Lesson 9/Chapter 21: The Respiratory System

Each 100 mL of blood leaving the alveolar capillaries carries away roughly ________ of oxygen. a. 10 mL b. 20 mL c. 30 mL d. 75 mL e. 50 mL

20 mL

The unit of measurement for pressure specifically preferred by many respiratory therapists is mm Hg. torr. cm H2O. All of the answers are correct. None of these answers are correct.

torr

Functions of the nasal cavity include all of the following except a. filtering the air b. cooling the air c. humidifying the air d. trapping airborne particles e. All of the answers are correct

Cooling the air

Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen discharged by hemoglobin into peripheral tissues? a. decreased temperature b. decreased pH c. increased tissue PO2 d. decreased amounts of BPG e. None of these answers are correct.

Decreased pH

Which of the following is not a function of the nasal mucosa? a. dehumidify the outgoing air b. dehumidify the incoming air c. trap particulate matter d. humidify the incoming air e. cool outgoing air

Dehumidify the incoming air

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the a. cribriform plate b. internal nares c. pharyngeal septum d. soft palate e. hard palate

Hard palate

Which of the following would be greater? hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is low

The ________ is a depression in the lung that allows attachment of the primary bronchi, pulmonary vessels, and other structures. cardiac notch a. root b. base c. apex d. hilum

Hilium

Which of the following statements about the chloride shift is false? a. It is driven by a rise in PCO2 b. It involves a movement of bicarbonate ions into the plasma c. It depends on the chloride-bicarbonate countertransport mechanism d. It causes RBCs to swell e. It involves a movement of chloride ion into RBCs

It causes RBCs to swell

Which of the following statements about the trachea is false? a. It alters its diameter in response to the autonomic nervous system b. It ends in the mediastinum c. It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages d. It is also called the windpipe e. It is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages

It is reinforced with D-shaped cartilages

Which of the following is the best explanation for the C shape of the tracheal cartilages? Cartilage can change shape during sympathetic activation. Large masses of air can pass through the trachea. It facilitates turning of the head. Cartilage can constrict during an asthma attack. Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing

Large masses of food can pass through the esophagus during swallowing

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the utilization of oxygen. movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space. movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Movement of air into and out of the lungs

All of the below are sensory stimuli that can stimulate respiratory reflexes except a. stretch receptors b. baroreceptors c. nociceptors d. chemoreceptors e. irritant chemical or physical particles

Nociceptors

All of the following provide chemoreceptor input to the respiratory centers of the medulla oblongata except the a. olfactory epithelium b. medullary chemoreceptors c. aortic sinuses d. carotid sinuses e. All of the answers are correct

Olfactory epithelium

The normal respiratory rate of a resting adult ranges from ________ breaths each minute, or roughly one for every four heartbeats. a. 4 to 6 b. 10 to 12 c. 22 to 24 d. 12 to 18 e. 16 to 20

12-18

The partial pressure of oxygen (P O2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately a. 40 mm Hg b. 50 mm Hg c. 70 mm Hg d. 95 mm Hg e. 45 mm Hg

95 mm Hg

The most superior portion of the lung is termed the a. hilum b. base c. apex d. oblique fissure e. cardiac notch

Apex

The paired cartilages that articulate with the superior border of the cricoid cartilage and help with opening and closing the glottis to produce sound are the ________ cartilages. thyroid tracheal arytenoid cuneiform corniculate

Arytenoid

The obstructive lung disease in which elastic fibers are lost, leading to collapse of alveoli and bronchioles, is called a. tuberculosis b. asthma c. bronchitis d. emphysema e. pneumonia

Bronchitis

Define compliance and resistance. (Module 21.15A) a. Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. b. Compliance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage. Resistance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil. c. Compliance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil. Resistance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage. d. Compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand. Resistance is the ability of the lungs to recoil. e. Compliance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. Resistance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil

Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. a. Dissolved in plasma, as hydrogen ions in the plasma, or bound to hemoglobin. b. Bound to hemoglobin, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as hydrogen ions in the plasma. c. Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. d. Bound to hemoglobin, bound to other transport proteins, or bound to the surface of the RBCs. e. Dissolved in plasma, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will a. decrease the rate of breathing b. double the rate of breathing c. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate d. reduce the vital capacity by 10% e. decrease pulmonary ventilation

Double the rate of breathing

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the a. corniculate cartilage b. cricoid cartilage c. thyroid cartilage d. epiglottis e. cuneiform cartilage

Epiglottis

The laryngeal cartilage composed of elastic cartilage that prevents entry of solids or liquids into the larynx when swallowing is the corniculate cartilage. thyroid cartilage. arytenoid cartilage. cricoid cartilage. epiglottis.

