Life Span Development Ch 1-6

Genes alone do not determine development; environmental forces also shape development. This information has led to the understanding that many human characteristics are _____. A. epigenetic B. plastic C. diverse D. static

A

How many chapters do students need to read on average each week? A. two chapters B. half chapter C. three chapters D. one chapter

A

If a harmful allele on chromosome 15 came from the mother, the child will develop A. Angelman syndrome. B. Down syndrome. C. Prader-Willi syndrome. D. Huntington's disease.

A

In the United States, roughly _____ of births occur via c-section. A. one-third B. one-half C. three-fourths D. two-thirds

A

In the case study of David, his IQ changed from about 40 to about 130, and his physical disabilities improved with age. These changes reflect which characteristic of development? A. plasticity B. multicontextual C. multidisciplinary D. multidirectional

A

Most developmental psychologists believe that development is the result of _____. A. nature and nurture acting together B. environmental influences C. nature and nurture acting separately D. genetic traits

A

Mr. Wang praises his hourly employees for their good work. He hopes that his encouragement and praises help his employees to continue to work hard. In this example, the reinforcement is _____. A. the boss's praise B. an hourly wage C. worker productivity D. the boss

A

Nine months after conception, a newborn has about _____ billion cells. A. 26 B. 80 C. 5 D. 55

A

Preterm births and congenital malformation _____ with in vitro fertilization (IVF). A. increase slightly B. decrease slightly C. decrease greatly D. increase greatly

A

Research indicates that alcoholism is caused by _____. A. a combination of nature and nurture B. nurture only C. nature only D. poor moral character

A

The effects of marijuana on the brain are influenced by the _____. A. All of these can influence the effect of marijuana on the brain of the user. B. specific aspects of marijuana C. genetics of the user D. age of the user

A

The heritability for human traits, such as nearsightedness, _____. A. can differ between cultures B. is not influenced by cultural factors C. will always be different between cultures D. is the same in every culture

A

The name of the full set of genes that provides the instructions for making living organisms is the _____. A. genome B. allele C. chromosome D. phenotype

A

Which of the following outlines the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? A. formal operational, concrete operational, preoperational, and sensorimotor B. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational C. sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, and concrete operational D. preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, and concrete operational

B

Michelle and Greg are having a baby and are hoping for a boy. Who is responsible for determining the sex of the baby? A. Michelle B. Greg C. both Michelle and Greg D. neither Michelle nor Greg

B

On the 23rd pair of chromosomes, females have _____. A. just a Y chromosome B. two X chromosomes C. two Y chromosomes D. an X chromosome and a Y chromosome

B

One aspect of both nature and nurture that profoundly affects each person is the _____, which refers to all microbes that live within every part of the body. A. genome B. microbiome C. zygote D. allele

B

One historical example of the "different-equals-deficit" error is _____. A. how people's IQ scores have been steadily rising for more than 100 years B. men perceiving women as intellectually inferior C. European immigrants crossing the ocean to settle in America D. women taking factory jobs during World War II

B

Parents who spend a great deal of time and money trying to find the best school for their children believe in the importance of _____ as it relates to development. A. replication B. nurture C. classical conditioning D. nature

B

Shelly is pregnant with her first child and the baby is due on May 15. To be considered full term her baby must be born _____. A. on May 15 B. two weeks before or after May 15 C. between May 1 and May 15 D. between May 15 and May 30

B

The fact that Stephanie is an engineering major and that her brain reflects her chosen major demonstrates _____. A. hatching B. epigenetics C. the impact of nature on brain development D. autosomal development

B

The first 22 chromosomes contain hundreds of genes in the same positions and sequence. If the code of the gene from one parent differs from the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is _____. A. homozygous B. heterozygous C. monozygotic D. dizygotic

