Life Span Development 1

Autonomy versus Shame

1 to 3 years; the psychological conflict of toddlerhood, which is resolved favorably when parents provide young children with suitable guidance and reasonable choices

Industry versus Inferiority

6-12 years; The fourth of Erikson's eight psychosexual development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent.

Trust versus Mistrust

First year of life; Erikson's first psychosocial crisis. Infants learn basic trust if the world is a secure place where their basic needs (for food, comfort, attention, etc.) are met.

Continuity-discontinuity issue

Focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).

Normative History-graded influences

Influences that are common to people of a particular generation because of historical circumstances.

Adolescence

10-12 to 18-21 years of age: transition from childhood to early adulthood, rapid physical change, independence and identity are important, more time spent away from family

Identity versus Identity Confusion

12-20 years; According to Erikson, the major developmental task of adolescence in finding a sense of who they are and where they are going in life. Failure results in developing a negative identity or in role confusion.

Psychological Age

an individual's adaptive capacities compared with those of other individuals of the same chronological age

Late Adulthood

begins 60s-70s until death: time of life review, retirement, adjustment to new social roles of decreased strength and health

Early Childhood

end of infancy to 5 or 6 years old "preschool years": become more self-sufficient, care for themselves, develop school readiness skills, first grade typically marks the end

Development

pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the human life span

Social Age

social roles and expectations related to a person's age

Sigmund Freud's Theory

states we go through five stages pf psychosexual development

Nature-nurture issue

the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Chronological Age

the number of years that have elapsed since birth

Nonnormative life events

unusual occurrences that have a major impact on an individual's life; events do not happen to all people

Examples of Cognitive processes

watching colorful mobile above crib, putting together two-word sentences, memorizing a poem, imagining what it would be like to be a movie star, solving crossword puzzles

Preoperational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic.

Examples of Normative age-graded influences

puberty, menopause, beginning school, retirement

Intimacy versus Isolation

20-40 years; According to Erikson, a major developmental task of early adulthood is developing an intimate relationship. Failure to do so may lead to isolation.

Initiative versus Guilt

3-6 years; children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them

Middle Adulthood

40 to 60 years old: expanding personal and social involvement and responsibility, reaching and maintaining career satisfaction

Generativity versus Stagnation

40-60 years; Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences a sense of inactivity or lifelessness

Middle and Late Childhood

6 to 11 years old "elementary school years": mastery of fundamental skills of reading, writing and arithmetic, increase in self control and wanting to achieve

Psychoanalytic Theories

Describe development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. Behavior is merely a surface characteristic, and the symbolic workings of the mind have to be analyzed to understand behavior. Early experiences with parents are emphasized.

Skinner's Operant Conditioning

Involves changing the probability of a behavior's occurrence. Rewards increase the likelihood of reoccurrence. Punishment reduces the likelihood of the behavior.

Piaget's Theory

States that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitive development

Biological Age

a person's age in terms of physical health (organs, diseases, accidents, nutrition, exercise)

Prenatal Period

conception to birth: tremendous growth from a cell to organism with a brain and behavior capabilities, lasts about nine months

Sensorimotor Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

Concrete Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to reason logically about concrete examples

Formal Operational Stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning between age 11-15) during which people begin to think logically about abstract and logical terms

Erikson's Theory

includes 8 stages of human development. Each stage consists of a unique developmental task that confronts individuals with a crisis that must be resolved.

Examples of Socioemotional processes

infant's smile in response to a parent's touch, toddlers aggressive attack on playmate, development of assertiveness, joy at senior prom, actions of elderly couple

Infancy

birth to 18 or 24 months: extreme dependence on adults, psychological activities are just beginning- language, sensorimotor coordination, and social learning

Examples of Nonnormative life events

death of a parent when child is young, pregnancy in adolescence, home burned down, winning the lottery, unexpected career opportunity

Early Adulthood

early 20s to 30s: establish personal and economic independence, career development, selecting a mate, starting a family, raising children

Examples of History-graded influences

economic, political and social upheavals like the Great Depression, WWII, Civil Rights Movement, 9/11, integration of cell phones into everyday life

Examples of Biological processes

genes inherited from parents, development of the brain, height and weight gain, hormonal changes of puberty

Cognitive processes

changes in an individual's thought, intelligence, and language

Socioemotional processes

changes in an individual's relationships with other people, emotions, and personality

Biological processes

changes in an individual's physical nature

Normative age-graded influences

biological, sociocultural, and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group.

Integrity versus Despair

60 +; According to Erikson, the major developmental task of older age is finding meaning in the life that one has led. Success gives rise to a sense of integrity, whereas failure leads to despair.