Epiglottis

The openings to the nostrils are the a. vestibules b. nasal apertures c. external nares d. conchae e. internal nares

External nares

The lungs are divided into lobes by structures called a. fissures b. segments c. sutures d. grooves e. notches

Fissures

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B) a. Hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. b. Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2. c. Hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial PO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial PO2. d. Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PO2. e. Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial pH. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial pH.

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is a. internal respiration b. pulmonary ventilation c. breathing d. external respiration e. cellular respiration

Internal respiration

Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A) Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin with 4 molecules of oxygen bound and 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of oxygen bound. Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound

In emphysema, all of the following occur except a. the surface area for gas exchange decreases. b. alveoli collapse. c. there is elevated PCO2 in the blood. d. compliance increases. e. patients present with cyanosis.

Patients present with cyanosis

The common passageway shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the a. trachea b. pharynx c. vestibule d. larynx e. glottis

Pharynx

Air passing through the glottis vibrates the vocal folds and produces a. speech b. phonation c. ululation d. whistling e. articulation

Phonation

The respiratory defense system is important for all of the following reasons except providing gas exchange. keeping out pathogens. helping warm the air. keeping out debris. helping filter the air.

Providing gas exchange

Which of the following muscles would not be recruited to increase inspired volume? a. rectus abdominis b. sternocleidomastoid c. scalenes d. serratus anterior e. pectoralis minor

Rectus abdominis

Which of the following systems is responsible for gas exchange? a. urinary b. respiratory c. digestive d. All of the answers are correct. e. None of these answers are correct.

Respiratory

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is a. COPD b. pulmonary embolism c. pneumothorax d. respiratory distress syndrome e. anoxia

Respiratory distress syndrome

Which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? a. anatomic dead space b. expiratory reserve volume c. inspiratory reserve volume d. respiratory minute volume e. minimal volume

Respiratory minute volume

The glottis is a. the soft tissue that hangs of the end of the soft palate b. part of the hard palate c. a flap of elastic cartilage d. the opening to the larynx e. the opening to the pharynx

The opening to the larynx

During swallowing, all of the following occur except a. the larynx is elevated. b. liquids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract. c. the epiglottis folds over the glottis. d. the uvula rises to block the oropharynx. e. solids are prevented from entering the respiratory tract.

The uvula rises to block the oropharynx

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that they are equal. atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric. intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary.

They are equal

The visible and palpable prominence on the throat known as the Adam's apple is part of the a. thyroid cartilage b. epiglottis c. corniculate cartilage d. glottis e. cricoid cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchi is the a. bronchus b. alveolar duct c. trachea d. bronchiole e. laryngopharynx

Trachea

Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the a. alveoli b. upper respiratory tract c. bronchioles d. lungs e. lower respiratory tract

Upper respiratory tract

The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the a. vestibule b. conchae c. nasal septum d. nasopharynx e. internal chamber

Vestibule

The adult human trachea is about ________ in diameter and contains ________ tracheal cartilages. a. 1.0 cm; 15-20 b. 1.0 cm; 10-15 c. 2.5 cm; 15-20 d. 2.5 cm; 40-50 e. None of these answers are correct.

2.5 cm; 15-20

When do the accessory respiratory muscles become active? a. Accessory respiratory muscles become when you move but the primary muscles dominant when you are sedentary. b. Accessory respiratory muscles become active at night while sleeping to give the primary muscles time to rest. c. Accessory respiratory muscles become active whenever the primary muscles are unable to move enough air to meet oxygen demand. d. Accessory respiratory muscles become active sporadically throughout the day to give the primary muscles time to rest. e. Accessory respiratory muscles become active after approximately 10 minutes of strenuous activity to give the primary muscles time to rest.

Accessory respiratory muscles become active whenever the primary muscles are unable to move enough air to meet oxygen demand

At the level of the alveoli, where does gas exchange occur? a. across the respiratory membrane b. between type II pneumocytes and red blood cells c. within the red blood cells d. in the alveolar ducts e. at the interconnections between adjacent alveoli

Across the respiratory membrane

What is the function of the structures labeled "12"? cause air to swirl within the respiratory passageway improve warming of incoming air create narrow passages help olfaction All of the answers are correct

All of the answers are correct

Breathing through the nose rather than the mouth is advantageous for all of the following reasons except a. heat loss is reduced on exhalation b. air is warmed on inhalation c. decreased breath volumes on inhalation d. water loss is reduced on exhalation e. air is humidified on inhalation