B

Upon the completion of the Human Genome Project, several surprise findings were made, including all the following EXCEPT that _____. A. it is not always easy to predict exactly how genes from one parent will interact with the genes from the other B. humans are extremely genetically different from each other C. humans have far fewer genes than had previously been thought D. humans share 98 percent of their genes with other animals

B

Which cognitive theorist emphasized the cultural context? A. Piaget B. Vygotsky C. Maslow D. Erikson

B

Which of the following is the best indication of health after birth? A. length B. reflexes C. color D. weight

B

When a person or animal learns to associate a neutral stimulus with a meaningful stimulus, gradually responding to the neutral stimulus in the same way as to the meaningful one, he or she is exhibiting _____. A. observational learning B. operant conditioning C. modeling D. classical conditioning

D

When a technician punctures a miniscule hole in the blastocyst to improve the chance of implantation during IFV, _____ has occurred. A. epigenetics B. ovulation C. autosomal development D. hatching

D

Which is NOT a limitation associated with longitudinal research? A. losing participants over time B. changing historical context C. participants becoming aware of the goals of the study and changing their behaviors or answers D. the aging of the participants

D

_____ theories have reminded us that development is embedded in a rich and multifaceted cultural context that is evident in every social interaction. A. Evolutionary B. Cognitive C. Psychodynamic D. Sociocultural

D

Stress is not in the domain of ________ A. Psychological health B. Social health C. Physical health D. Intellectual health E. Creativity health

E

The higher the ACEs score, A. the less likely they will attempt suicide B. the less likely they will perpetuate domestic violence C. the more likely they will be rich later in life D. the less likely they will smoke as adults E. the more likely the person will have impaired work performance

E

An independent variable is

the variable that is intentionally manipulated by the researcher.

Epigenetics is the study of how traits are determined by _____. A. genes and the environment B. the environment alone C. genes alone D. genes more than the environment

A

Babies born under 1,000 grams (2 pounds 3 ounces) are considered "_____." A. extremely low birthweight B. very low birthweight C. small for gestational age D. low birthweight

A

Bobby did not learn to read until he was an adolescent. When he did learn to read, it was much harder for him than it was for his peers. If Bobby had learned to read during the early and middle childhood years, he would have acquired literacy skills much more efficiently. Bobby's difficulty learning to read as an adolescent demonstrates the concept of a(n) "_____ period." A. sensitive B. early C. critical D. late

A

Compared to vaginal births, c-section births _____. A. increase the risk of complications after birth B. usually take longer C. are less expensive D. are less safe for the baby

A

Dr. Feigl is interested in designing a study on children's language acquisition. What is the first step that Dr. Feigl should take, according to the scientific method? A. Pose a research question about language acquisition. B. Draw conclusions on the way children acquire language. C. Develop a hypothesis regarding language acquisition. D. Recruit children and their parents as participants in the study.

A

Dr. Kolbe is studying the impact of exosystems on human development. Which of the following would Dr. Kolbe be MOST interested in examining? A. medical centers and religious institutions B. family and peer groups C. cultural values and economic processes D. the development of the skeletal structure in children

A

Trent and Marcus are close friends who grew up in the same neighborhood. Both were exposed to chronic stressors during childhood, such as poverty and family dysfunction. By the time they were in high school, Trent was flunking most of his classes, had a child, and had already been arrested several times. Marcus, on the other hand, was a good student, played football, and had aspirations to attend college. These different developmental trajectories, despite similar environmental influences, illustrate the concept of _____ A. "differential susceptibility." B. a "sensitive period." C. "nature versus nurture." D. a "critical period."

