Life Span Chapter 14

Individuals in which of the following age groups are least likely to be a victim of a violent crime?

65 and over

In general, the young-old are ages _____.

65-75

Hayflick believes that aging is inevitable because of:

a natural process built into DNA

Compression of morbidity refers to:

a shortening of the time spent in illness before death.

After the post-World War II baby boom, demographers feared:

a worldwide population explosion

Which theory explains aging as due in part to imperfections in the cell structure?

cellular aging

A temporary loss of memory, often accompanied by hallucinations, terror, grandiosity, and irrational behavior.

delirium

A purported mechanism in the DNA of cells that regulates the aging process by triggering hormonal changes and controlling cellular reproduction and repair.

genetic clock

Mrs. Gentry is an 82-year-old in good health and with strong social connections. She believes that her memory will begin to show a quick decline in the next year or so because she saw that occur with her mother. If Mrs. Gentry experiences stereotype threat then it is likely that:

her memory will decline in the next year or so

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) lead to:

insufficient oxygen in brain tissue

An examination of one's own role in the history of human life, engaged in by many elderly people.

life review

A chronic, progressive disease that is characterized by muscle tremor and rigidity and sometimes dementia; caused by reduced dopamine production in the brain.

parkinsons disease

_____, on average, stop intercourse earlier than men, primarily because of partner availability and not biology.

women

Healthy, vigorous, financially secure older adults (generally, those aged 60 to 75) who are well integrated into the lives of their families and communities.

young- old

An 85-year-old man enjoys good health and actively participates in family and community activities. This person is best described as being:

young-old

The largest group of older adults is the:

young-old

Yui is 67-years-old and works as a marketing manager for a retail chain. She enjoys yoga and spending time with her grandchildren. Yui best fits in the category of adulthood known as the _____.

young-old

Margaret is one of ____ percent of people age 70 or older who has visual loss because of cataracts. C

15 20 30 25

Contrary to the common opinion that most of the elderly are infirm, only about _____ percent of the over-64 population live in nursing homes and hospitals.

4

Which of the following events has NOT caused a deviation in the wedding-cake pattern of the age distribution of the U.S. population? D

A baby boom occurred from the 1940s to 1960s. The Great Depression decreased birth rates. World War II decreased birth rates. Worldwide food shortages increased infant mortality rates.

Wisdom is increased by: B

All of these answers are correct. experiences and practice in dealing with life's problems. intelligence. chronological age

Two rats from the same genetic strain are placed in the exact same environments. Rat A receives the typical caloric intake for a rat of its size and breed. Rat B is on the same diet as Rat A but its caloric intake is 30 percent lower. According to the latest studies on calorie restriction Rat _____ should live longer.

B

Which of the following is TRUE about the interpretation of the dependency ratio? B

Forty percent of those over the age of 64 are dependent on the government and others for care. Ten percent of people 64 and older are dependent on others for care. Fifty percent of those 80 and older are in nursing homes. The shrinking number of working adults will carry a crushing burden of senility and nursing home costs.

___________ is a better predictor of cognition than __________ is. D

Health; memory Memory; age Age; health Health; age

A type of dementia that produces impairments in motor control but not impaired thinking is: B

Huntington disease. Parkinson disease. multiple sclerosis. Alzheimer disease.

Lindsay is 6-years-old, has stopped growing, and has no hair and very wrinkled skin. Lindsay may have a condition known as:

Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome (progeria).

Which of the following comments about the life review is false? B

It is sometimes simple nostalgia or reminiscence. Nostalgia represents a preoccupation with self that is meaningless. Tales are about others and oneself, and they tend to be rich with interesting details. It is more social than solitary.

Which of the following is NOT a reason for the traditional pyramidal shape of the demographic pyramid? C

Middle-aged people rarely survived adult diseases like cancer or heart attacks. Historically, about half of all children died before age 5. Environmental factors ensured that each cohort was reduced consistently after age 50. Far more children were born than the replacement rate.

Most late adults who maintain sufficient intellectual powers: C

None of these answers is correct. become depressed and sedentary. gain a greater appreciation of aesthetics and become creative. also become reflective about the losses in their lives.

Which of the following is NOT true about the interpretation of the dependency ratio? D

Only about 10 percent of those over the age of 64 are dependent on others for basic care. It assumes that people 64 and older are dependent on others for care. Only about 4 percent of those over the age of 64 are in nursing homes or hospitals. Forty percent of those 80 and older are in nursing homes.

_____ alleles directly accelerate aging and death while allele _____ is protective, aiding survival.

SIR2, def-2; ApoE2

Seventy-five-year-old Mrs. Rodriguez tells her physician that she cannot sleep through the night and tends to nap during the day. Her physician prescribes sleeping pills to help her sleep through the night. Mrs. Rodriguez feels worse in the morning and drowsy through the day after taking this medication. What should a well-informed physician tell Mrs. Rodriguez? C

That her sleep patterns needs to be 8 hours of sleep a night and that she needs to avoid naps because naps will make the problem worse. That her sleep pattern is troublesome and that if she does not sleep through the night she will have health problems and need to keep taking the medication despite the side effects. That her sleep pattern is normal and napping during the day is not something to be avoided since sleep patterns at her age are not the same as a younger person. That she needs to stay up later at night and sleep longer in the morning and avoid naps.

Some older adults see elderspeak as: B

a cause of senility. condescending. always helpful. a sign of respect

Margaret was born in 1952 in Arkansas. Her birth was part of a pattern that helped lead to:

a deviation in the age distribution pattern of the U.S. population.

A prejudice whereby people are categorized and judged solely on the basis of their chronological age.

ageism

People who live longer than average usually have _____ that other people do not.

alleles

The most common cause of dementia, characterized by gradual deterioration of memory and personality and marked by the formation of plaques of beta-amyloid protein and tangles of tau in the brain. (Sometimes called senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.)

alzheimers disease

The number of years the average newborn in a particular population group is likely to live.

average life expectancy

During which stage of Alzheimer disease does the person need full-time care? C

beginning final middle initial

According to Nelson (2011), most people who express negative stereotypes about the elderly:

believe they are expressing true statements

The practice of limiting dietary energy intake (while consuming sufficient quantities of vitamins, minerals, and other important nutrients) for the purpose of improving health and slowing down the aging process.

calorie restriction

Dr. Ortiz believes that aging is a product of how molecules are damaged over time due to environmental stress and toxins. Dr. Ortiz is a proponent of _____.

cellular aging

Dr. Washington believes that aging is a product of how molecules are damaged over time due to environmental stress and toxins. Dr. Washington is a proponent of:

cellular aging

The ways in which molecules and cells are affected by age. Many theories aim to explain how and why aging causes cells to deteriorate.

cellular aging

Stereotype threat can be debilitating for the elderly. If elderly people fear that they are losing their minds because of the belief that old age inevitably brings dementia, that fear may undermine their _____ competence.

cognitive

A shortening of the time a person spends ill or infirm, accomplished by postponing illness

compression of morbidity

The methods used to regulate the analysis and flow of information are referred to as _____ processes.

control

One research study described in the text had older adults play a video game for five weeks to see if training could improve their:

control processes

The part of the information-processing system that regulates the analysis and flow of information. Memory and retrieval strategies, selective attention, and rules or strategies for problem solving are all useful control processes.

control processes

Irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease. Dementia becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old.

dementia

The most accurate and appropriate term for the irreversible, pathological loss of brain functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease is:

dementia

A shift in the proportions of the populations of various ages.

demographic shift

_____ is the shift in the proportions of the populations of various ages.

demographic shift

A calculation of the number of self-sufficient, productive adults compared with the number of dependents (children and the elderly) in a given population.

dependency ratio

Henry was born in the 1940s to a family with four children. His parents were born into families of seven or more children. The circumstances of Henry's birth helped lead to:

deviation in the age distribution pattern of the U.S. population.

Most people over age 70 believe that they are:

doing better than most their age

Individuals in _____ adulthood are most likely to be targeted in a violent crime.

early

The idea that cognition should be measured in settings that are as realistic as possible and that the abilities measured should be those needed in real life.

ecological validity

Elderly adults (generally, those older than 85) who are dependent on others for almost everything, requiring supportive services such as nursing homes and hospital stays.

elderly-old

A condescending way of speaking to older adults that resembles baby talk, with simple and short sentences, exaggerated emphasis, repetition, and a slower rate and a higher pitch than used in normal speech.

elderspeak

According to your text, the most common liability elders experience from falling is _____, which causes a reduction in activity.

fear

Deterioration of the amygdala and frontal lobes that may be the cause of 15 percent of all dementias. (Also called frontotemporal lobar degeneration.)

frontal lobe dementia

_____ affects parts of the brain that regulate emotion, causing personality changes, loss of inhibitions and compassion, but not memory loss.

frontal lobe dementia

The observation that a human cell is capable of dividing a certain amount of times is referred to as the _____ limit.

hayflick

The number of times a human cell is capable of dividing into two new cells. The limit for most human cells is approximately 50 divisions, an indication that the life span is limited by our genetic program.

hayflick limit

Most people over age 70 believe that they are: D

incapable of having an active sex life. healthier than they were in their 40s. merely waiting to die. doing well compared to others of their age.