Decreased breath volumes on inhalation

Damage to the type II pneumocytes of the lungs would result in all of the following except a. increased surface tension in the alveoli b. increased tendency to alveolar collapse c. a loss of surfactant d. a decreased rate of gas exchange e. decreased number of dust cells

Decreased number of dust cells

Each of the following factors affects the rate of external respiration except the a. solubility of oxygen in plasma b. PO2 of the alveoli c. PCO2 of the blood d. diameter of an alveolus e. thickness of the respiratory membrane

Diameter of an alveolus

Identify the primary inspiratory muscles. a. diaphragm and internal intercostal muscles b. diaphragm and the rectus abdominis muscles c. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles d. scalenes and serratus anterior e. internal and external intercostal muscles

Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

The trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli all make up the a. upper respiratory tract b. lower respiratory tract c. alveoli of the respiratory tract d. respiratory mucosa e. internal respiratory tract

Lower respiratory tract

The pneumotaxic center of the pons a. modifies the rate and depth of breathing b. both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing c. suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla d. prolongs inspiration e. sets the at-rest respiratory pattern

Modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the a. movement of the arytenoid cartilages b. extrinsic ligaments c. contraction of laryngeal muscles d. movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles e. None of these answers are correct

Movement of the arytenoid cartilages and contraction of voluntary muscles

The beating of the cilia of the respiratory passages in the direction of the pharynx forms the a. lamina propria b. respiratory mucosa c. respiratory defense system d. mucus escalator e. conducting portion of the respiratory tract

Mucus escalator

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the a. soft palate b. nasal septum c. internal nares d. cribriform plate e. hard palate

Nasal septum

Identify the structure labeled "7." a. glottis b. esophagus c. internal nares d. laryngopharynx e. oropharynx

Oropharynx

Starting at the ________, the epithelium changes to stratified squamous epithelium. a. larynx b. oropharynx c. nasal cavity d. trachea e. nasopharynx

Oropharynx

Which of the following organs is not part of the lower respiratory system? a. oropharynx b. alveoli c. bronchi d. larynx e. bronchioles

Oropharynx

Which of the following is greater? a. the partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli b. the partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

The partial pressure of oxygen in atmospheric air

Secondary bronchi supply air to the a. lobes of the lungs b. lungs c. alveolar ducts d. alveoli e. lobules of the lungs

Lobes of the lungs

If the dorsal respiratory group of neurons in the medulla oblongata were destroyed bilaterally, a. alveolar ventilation would increase b. the respiratory minute volume would increase c. pulmonary ventilation would increase markedly d. a person would stop breathing. e. tidal volumes would increase

A person would stop breathing

Each terminal bronchiole supplies air directly to a. a single pulmonary lobule b. about 6500 bronchioles c. over 150 million alveoli d. several alveolar sacs e. a single alveolar duct

A single pulmonary lobule

If tissue oxygen demand increases and respiratory rate and tidal volume remain the same, what happens? a. Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 increases b. Alveolar PO2 increases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases c. Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases

Alveolar PO2 decreases; blood and tissue PCO2 decreases

Which of the following statements is true regarding activity in the alveoli? a. Alveolar capillaries constrict when oxygen levels are high. b. Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles. c. Type I pneumocytes produce surfactant. d. Type II pneumocytes are the site of gas exchange. e. They are composed of simple cuboidal epithelium.

Alveolar macrophages collect stray dust particles

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). Respiratory minute volume External respiration rate Alveolar ventilation rate Vital capacity Pulmonary ventilation rate

Alveolar ventilation rate

Where does gas exchange between the air and the lungs occur? a. bronchioles b. alveoli c. trachea d. segmental bronchi e. lobar bronchi

Alveoli

Alveolar ventilation (V A) refers to the a. movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. b. movement of air into and out of the lungs. c. movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the alveoli. d. utilization of oxygen by alveolar cells to support metabolism. e. amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute.

Amount of air reaching the alveoli each minute

Asthma is a. an acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways b. a collapsed lung c. an obstructive tumor d. caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. e. characterized by fluid buildup in the alveoli.

