Life Span Development Exam 4M
Hospice Philosophy
"Caring not curing" Medicare pays for hospice care if you fall into criteria. Person has to be in pain. Emphasis on pain management. Care is in physical and spiritual needs, patient and family can chose the support. Can go to hospice facility and are meant to look like a home. If a family can continue to live in home where somebody died. Bereavement counseling is given.
Julie wants special permission to stay out on a date paste her normal curfew. Her parents, who are authoritarian parents, are most likely to respond
"No!"
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Ainsworth
"Strange Situation" had middle class moms recruited for her study got them involved 3 weeks after giving birth, every 3 weeks for an entire year. Developed Four attachment patterns
Kubler-Ross's Responses to Death and Dying: (2) Anger
"Why me?" resentful of those that are healthy. Natural response. They wont honestly remember the anger
Define Autonomous Morality
-10 years and older -children in late childhood and adolescence come to believe that laws and rules are created by people - In judging an action they consider the actors intentions as well as the consequences - Challenge rules and argue their points Learn the one cup in anger is worse than all 12 cups
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Resistant 12 months
-10% of Ainsworth -do not use mom as a base of operations -when parents leave they get angry, upset might hit parent or yell/slap -polarization of attachment patter...all or nothing
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: 1. Preconvention Morality
-4-10 years. Doesn't start until age 4 - Governed by the standards of others -Kohlberg: an act is good or bad depending on physical consciousness
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Disorganized/Disoriented 12 months
-5% of Ainsworth - infant depression -Bipolar in attachment almost afraid of parent -found in an abusive home/ drugs or alcohol abuse at home
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Secure 12 months
-70% of Ainsworth -an infant will seek interaction, closeness, physical contact with parent -will venture away to explore, occasionally they will come back to mom or dad<- (base of operations) - stranger cant console them
Morality involves..
-Ability to distinguish between right and wrong (cognitive) -Ability to act on this distinction (physically act) -Ability to experience pride when we do the right thing -Ability to experience guilt and shame when we do the wrong thing
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Post Conventional Morality
-Age 13 into adulthood - Ability to be here because of life experience - Highest level of mortality
Define Transition Period
-Approximately 7-10 years of age -Charecteristics of both types of morality can be seen
Define Immanent Justice
-If a rule is broken, punishment will be dealt out immediately 7/8 yr old -Children will look around when they do something wrong to see if anyone has noticed -older children, fear lessens, punishment only occurs if someone notices a transgression
Dating: Initiation Phase
-In early adolescence, the focus is on coming to see oneself as a person capable of a romantic relationship. This is a time of crushes, posturing, and awkward beginnings.
Dating: Affection Phase
-In late adolescence, the focus is finally on the relationship rather than on self-concept or peer status. Romantic relationships become more personal and caring.
Dating: Status Phase
-In mid-adolescence, peer approval is what counts; having a romantic relationship, and having it with the "right kind" of partner, is important for the status it brings in the larger peer group
Dating: Bonding Phase
-In the transition to emerging adulthood, the emotional intimacy achieved in the affection phase may be coupled with a long-term commitment to create a lasting attachment.
Piaget's perspective on moral reasoning include
-Pre moral period -two moral stages
Progeria Symptoms
-Rough and wrinkled skin on face -very rarely have hair on head no eyebrows -large skull -narrows down into a very small chin; beak like nose
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Disorganized/ Disoriented 6 years
-Something wrong with parental relationship -becomes parent to the parent, if they are oldest they start parenting the little siblings -try to control and direct parents behavior
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: 2. Conventional Morality
-about 10-13 years and some adults stay at stage 4 - Child internalizes the standards of others And judges right and wrong according to those standards
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Avoidant 12 months
-about 20% -infant doesn't seem to be bothered much whether the parent is there or not -if parent leaves they don't get very distressed, if they do cry stranger can comfort them the same way a parent can. -When parent goes and come back they might not go immediately to parents
Define Heteronomous Morality
-ages 4-7 years -1st stage of moral development -children take rules seriously -rules are handed down by parents or authority figures (teachers, coach, parents) -children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world (higher power) -rules are removed from the control of people -*They consider the consequences, not the intentions of the actor (i.e. breaking 12 teacups accidentally is worse than breaking one out of anger
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Resistant 6 years
-all or nothing becomes magnified really exaggerate intimacy with parent (like proving a point) very parent dependent
Why is play important?