A

Unlike Freud, Erikson _____. A. emphasized family and culture in his stages B. only described development in childhood C. leaned toward the behaviorist perspective D. believed that adult problems reflect childhood conflicts

A

Ways in which chromosomal and genetic problems are relevant to human development include all the following EXCEPT _____. A. knowing that nature influences means that nurture can be ignored B. they provide insight into the complexities of nature and nurture C. knowing the origins helps limit their effects D. information combats prejudice: Difference is not always deficit

A

Which example best illustrates a critical period? A. a human fetus developing fingers and toes between 28 and 54 days in utero B. a child learning a second language before age 4 C. a child learning to walk D. a child learning to ride a bike between 5 and 6 years of age

A

Which of the following statements is true about alcoholism? A. Alcoholism is polygenic, and culture is a pivotal factor. B. Alcoholism is polygenic, and genes are a pivotal factor. C. Alcoholism is X-linked, and genes are a pivotal factor. D. Alcoholism is X-linked, and culture is a pivotal factor.

A

With regard to cognitive development, Piaget argued that _____ is more revealing than _____. A. how children think; what they know B. what children know; how they think C. what children know; their cultural context D. the cultural context; what children know

A

Within the information-processing perspective, which is the correct sequential order for producing cognition? A. Input is picked up by the five senses; the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories; the brain produces an output. B. The brain reacts, connects, and stores memories; input is picked up by the five senses; the brain produces an output. C. The brain produces an output; input is picked up by the five senses; the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories. D. Input is picked up by the five senses; the brain produces an output; the brain reacts, connects, and stores memories.

A

Males have one X and one Y that make up _____. A. each stem cell B. the 23rd pair of chromosomes C. on the 43rd chromosome D. each sperm

B

A baby born two or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy is called "_____." A. low-birthweight B. preterm C. small for gestational age D. premature

B

A person observes the actions of others and copies them. Social learning theorists would call this an example of "_____." A. classical conditioning B. modeling C. cognition D. operant conditioning

B

A study of more than 2 million ninth-grade students in Sweden found that _______ academic achievement. A. how a child was conceived was strongly associated with B. how a child was conceived did not impact C. children conceived via IVF had higher D. children conceived naturally had higher

B

An individual's phenotype describes all the following EXCEPT an individual's _____. A. personality B. genetic inheritance C. intelligence D. appearance

B

Bettie grew up in the Great Depression, while her granddaughter is part of the millennial generation. Bettie and her granddaughter belong to different _____. A. cultural groups B. cohorts C. microsystems D. socioeconomic groups

B

Bruno and Juliana moved to the United States from Mexico two years ago and just had their first baby. Although Bruno and Juliana's SES is lower than that of their native-born peers, their baby was born at a healthy weight. This phenomenon is called the "_____ paradox." A. native-born B. immigrant C. refugee D. SES

B

Combining the results of many studies to reach a general conclusion is called a(n) _____. A. experimental design B. meta-analysis C. correlational study D. longitudinal study

B

Genes with various repeats or deletions of base pairs are referred to as "_____." A. polymorphic B. copy number variations C. autosomes D. polygenic

B

If an individual needed an organ donation, which organ donor would be the best match for this individual? A. a grandparent B. a monozygotic twin C. a dizygotic twin D. a younger sibling

B

In class, Sam learned that some theorists link happiness to productivity. From this, he developed the idea that happy employees in a factory will produce more products per hour. In this example, Sam's theory led him to _____. A. gain practical guidance B. produce a hypothesis C. solve a developmental problem D. generate a discovery

B

In which of the following countries are home births most common? A. England B. The Netherlands C. Canada D. The United States

B

Individual A's 23rd pair of chromosomes is XY. Individual A is _____. A. female B. male C. both male and female D. neither male nor female

B

James was born with genes to be a professional athlete, but his environmental experiences never supported the development of his potential athletic ability, so he never became a professional athlete. This example illustrates the concept of a trait being _____. A. polygenic B. multifactorial C. monozygotic D. nonadditive

B

Jenny has never seen a pear before today. As her mom hands it to her, she says that it is a fruit. Jenny knows that apples and bananas are fruits and that she likes eating them, so she has a reference for this new experience. Jenny is experiencing _____. A. operant conditioning B. cognitive equilibrium C. social learning D. guided participation

B

Knowing that nature and nurture affect every human trait and disorder means all the following EXCEPT _____. A. no one should be blamed or punished for inherited problems B. nurture can always override the potential influence of nature C. prevention efforts may decrease the occurrence of the trait or disorder D. ignoring the nature-nurture influence on human traits and disorders can be lethal

B

A state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas is called "_____." A. social learning B. conflict resolution C. cognitive equilibrium D. information processing

C

A woman in Honduras worked in a field treated with pesticides during her pregnancy. Her son was subsequently born with no arms or legs. Her pesticide exposure likely occurred during a(n) _____ period of prenatal development. A. late B. early C. critical D. sensitive

C

Behaviorism is also known as a(n) _____ theory. A. modeling B. conditioning C. learning D. operant

C

Couples can select the sex of a child by all the following methods EXCEPT _____. A. aborting XX or XY fetuses B. undergoing in vitro fertilization and then inserting only male or female embryos C. selecting only X eggs for fertilization D. inactivating X or Y sperm before conception

C

Frances is a nurse and wears colorful uniforms to work. She has noticed that most of the nurses that work in her unit also do this. Nurses are doing this hoping to: A. receive positive feedback from their patients. B. reduce any association with pleasure and the hospital setting. C. prevent conditioned anxiety among patients. D. increase anxiety among patients.

C

Genetic variations are most apparent for who of the following? A. Margaret, who is from England B. Ami, who is from China C. Tyrel, who is African American D. Shelby, who is from Sweden

C

Our different identities can be used to discriminate by dividing people. This idea is recognized by _____. A. the microsystem B. a sensitive period C. intersectionality D. social construction

C

Paternal experiences of pregnancy and birth are called ______, expected in some cultures, a normal variation in many, and considered pathological in others. A. shenkui B. Saora disorder C. couvade D. biological paradox

C

The process of methylation can do all the following to genetic instructions EXCEPT _____ them. A. connect B. transcribe C. remove D. alter

C

The term plasticity reminds us that _____. A. critical and sensitive periods predict developmental outcomes B. human traits are mostly inborn C. developmental change is possible D. human development is linear

C

Which of the following is a limitation of survey research? A. It requires experimental control. B. Participants often drop out of the research. C. Participants may be dishonest in their answers. D. It is expensive and time-consuming.

C

Which of the following statements about international rates of low birthweight is true? A. Canada, Sweden, and the U.S. have the lowest rate of low birthweight babies in the world. B. Germany, Denmark, and Australia have higher rates of low birthweight than the U.S. C. The U.S. rate is higher than that of virtually every other developed nation. D. Japan has the lowest rate of low-birthweight babies in the world.

C

With respect to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the more difficult cognitive adaptation is _____. A. sensorimotor behavior B. equilibrium C. accommodation D. assimilation

C

_____ refers to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes. A. Monozygotic B. Nonadditive C. Multifactorial D. Polygenic

C

The modeling of behavior is more likely to occur when the model is all the following EXCEPT _____. A. powerful B. admired C. nurturing D. younger

D

According to Piaget, intellectual advancement occurs because of cognitive _____. A. learning B. modeling C. resolution D. equilibrium

D

According to Piaget, social perspective thinking should be evident in A. sensorimotor children. B. formal operational children. C. preoperational children. D. concrete operational children.

D

After posing a question, a researcher using the scientific method _____. A. selects a group of participants B. draws conclusions C. runs an experiment D. develops a hypothesis

D

Allen learned in his college biology class that, with respect to the sex chromosomes, the _____. A. X and Y chromosomes are the same size, but the X chromosome has more genes B. X and Y chromosomes are the same size and have the same number of genes C. Y chromosome is larger than the X chromosome and has more genes D. X chromosome is larger than the Y chromosome and has more genes

D

Amanda grew up in a reconstituted family in Minnesota. According to Bronfenbrenner's theory, Amanda's experience in this social context is an example of the _____. A. macrosystem B. exosystem C. chronosystem D. microsystem

D

Approaches to toilet training have changed over time. At one point, it was suggested to parents to postpone toilet training until the child was at least a year old to avoid serious personality problems later on. This view is most consistent with _____. A. behaviorism B. cognitive theory C. information-processing theory D. psychodynamic theory

D

Dominique, age 14, dislikes school. Her parents were recently informed that Dominique has missed 12 days of school this quarter and has left school early on at least four occasions. Dominique's father has decided to drop his daughter off every morning and pick her up every afternoon to make sure she is attending school. Dominique is now attending school, but she has gotten into serious trouble on multiple occasions, leading to a five-day out-of-school suspension. Since Dominique dislikes school and prefers to skip rather than attend, the out-of-school suspension represents a _____. A. norm B. conditioner C. punishment D. reinforcement

D

Dr. Li chose Auburn university to study for her master and doctoral degree in Human Development and Family Studies because A. It is a top 3 program in the world B. It is cheap C. It gives good scholarship D. It is in Alabama which starts with A and it starts with A itself

D

Dr. Wayne is curious to know more about how children's relationships with their parents develop and change over time. To gain an understanding of this subject that is not based on opinion or personal bias, Dr. Wayne should _____. A. interview parents and children B. read Dr. Spock's book Baby and Child Care C. have the children undergo psychoanalysis D. use the scientific method to collect data and establish facts

D

During the embryonic period, the neural tube will become the _____. A. reproductive organs B. backbone, legs, and arms C. intestinal tract D. central nervous system, brain, and spinal cord

D

Financial wellness is in the domain of _______ A. Environmental health B. Spiritual health C. Physical health D. Occupational health

D

For biological reasons, women become drunk on _____ than men. A. the same amount of alcohol B. more alcohol C. more alcohol in the summer and less alcohol in the winter D. less alcohol

D

From an ethical stance, researchers should choose topics of study that _____. A. may be researched quickly B. are politically correct C. may be researched inexpensively D. can help all people live better lives

D

Holly learned from her science teacher that her height resulted from about 180 genes, each contributing a tiny amount of genetic information. Holly learned that her height was due to _____. A. nonadditive genes B. recessive genes C. dominant genes D. additive genes

D

In the case study of David, he was exposed to _____ during his mother's pregnancy. A. cancer-causing pesticides B. HIV C. pneumonia D. rubella

D

In the first half of the twentieth century, which two opposing theories dominated the discipline of psychology? A. behaviorism and sociocultural theory B. humanism and cognitive theory C. cognitive theory and sociocultural theory D. psychodynamic theory and behaviorism

D

Lacy has a recessive gene in her genotype that is not expressed in her phenotype. She is a(n) _____ of that gene. A. expressor B. recipient C. reactor D. carrier

D

Michael was always teased in elementary, middle, and high school and did not do well in his classes. He is now in college and is taking a comprehensive final exam in his psychology class. He is extremely stressed and is having a difficult time remembering what he learned this semester. This could be best explained by: A. Freudian psychology. B. psychosocial development. C. the white coat syndrome. D. classical conditioning.

D

Sally has a dog at home, so she knows about dogs. She is walking down the street and sees an animal walking toward her. The animal has four legs, fur, and a tail. Sally knows that these are characteristics of dogs. But the animal coming toward her is meowing, not barking. Sally's mom tells her that the animal is a cat. Now when Sally sees an animal with four legs, a tail, and fur, she will conclude it is a dog if it barks and a cat if it meows, illustrating Piaget's concept of "_____." A. operations B. assimilation C. equilibrium D. accommodation

D

The _____ is the person's appearance, behavior, and brain and body functions. A. gamete B. genotype C. allele D. phenotype

D

The foundation of cognitive theory is _____. A. inner drives and motives B. observable behaviors C. cultural influence D. a person's thoughts and expectations

D