An acute condition resulting from unusually sensitive, irritated conducting airways

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as a. respiratory minute volume b. anatomic dead space c. functional residual capacity d. alveolar ventilation volume e. minimal volume

Anatomic dead space

A period in which breathing has stopped, followed by a forceful expulsion of air, is termed a. apnea b. apneustic breathing c. respiratory distress d. hypoxia e. anoxia

Apnea

Prolonged deep inspirations can result from stimulating the ________ center. a. apneustic b. baroreceptor c. expiratory d. pneumotaxic e. chemoreceptor

Apneustic

Modification of the sounds produced by the larynx is known as a. phonation b. articulation c. vibration d. speech e. amplification

Articulation

Identify three chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPDs). a. asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema b. chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, pneumonia c. asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis d. asthma, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis e. chronic bronchitis, lung cancer, emphysema

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

Explain the relationship among BPG, oxygen, and hemoglobin. a. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will decrease. b. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase. c. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will decrease. d. BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that increases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

BPG is a compound generated by RBCs that decreases hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen. If the concentration of BPG increases, the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin will increase.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as a. carbaminohemoglobin b. solute dissolved in the plasma c. carbonic acid d. solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells e. bicarbonate ions

Bicarbonate ions

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO 2 levels or blood O 2 levels? a. blood CO2 levels b. blood O2 levels

Blood CO2 levels

A mucosa consists of a. an epithelium b. both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue c. stratified squamous cells d. both an underlying layer of areolar tissue and stratified squamous cells e. an underlying layer of areolar tissue

Both an epithelium and an underlying layer of areolar tissue

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by all of the following except the ________ center. a. ventral respiratory group (VRG) b. breathing cortex of the cerebrum c. pneumotaxic center in the pons d. apneustic center in the pons e. dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

Breathing cortex of the cerebrum

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is a. sodium ion b. hemoglobin c. carbon dioxide d. oxygen e. bicarbonate ion

Carbon dioxide

If you looked closely at a pulmonary lobule, you would see all of the following structures except a. some elastic fibers b. cartilage plates c. alveoli d. a lymphatic vessel e. a branch of a pulmonary vein

Cartilage plates

The conchae a. form part of the soft palate b. divide the nasal cavity into a right and a left side c. provide an opening into the pharynx d. provide an opening to paranasal sinuses e. create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus

Create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus

The ring-shaped cartilage just inferior to the thyroid cartilage is the ________ cartilage. a. arytenoid b. corniculate c. epiglottal d. cricoid e. cuneiform

Cricoid

_______ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting people of Northern European descent. a. Myasthenia gravis b. Parkinson's disease c. Congestive heart failure d. Cystic fibrosis e. MRSA

Cystic fibrosis

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? a. Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels. b. Hypoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low tissue oxygen levels. c. Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply. d. Hypoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low lung oxygen levels. e. Hypoxia is low lung oxygen levels; anoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels.

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply

What pressure will be present in the space labeled "5"? a. subatmospheric pressure b. atmospheric pressure c. subalveolar pressure d. intrapulmonary pressure e. alveolar pressure

Intrapulmonary pressure

Boyle's law states that gas volume is a. directly proportional to pressure b. inversely proportional to temperature c. both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature d. inversely proportional to pressure e. directly proportional to temperature

Inversely proportional to pressure

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because a. it allows better conditioning of the inhaled air b. bacteria won't be inhaled from the oral cavity c. there is less resistance to flow d. it dries out the mouth e. it combines olfaction with respiration

It allows better conditioning of the inhaled air

What does not happen to a carbon dioxide molecule once it enters the bloodstream? a. It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin. b. It is converted by carbonic anhydrase. c. It binds to the protein portion of hemoglobin molecules within red blood cells. d. It dissolves in plasma. e. It is converted to a molecule of carbonic acid.

It binds to heme groups in hemoglobin

The vocal folds are located within the a. larynx b. oropharynx c. nasopharynx d. bronchi e. trachea

Larynx

Which respiratory organ features a cardiac notch? a. right lung b. left lung c. right primary bronchus d. left primary bronchus e. both left lung and left primary bronchus

Left lung

Distinguish between phonation and articulation. a. Articulation is the central nervous system control over the production sound. Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound. b. Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips. c. Phonation is the response of the auditory association area to the hearing of sound. Articulation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound. d. Phonation is central nervous system control over the production of sound. Articulation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound. e. Articulation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; phonation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips.

Phonation is the movement of the vocal folds to produce sound; articulation is the modification of sound by the tongue, teeth, and lips.