The young-old make up the _____ group of older adults.

largest

A form of dementia characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.

lewy body dementia

Processing information in the conscious mind is to _____________ memory as knowledge base is to _____________ memory. C

long-term; working implicit; explicit working; long-term explicit; implicit

By late adulthood telomeres are _____ in women than in men and _____ in African Americans than European Americans.

longer; shorter

The oldest possible age that members of a species can live under ideal circumstances. For humans, that age is approximately 122 years.

maximum life span

A test that is used to measure cognitive ability, especially in late adulthood.

mini mental state examination

Prejudice about late adulthood is common among people:

of all ages

Donatella is in her early 80s. She lives by herself, cooks her own meals, and takes care of daily needs on her own, but she hires someone to do her yard work for her and relies on her son to drive her where she needs to go. She keeps her diabetes under control through diet and insulin injections. Donatella best fits in the category of adulthood known as the _____.

old-old

Older adults (generally, those older than 75) who suffer from physical, mental, or social deficits.

old-old

Mary Ann is 89-years-old and lives in a nursing home. She can no longer walk by herself and needs help to eat and wears adult diapers. She is completely dependent on others for her basic care. Mary Ann best fits into the category of adulthood known as the _____.

oldest

The _____ are dependent and at risk for illness and injury.

oldest-old

Fragile bones that result from primary aging, which makes bones more porous, especially if a person is at genetic risk.

osteoporosis

Refers to a situation in which elderly people are prescribed several medications. The various side effects and interactions of those medications can result in dementia symptoms.

polypharmacy

Sally is 85-years-old and recently fell and broke her hip. While she was in the hospital she developed pneumonia. Sally's development of pneumonia is most likely due to changes associated with:

primary aging

The universal and irreversible physical changes that occur in all living creatures as they grow older.

primary aging

The specific physical illnesses or conditions that become more common with aging but are caused by health habits, genes, and other influences that vary from person to person.

secondary aging

Smoking is to _____ as getting older is to _____.

secondary; primary

The final stage in Maslow's hierarchy of needs, characterized by aesthetic, creative, philosophical, and spiritual understanding.

self-actualization

According to Barrett (2012) thinking you feel younger than your chronological age is:

self-protective because feeling youthful is more strongly predictive of health than other factors.

The wear-and-tear theory is most likely applicable to _____ body parts.

some

Seventy-eight-year-old Emily is asked to participate in a study on aging and memory. When she enters the room to take the memory test she sees that all of the other subjects are 25 years younger. Emily's scores end up being significantly lower than the scores of others despite having no symptoms of dementia. Emily's scores were affected by

stereotype threat

An explanation for an older adult's perceiving the words "ear ants" for the word "interference" is: C

stimuli confusion. None of the above. reduced sensory input. loss of memory.

One measure to prevent dementia is: B

taking Aricept or other similar medication. avoiding certain pathogens. keeping the mind active. doing daily crossword puzzles.

Researchers have found that it is possible to _____ almost any cognitive skill to the young-old if the training process is targeted to the individual's motivation and abilities.

teach

_____ are material at the ends of chromosomes in the cells; their length decreases with each cell duplication.

telomeres

Carlotta believes that all teenagers are disrespectful to adults and avoids places with teenagers for this reason. Carlotta's belief indicates:

that she is an ageist

rs. Honora is an 82-year-old in good health and with strong social connections. She believes that her memory will begin to show a quick decline in the next year or so because she saw that occur with two of her aunts. If Mrs. Honora experiences stereotype _____ then it is likely that her memory will start to show a quick decline in the next year or so.

threat

Which of the following age groups has the most motor-vehicle accidents?

under 19

A form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain. (Also called multi-infarct dementia.)

vascular dementia

A view of aging as a process by which the human body wears out because of the passage of time and exposure to environmental stressors.

wear and tear

Mariana is 62-years-old and has been an avid runner for 40 years. Recently she has had to have both of her knees replaced and swimming is now her main form of exercise. Mariana's case provides support for the _____ theory of aging.

wear and tear

The oldest, most general theory of aging is the _____ theory.

wear and tear

Anthony was born in 1951 in Kansas. His birth was part of a pattern that helped lead to a deviation in the _____ pattern of the age distribution of the U.S. population.

wedding cake

In a study cited in your text (Levy, 2009) it was found that adults younger than 50 expressed opinions about the elderly that were most ageist: D

were less likely to have serious heart disease 30 years later, when compared to those that were least ageist. felt that they were wrong in making those statements only if it was pointed out to them. felt guilty when they were told what they had said. were twice as likely to have serious heart disease 30 years later, compared to those that were least ageist.