-allows kids to practice many skills -associated with development in motor, cognitive, language, social, and emotional
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Pre Conventional Morality; Stage 1 Pleasure/Pain Orientation
-behavior that avoids punishment is the right behavior - Children obey out of fear
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adulthood: Secure
-good self esteem healthy balance between autonomy and intimacy -freedom to explore -positive views of relationships (find it easy to get close to others) *trust their partners -not overly concerned or stressed about romantic relationships -enjoy sexuality in committed relationship -overall less likely to have a one night stand *Low anxiety, low avoidance, not worried about partner leaving
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adulthood: Resistant
-high anxiety and high avoidance -positive views of others -low self esteem/ feel unlovable -crave closeness to others to validate their self worth. ( need to be part of a couple) -overly dependent on partner-fear of abandonment -openly express anger and anxiety (clingy)
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adulthood: Disorganized/Disoriented
-high anxiety and high avoidance -lower self-esteem lower self worth -fear component to intimacy -less trusting -all or nothing in relationship -demand closeness -openly jealous/ highly possessive -demand closeness -openly jealous/highly possessive -erratic emotions
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adolescence: Disorganized/ Disoriented
-high levels of fear and anxiety have experienced some traumatic experiences -sometimes abusive situation or have lost one or both parents
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Secure 6 years
-initiate conversations -have very good interactions with adults and other kids -have closeness and contact with the parent. Won't come back to you but need to see you watching them (will stop playing just to look up to see you, waves and keeps playing)
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Infancy and Childhood: Avoidant 6 years
-kind of minimize or restrict interaction with parent, look and speak only if addressed first
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adolescence: Secure Autonomous
-less likely to engage in problem behaviors -very positive relationships with peers and friends -socially competent/good self esteem -emotionally well adjusted -tend to have good physical health
Define sociometric techniques
-methods for determining who is liked and who is disliked in a group
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Post Conventional; Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation
-morality of contract - Contract between those who rule of govern and the people - Respect for individual rights and laws that are democratically agreed upon Value wishes of majority and general welfare are taken into consideration
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Conventional Morality; Stage 3 Good Child Orientation
-morality of mutual relationships -child acts to please and help others
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Conventional Morality; Stage 4 Law and order orientation
-morality of the social system and consciousness - all orientation is towards authority - Doing ones duty, respecting authority and maintain social order
Define Premoral Period
-occurs during the preschool years -children show little awareness or understanding of rules -according to Piaget, cannot be considered moral beings
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adolescence: Pre-occupied ambivalent attachment
-overly sensitive to attachment -inconsistently available to them (parent) -will see attachment seeking behavior or immediate anger when parent isn't there
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Post Conventional Orientation; Ethical Principle Orientation
-seek truth, seek justice, equality, life. - Person who is making the decision acts on own internal standards, which may be independent of legal restrictions independent of others - Highest level of moral reasoning Morality of universal ethical principles.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning: Pre Conventional Morality; Stage 2 Cost-benefit orientation
-stage of self interest: what is right is what befits child or gains a favor in return
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adulthood: Avoidant
-still have good self esteem but don't trust as easily, dismiss the importance of closeness in a relationship -hesitate about getting into a serious relationship -parent was in and out of life (can fully trust)
Ainsworth-Attachment Patterns in Adolescence: Dismissing Avoidant
-teens that deemphasize the importance of attachment with parent (mutual distancing between teen/parent) -parents have less influence of them more influenced by their friends -small % more aggressive
Levels of Peer Acceptance
1. popular-well liked by most and rarely disliked 2. rejected- rarely liked and often disliked 3. neglected- neither liked nor disliked; these children seem to be invisible to their classmates 4. controversial- liked by many but also disliked by many 5. average- in the middle on both the liked and the disliked scales
In the United States, about 1 of every ___ children are victims of substantial maltreatment
100
Whose care is most likely to lead to caregiver burden if they are taken in by an adult child?
80- year old nick, whose dementia makes her disruptive and who engages in socially inappropriate behavior
Research has shown that____ is most likely to facilitate a positive adjustment to divorce
A child who is intelligent and has good coping skills
In many Asian collectivist cultures, who is typically the first in line to care for an elderly individual?
A daughter-in-law
Recent research has shown that the ____ grandparenting style is the most common in the United States
Companionate
Sternberg's Triangular love theory: Commitment (empty love) to Liking(intimacy)
Companionate Love
Kubler-Ross's Responses to Death and Dying: (5) Acceptance
Exhausted on every level, mental and physical, sense of calm and peace some people never get to this. -sometimes revert back to original first language -last supper phenomenon soon will move into coma state and pass away
Progeria Cause
Extremely rare genetic disorder LMNA gene protein that keeps gene intact. These kids aren't producing this protein and they age prematurely nucleus isn't being nourished so it begins to die
Which is true with regard to the nature of early parent-child interactions?
Fathers are more likely to engage in "playful Interactions" (tickling, bouncing) with their children
Biological Death Criteria
Harvard medical school 1968: in terms of brain functioning total brain death protocol. Higher Cortical level gone: ability to think and process information. Lower Cortical levels, medulla shuts off. Where everything rests (heart rate, breathing, temperature) 1.When they are passed and not responsive to stimuli includes pain sternal rub. 2 no reflexes- pupillary 3 failure to move for one hour or breathe for 3 minutes off a vent 4 if cardiac monitor flat lines EEG flatlines
Which statement concerning sibling influences is true?
Having a large number of siblings can negatively impact cognitive development
Sternberg's triangular theory: Fatuous Love
Infatuation(passion alone)-> Empty love (commitment alone) Passion + Commitment
Define Hospice
Program that supports dying patient/family
Which is best example of an extended family?
Provides for sharing responsibility for raising children
Sternberg's Triangular love theory: Liking(intimacy) to Passion(infatuated loved)
Romantic love
Which best describes sibling relationships over the adulthood years?
Significant life events like the death of a parent can bring close siblings together and push rival siblings apart
Which of the following changes in the nature of the American family is true?
The age of marriage has been delayed
Why have grandparents been referred to as " the family national guard"?
The can help families in crisis
Which statement concerning marriage is true?
The impact on children is worsened if both parents bring children in the reconstituted family
Fathers
Who are supportive contribute to better cognitive, social, and emotional development in their children
Sternberg's Triangular love theory
You have to have Liking (intimacy) Passion (infatuated love) Commitment (empty love) all three create Consummate Love you need all to work together
According to Ainsworth, an attachment figure is BEST defined as serving a(n) ____ for an attached child a) secure base b) id replacement c) chum d) conscience
a
Grief is BEST defined as a) the emotional response to loss b) culturally accepted ways of displaying one's reactions to loss c) a decision concerning how to deal with the corpse d) a status of being without
a
How do newborns demonstrate empathy a) they become distressed when other infants cry b) they look at objects that their parents are looking at c) they prefer to be held by other children d) they pass the false belief task
a
In which type of attachment does a child use a caregiver as a base, becomes somewhat upset when separated from the caregiver, and is fairly outgoing with a stranger if the caregiver is present a) secure b) disorganized-disoriented c) resistant d) avoidant
a
Jen's 70-year-old Uncle Ben who lives in the United States just died. As a knowledgeable individual, Jen would realize statistically, the most likely cause of his death was a) heart disease b) suicide c) cancer d) cerebrovascular accident
a
Kubler-Ross suggested that upon initially being told that they are going to die, most people's response is one of a) denial b) anger c) bargaining d) depression
a
Two-year old Amy is going to the dentist for the first time. She is sitting on her dad's lap when she first sees the dentist dressed in a long white coat. Amy reacts by turning and hugging her dad while she begins sobbing. Amy's reaction is BEST explained as involving _____ anxiety a) stranger b) separation c) goal d) relationship
a
Empathy refers to... a. vicariously experiencing another's feelings b. reading minds c. being able to resist temptation d. knowing that someone holds a false belief
a.