Which of these descriptions best matches the term "external intercostal"? a. primary muscle of inspiration b. accessory muscle of inspiration c. contraction increases airway resistance d. accessory muscle of expiration e. affects lung compliance

Primary muscle of inspiration

The respiratory mucosa of the conducting airways consists of a. simple squamous epithelium b. moist cuboidal epithelium c. ciliated squamous epithelium d. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium e. surfactant cells

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

What membrane lines the conducting portion of the respiratory tract? a. respiratory mucosa membrane b. pleural serosa membrane c. respiratory serosa membrane d. cutaneous membrane e. ceruminous membrane

Respiratory mucosa membrane

Which brainstem centers generate the respiratory pace? a. respiratory rhythmicity centers in the pons b. apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers c. higher centers in the hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex d. respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata e. pneumotaxic centers and ventral respiratory group

Respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata

The respiratory membrane of the gas exchange surfaces consists of a. simple squamous epithelium b. surfactant cells c. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium d. moist cuboidal epithelium e. ciliated squamous epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

The nasopharynx is divided from the rest of the pharynx by the a. hard palate b. pharyngeal septum c. soft palate d. internal nares e. cribriform plate

Soft palate

Air traveling from the tertiary bronchi must pass through the ________ to reach the pulmonary lobule. a. secondary bronchi b. alveoli c. terminal bronchioles d. primary bronchi e. trachea

Terminal bronchioles

What would happen to the alveoli if surfactant were not produced? a. The alveoli would stiffen because surfactant lubricates the alveoli to they can expand. b. The alveoli would collect fluid because surfactant normally soaks up extra fluid and prevents it from accumulating in the lungs. c. The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces. d. The air exchange across with blood air barrier would improve because surfactant did not block any diffusion. e. The alveoli would become invaded by pathogens because surfactant was not there to block the pathogens.

The alveoli would collapse because of the normally high surface tension of the water coating the alveolar surfaces

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as a. a bicarbonate exchange b. gas diffusion c. the Bohr effect d. the BPG pathway e. the chloride shift

The chloride shift

Describe the structures of the glottis. a. The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds. b. The glottis contains the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses, which swirls air in the larynx producing sound. c. The glottis contains the large epiglottis that covers the glottis during swallowing and the thyroid cartilage which forms most of the anterior and lateral walls of the larynx. d. The glottis contains the vestibular ligaments that extend between the thyroid cartilage and the arytenoid cartilages. e. The glottis contains a vestibule and a septum. As air passes through the vestibule it is split by the septum producing sound.

The glottis contains the vocal folds that contain the vocal ligaments and the rima glottidis which is the opening between the vocal folds

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? a. The intrapleural pressure and the intrapulmonary pressure b. The sinus cavity pressures and the intrapulmonary pressure c. The sinus cavity pressures and the atmospheric pressure d. The intratracheal pressure and intrapulmonary pressure e. The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure

Describe the location of the lungs within the thoracic cavity. a. The left lung is surrounded by a left pericardial cavity and the right lung is surrounded by a right pleural cavity. b. The lungs are anterior to the sternum in the mediastinum. c. The left lung is surrounded by a left pleural cavity and the right lung is surrounded by a right pericardial cavity. d. The left and right lungs are surrounded by a pericardial cavity. e. The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively.

The left lung and right lung are surrounded by the left and right pleural cavities, respectively

Name the lobes and fissures of each lung. a. The left lung is divided into an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe by the vertical fissure. The right lung is divided into an anterior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the vertical fissure separates the anterior and middle lobes from the posterior lobe. b. The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the horizontal fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and lateral lobe by the coronal fissure, and the horizontal fissure separates the superior and lateral lobes from the inferior lobe. c. The left lung is divided into an anterior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the vertical fissure separates the anterior and middle lobes from the posterior lobe. The right lung is divided into an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe by the vertical fissure. d. The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. e. The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

The left lung is divided into a superior lobe and an inferior lobe by the oblique fissure. The right lung is divided into a superior lobe and middle lobe by the horizontal fissure, and the oblique fissure separates the superior and middle lobes from the inferior lobe.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. a. The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. b. The respiratory muscles generate force that drives oxygen into tissue and carbon dioxide moves passively out. c. The osmotic pressure gradient of dissolved proteins push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. d. Air hydrostatic pressures push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. e. The atmospheric pressure gradient drives oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide moves passively out.

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood

Compare the two main bronchi. (Module 21.5A) a. The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus. b. The right main bronchus is smaller in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a shallower angle than the left main bronchus. c. The right main bronchus is the same diameter as the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a shallower angle than the left main bronchus. d. The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a shallower angle than the left main bronchus. e. The right main bronchus is smaller in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.

The right main bronchus is larger in diameter than the left main bronchus and it descends toward the lung at a steeper angle than the left main bronchus.

If a patient being tested inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's a. expiratory reserve volume b. reserve volume c. total lung capacity d. tidal volume e. vital capacity

Vital capacity

Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? a. PO2, glucose, and lactate concentrations b. pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations c. hematocrit, glucose, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations d. Ca2+, Na+, and K+ concentrations e. Cl-, Na+, and K+ concentrations

pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations