, escaping, or defensive fighting.

broaden-and-build model

an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and a perceived lack of control during the eating session.

bulimia nervosa

Which model of motivation can be compared to the thermostat in your house? a. evolutionary b. drive reduction c. optimal arousal d. hierarchical

c. optimal arousal

Which of the following is not a self-conscious emotion? a. pride b. embarrassment c. resentment d. shame

c. resentment

Genes also control the number of fat cells a person has: The number of fat cells a person has is set by _______ and _______ and does not change much after that

childhood and adolescence

the idea that behaviour varies across cultures and can be understood only within the context of the culture in which they occur.

cultural relativism

According to the view of emotions as a process, ______ drive(s) the process by which emotions are elicited. a. emotional responses b. expressive changes c. physiological changes d. appraisal

d. appraisal

In humans, lesions to parts of the hypothalamus lead to a ______ (increase or decrease) in sexual behaviour

decrease

learned norms or rules, often taught very early, about when it is appropriate to express certain emotions and to whom one should show them.

display rules

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

drive-reduction model

the perceived states of tension that occur when our bodies are deficient in some need, creating an urge to relieve the tension.

drives

the cognitive and behavioural efforts people make to modify their emotions.

emotion regulation

the physiological, behavioural/expressive, and subjective changes that occur when emotions are generated.

emotional response

brief, acute changes in conscious experience and physiology that occur in response to a personally meaningful situation.

emotions

The________ are naturally occurring neurochemicals that can increase appetite. Blocking receptor sites for this leads to a decrease in eating and to weight loss

endocannabinoids

In general, drives come from the body, whereas incentives come from the ________.

evironment

what are the four phases of sexual arousal?

excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

a response-focused strategy for regulating emotion that involves the deliberate attempt to inhibit the outward manifestation of an emotion. For instance, in order to avoid a confrontation, you might literally bite your lip rather than tell your roommates that they are slobs for letting the dishes pile up and waiting for you to wash them.

expressive-suppression

a simple sugar that provides energy for cells throughout the body, including the brain.

glucose

Another model of motivation, which combines drives and incentives. Needs range from the most basic physiological necessities to the highest, most psychological needs for growth and fulfillment

hierarchical model (pyramid) by Maslow

the process by which all organisms work to maintain physiological equilibrium or balance around an optimal set point.

homeostasis

Our blood sugar level drops when we go without eating for long periods. If this happens, the ________ (part of the brain), which monitors glucose levels, triggers the drive to obtain food. It acts as hunger's sensory detector.

hypothalamus

any external object or event that motivates behaviour.

incentive For some people, money is a primary incentive, but for others winning a gold medal at the Olympics or getting a university degree might be the main incentive behind their training or studying.

an inherited behavioural tendency that has been preserved within a species because it helped ensure survival.

instinct

brain structure most involved in interoception, or the perception of sensations arising within the body. As such, it plays an important role in emotional experience.

insula

At least four hormones suppress appetite. what are they?

insulin, leptin, peptide YY (PYY), and cholecystokinin

region of the hypothalamus that promotes feeding.

lateral hypothalamus note Lesioning of this area has also been performed in humans as a controversial treatment for obesity. Subsequent destruction of this area reduced caloric intake and body weight in these patients. Although these results were promising, results were temporary, suggesting that other areas are also likely involved in hunger

the overall evaluation we make of our lives and an aspect of subjective well-being

life satisfaction

The rate at which we consume energy

metabolism

affective states that operate in the background of consciousness and tend to last longer than most emotions.

moods

the urge to move toward one's goals; to accomplish tasks.

motivation

inherently biological states of deficiency (cellular or bodily) that compel drives.

needs

Ekman's explanation that some aspects of emotion, such as facial expressions and physiological changes associated with emotion, are universal and others, such as emotional regulation, are culturally derived.

neurocultural theory of emotion

what is the BMI range that is considered overweight? Obese?

overweight - 26-29.9 obese - 30 or above

Female-initiated sexual behaviour peaks around what course of the 28-day menstrual cycle?

ovulation and again before and after menstruation

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

parasympathetic nervous system

societies that place few restrictions on sex

permissive societies

one of the more active regions of the brain in the experience and appraisal of emotions. Damage to the left prefrontal cortex results in depression. clinically depressed people show less activity in the left prefrontal cortex than do non-depressed people

prefrontal cortex

an emotion-regulation strategy in which one re-evaluates an antecedent event so that a different emotion results. For example, rather than seeing your next midterm as an opportunity for failure, an outlook that might create fear or anxiety, you might reappraise the exam as a challenging opportunity to prove to yourself and others how much you have learned, an outlook that would lead to eager anticipation.

reappraisal

society that restrict sex before and outside of marriage

restrictive societies

The most reliable behavioural changes associated with deception are...?

rigid posture reduction of hand and arm movements long pauses in speech lower rates of blinking

the inherent drive to realize one's full potential.

self-actualization

types of emotion that require a sense of self and the ability to reflect on actions; they occur as a function of meeting expectations (or not) and abiding (or not) by society's rules. ex. The feeling of pride a child feels at learning how to ride a bike and the shame of being caught in a lie

self-conscious emotions

societies that prohibit premarital sex, but do not strictly enforce this prohibition

semirestrictive societies

- this tells the brain when the set point has been achieved, and the brain then tells the body to stop correcting. - Signals that are produced by a response and are often used to guide the continuation of the response

sensory feedback

the ideal fixed setting of a particular physiological system, such as internal body temperature.

set point

actions that produce arousal and increase the likelihood of orgasm.

sexual behaviour

the disposition to be attracted to either the opposite sex (heterosexual), the same sex (homosexual), or both sexes (bisexual).

sexual orientation

facial expressions displaying embarrassment

smile eyes gaze away smile control looks downward and turning head away

programs designed to teach young children skills for managing their emotions and promoting social adjustment.

social-emotional learning (SEL) programs

the changes in the quality of our conscious experience that occur during emotional responses.

subjective experience of emotion

state that consists of life satisfaction, domain satisfactions, and positive and negative affect.

subjective well-being

Leptin hormone

suppresses appetite

prefrontal cortex

the frontmost portion of the frontal lobes, especially prominent in humans; important for attention, working memory, decision making, appropriate social behavior, and personality

two-factor theory of emotion

the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it

Hunger has four biological components. what are they?

the stomach, the blood, the brain, and hormones and neurochemicals.

term referring to something that is common to all human beings and can be seen in cultures all over the world.

universal

region of the hypothalamus that promotes satiety (feeling full). Destruction of this area leads to overfeeding and weight gain, while stimulation has the opposite effect

ventromedial hypothalamus

the ______ exerts a long-term effect on our sexual orientation

womb Research has revealed that, to some extent, individuals exposed to relatively high levels of testosterone in the womb are more likely to be attracted to women, whereas those exposed to relatively low levels of testosterone are more likely to be attracted to men