The highest risk for divorce occurs in couples who
are young and have been married for about seven years
Comas are likely to be reversible when the coma is due to a) massive external bleeding to the brain b) an abnormally low body temperature c) heart failure d) HIV/AIDS
b
Evolutionary theorists have argued that it is in our genetic self-interest to be altruistic because a) it perfectly matches the premise of survival of the fittest b) helping our kin may allow our genes to be passed along c) the more we help, the better spouse we will attain d) chromosome 13 has been found to have a special "helping gene"
b
In Kubler-Ross's model, the reaction of denial and isolation is followed by the reaction of a) acceptance b) anger c) bargaining d) depression
b
Kubler-Ross's depression state of dying is characterized by a sense of a) anger b) hopelessness c) calm d) exultation
b
Pro social behavior is defined as... a. any act that makes a person feel better b. a positive social act reflecting a concern for others c) an act intended to do good, but that actually results in harm to the person at whom the act is aimed d) the vicarious experiencing of another person's emotions
b
Separation anxiety a) only occurs as a result of unresponsive parenting b) is an important sign of attachment c) occurs mainly in children who attend preschool d) is a sign of unhealthy attachment
b
Which is the BEST example of a power assertion form of discipline a) telling a child you hate him b) taking away a child's television privileges c) telling a child that a child who gets hit feels bad d) taking away parental love from a child
b
Which type of infant attachment is BEST associated with having a mother who is abusing drugs a) secure b) disorganized-disoriented c) resistant d) avoidant
b
____ anxiety peaks first and is followed by ____ anxiety a) stranger; separation b) separation; anxiety c) goal; separation d) relationship; social
b
____ is defined as a state of loss a) grief b) bereavement c) mourning d) internment
b
Maslows Triangle: Safety Needs
basic safety needs, shelter, need for safety and security is there
Couples who engage in cohabitation before marriage tend to
be more likely to divorce than first-time married couples once they are married.
It appears that ___ can protect a child from the impact of abuse
both genetic and environmental factors
A college student becomes homesick during her first semester on campus. This response is more related to a) stranger anxiety b) resistant attachment c) separation anxiety d) avoidant attachment
c
A hope for less pain, more time, or provisions for children are most common during the ___ stage of dying a) isolation b) denial c) bargaining d) acceptance
c
An example of empathy would be... a. escaping pain b. sensing that you are about to get a phone call c. being afraid for the hero in a movie who is in danger d. looking forward to watching a villain in a movie die
c
Every time his son Justin swears (something he does not like), Ken walks away from him (pays no attention). This strategy provides a good example of the ____ parental approach a) power assertion b) induction c) love withdrawal d) empathy
c
In the United States, an eight-year old child would be most likely to die a) from a terminal illness b) from some congenital abnormalities c) as the result of a car accident d) from child abuse
c
It is most accurate to say that biological death a) is a single even with a clear-cut end point b) occurs when a person stops breathing c) is a process consisting of multiple events and the line between life and death is blurry d) officially occurs when the heart stops beating
c
The purpose of ____ is to create anxiety by threatening a loss of reinforcement a) power assertion b) induction c) love withdrawal d) empathy
c
Total brain death includes all of the following EXCEPT a) the person is totally unresponsive to stimuli (including lack of pain) b) there is a lack of reflexes c) there is a failure to breath for 36 hours d) there is no electrical activity in the cortex of the brain
c
You see an obituary in the local newspaper for a 15-year-old. If you live in the United States, what would be the more likely cause of the individual's death a) heart disease b) cardiovascular c) homicide d) cancer
c
Kubler-Ross's Responses to Death and Dying: (4) Depression
can't be solved with medication. Loss of hope. Happens after Bargain can't be met. Called prepitory depression , very intensely thinking
U.S. Census Bureau data indicates that compared with the recent past, there are currently fewer
caregivers for aging adults
When both parents act as a single team when childrearing,___ is taking place
coparenting
Chess and Thomas Classification of Temperament Styles: Difficult Child
cry more frequently, harder to get them into regular daily routines slower to accept change
Evolutionary-based research on altruism has demonstrated that a) only humans show any example of helping behavior b) altruism does not begin to emerge until puberty c) we abandon immature forms of moral thinking as we develop d) humans may have a genetic make-up that predisposes them to behave both antisocially and prosocially
d
Which of the following BEST exemplifies prosocial behavior a) doing chores to earn an allowance b) driving no faster than the speed limit c) getting homework done on time d) stopping to help a stranger change a flat tire
d
_____ is defined as a "culturally prescribed way of reacting to death." a) bereavement b) grieving c) anticipatory grief d) mourning
d
3 components of love experiences: Commitment
decision and intention to maintain relationship in spite of difficulties or cost
In general, marital satisfaction tends to
decrease somewhat over the first year of marriage
Kubler-Ross's Responses to Death and Dying: (1) Denial
defense mechanism to keep distressing thoughts from our conscious awareness. Where most people search for second opinion <- looking for what they want to hear. Stage lasts awhile could die in denial
Define Temperament
does influence quality of attachment you get. Biological, genetics based
Define Attachment (Ainsworth)
emotional bond that leads us to want to be with someone and to miss that person when we are separated. Takes 6-8 months to develop the more exposure the greater the attachment
The family systems approach to understanding families suggests that....
every relationship within the system has an impact on every other individual in the system
3 components of love experiences: Intimacy
feelings of warmth, bondedness, closeness, sharing in a relationship pure intimacy with nothing else is what you find in friendship/ family (liking relationship)
Maslows Triangle: Physiological needs
food, water, sleep, oxygen (things we need to survive) waste elimination to prevent disease
Maslows Triangle: Self Actualization
fulfilling your potential
Married couples who voluntarily remain "childfree"
generally experience greater martial satisfaction than couples with children during the childrearing years
Victims of child abuse tend to
have higher rates of depression
most parents who abuse their children
have inaccurate expectations concerning child development
In the United States ,most grandparents prefer a role that is
high in enjoyment and low in responsibility
The permissive parenting approach is characterized by ____ acceptance-responsiveness and _____ demandingness-control
high; low
As a child, Chester was physically abused by his mother. He has now begun to physically abuse his daughter. His behavior best exemplifies
intergenerational transmission of parenting
Define Matching Hypothesis
likely to end up with a partner who is similar to us in physical attractiveness and other qualities, humor, education, religion, culture, intelligence
When compared to recent past generations in the United States, children today are more likely to
live in a multigenerational household
Chess and Thomas Classification of Temperament Styles: Slow-to-warm-up-child
lower activity level, more reserved, low mood intensity. Stronger attachment to mother, did too much them in parenting. Don't cry more often takes a little longer to get engaged
Kubler-Ross's Responses to Death and Dying: (3) Bargaining
maintaining hope implies trying to make bargain with higher power, mentally good, gives them something to look forward to.
The "middle generation squeeze" refers to
middle-aged adults who find themselves simultaneously caring for both younger and older generations.
Define Biological Death
natural process ( not a single event) natural dying process. Weeks to months
Maslows Triangle: Esteem Needs
need to achieve, gain, competence, respect, recognition from others.
Maslows Triangle: Belonging/ love need
need to love, but also be loved, need to affiliate with others and be accepted
James is a member of a teenage gang. He's doing drugs and is into petty crime. On the rare days he shows up at school, he invariably ends up in a fight and leaves early. James behavior is most typical of children raised by parents who are______.
neglectful
Progeria Life expectancy
on average 13 years old with no cognitive deficit. mentally 4 but physically 60
Which combination has the highest risk for abuse?
powerless mother and disabled child
Define: Progeria
pre mature aging. Born normal. Don't gain weight, very sick
The arrival of a new baby in the family is most likely to
promote feelings of resentment and dependency behaviors in existing first born children
3 components of love experiences: Passion
refers to intense feelings. Can be positive or negative that you experience in love relationships. Includes sexual desire. Couple of ingredients to maintain this... 1. affiliation or connection with the other. Act as a unit. 2. both members have to have good self esteem 3. self actualization (want to be the best person you could possibly be in that relationship (have to have balance in who leads and who's backup)
Sibling rivalry is typically characterized by
resentment and jealousy
sibling rivalry is typically characterized by
resentment and jealousy
The switch from parent as caregiver to child as caregiver best describes...
role reversal
As a "remote" grandparent, Lilo____ her grandson Stitch
seldom sees
____ abuse is the most common form of family violence worldwide
spouse
Children who are victims of physical mistreatment
tend to show behavioral impacts (ie. aggression towards peers) and intellectual impacts (ie. lower IQs)
In the United States, divorce is
typically the result of lack of communication, emotional fulfillment, or compatibility
Chess and Thomas Classification of Temperament Styles: Easy Child
very positive mood, quicly establishes regular routines and schedules, adapt easily to new experiences
The "spillover effect" occurs when
work life affects home life and vice versa