Life Span Development Final Exam

Elisabeth Kubler Ross proposed that some people travel through five stages of coping when diagnosed with a terminal illness. Which of the following best illustrates the stage of denial?

"No, it can't be true. There must be some mistake. Perhaps my test results got mixed up with someone else's."

According to scholars, it takes about _____ to study or practice in most fields to attain expertise.

10 years

The average American holds ____ different jobs between the ages 18 and 30.

8

Which of the following statements about exercise habit in late adulthood is true?

86% of adults over age 65 never engages in vigorous exercise

Based on a longitudinal study, the National Study of Adolescent Health, rates of obesity in young adulthood were highest among _____.

African American Women

Within the United States, which group has the highest rates of death from coronary heart disease?

African Americans

Fred was diagnosed with a disease that is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Which of the following diseases does Fred have?

Alzheimer's Disease

Emerging adults who live in _______ would emphasize becoming capable of supporting parents financially as among the most important criteria for becoming an adult.

China

Which of the following statements about community involvement is true?

Community involvement often increases in young adulthood.

Which of the following statements about experts is true?

Experts are more automatic in their problem-solving than novices.

What is the main reason it takes much longer to complete an undergraduate degree now compared to a few decades ago?

Financial demands require that many students also work, which increases the time to complete the degree.

Which of the following statements regarding research on couples after the birth of the first child in developed countries is true?

Gender roles become more traditional and women are more likely to take an extended period of leave after the birth of a child

_____ has/have sometimes yielded dramatic results in slowing the aging process, but with some unpleasant side effects including growth of excess hair, liver damage, and abnormal growth of facial bones.

Human growth hormone supplements

Which of the following best describes religious beliefs in emerging adulthood?

In emerging adulthood, religious beliefs are highly individualized.

Which of the following statements about gay and lesbian partnerships is true?

In recent years, discrimination against gays and lesbians has diminished, especially on the part of the young.

In which religion is cremation forbidden?

Islam

Which of the following statements regarding reproductive changes is true?

It has been proposed that men experience andropause, but this has not been validated

What is the day of the dead?

It is a joyful celebration in Mexico, remembering all who have died

What are five characteristics that distinguish emerging adulthood from other age periods?

It is the age of identity explorations, instability, being self-focused, feeling in-between, and possibilities.

Kathy was taking care of her husband who has been battling colon cancer for five years and had resisted the recommendation of family members to contact hospice providers. Based on research, what is the most likely reason she would not accept the help?

It means acknowledging that death is imminent

Which of the following is considered a critique of Kubler Ross's theory?

It places too much emphasis on cultural and spiritual beliefs.

Which of the following statements regarding work and retirement is true?

Most older Americans say they would prefer to enter retirement gradually.

What factor affects self-esteem in a positive way in emerging adulthood?

Most people have passed through the awkward changes of puberty and may be more comfortable with how they look.

Which of the following statements regarding older American and religion is true?

Older Americans are more religious than their younger counterparts

Which of the following statements about online learning is true?

Online learning has the potential to offer the benefits of tertiary education to people who might otherwise lack access to it.

Which of the following is the main finding that emerged from the Americans' Changing Lives study?

People with high levels of educational attainment were less likely than others to die in middle adulthood or to experience chronic health problems in middle and late adulthood.

Which of the following is true of emerging adults' political beliefs?

Protest movements often involve emerging adults more than any other age group

Which of the following statements regarding research on self-development in middle adulthood is true?

Self-acceptance, autonomy, and environmental mastery all increase during middle adulthood.

Which of the following statements about sleep debt is true?

Sleep debt has negative consequences for both cognitive and emotional functioning

Based on current research, which of the following statements about media use in emerging adulthood is true?

Social-networking profiles are often a way for individuals to express their identity.

____ involves maintaining physical health, maintaining cognitive functioning, and continued engagement with life.

Successful aging

Which of the following statements best illustrates the process of "recentering" in emerging adulthood as defined by Jennifer Tanner?

The center of emotional life is transferred from the original family to a long-term romantic partner.

Which of the following statements about emerging adults' health is true?

The heart is strong during emerging adulthood and reaction time is faster than at any other time of life.

Which of the following about expertise is true?

The maturity of the frontal cortex in young adulthood reflects cognitive changes that underlie expertise.

Which of the following statements about becoming a parent is true?

The relationships of couples with strong marriages tend to become stronger when a child is born.

Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true?

There is no cure of Alzheimer's Disease

Which statement best describes the results of the International Social Survey Program and afterlife beliefs?

There was a great variability in the proportion of adults responding "definitely yes" to a belief in life after death

The focus of hospice care is to ____.

To relieve a patient's pain and suffering and provide care that allows the patient to die with dignity

Which of the following midlife Americans has experiences an increase in mortality in recent years?

White Americans with a high school education or less

In the Jewish tradition, the death of a family member is commemorated in a custom called ____.

Yahrzeit

Which of the following statements regarding young Americans' belief about marriage is true?

Young Americans believe more strongly in marriage than young people in most other Western countries

When Lia's dog died, her parents told her that her dog had "gone to sleep." This is an example of ___.

a euphemism

Which of the following decreases for most people during middle adulthood?

ability for divided attention

According to studies of young people in their early teens through their late 20s, which of the following is a correct order of the three major markers of adulthood?

accepting responsibility for oneself, making independent decisions, and becoming financially independent

The relation between unstructured socializing and deviance applies to ____.

adolescents and emerging adults more than to people in other life stages

Research of grief has shown that _____.

after the initial shock fades, most bereaved people resume their daily activities, but it may take weeks or months

Which of the following statements about work and leisure is true?

all developed countries except the United States guarantee workers a minimum number of weeks of paid vacation per year.

Which of the following statements regarding visual changes in midlife is true?

an operation can be performed to correct problems with distance vision.

Carlo's sister Angela is very ill and near death. She has asked that a Catholic priest come to her bedside in order to perform what ritual?

anointing of the sick

Scholars suggest that leaving home leads young people to ____.

appreciate their parents more

Parents who experience the death of a child _____.

are at higher risk for divorce

Older adults in developed countries ___.

are the wealthiest segment of the population

Eloise has been studying the aging process in her health class. She is dreading getting _______, a common chronic health problem of late adulthood for which there is no cure, because her grandparents both had it and seemed to be in a lot of pain all the time.

arthritis

Which of the following ethnic identity statuses is reflected in the idea of the American "melting pot"?

assimilation

In developing countries today, most people die ____.

at home

Across developed countries, the most serious threat to the lives and health of emerging adults comes from ____.

automobile driving

Which of the following is among the top criteria for adulthood among emerging adults in the United States?

being financially independent

Due to increased globalization, more young people around the world now have one part of their identity rooted in their local culture while another part stems from an awareness of their relation to the global culture, What do scholars call this type of identity?

bicultural identity

_______ learning is an educational approach in which students learn partly online and partly through face-to-face learning in the classroom.

blended

The state of being disillusioned, frustrated, and tired of one's job is called ____.

burnout

In terms of assisting each other, American children provide more asssitance when their parents reach late adulthood, ___.

but the balance of financial assistance still flows from parents to children

Which of the following is the leading cause of death in midlife?

cancer

Which of the following is a risk factor for osteoporosis?

cigarette smoking

Which of the following is one of the six basic skills necessary for job seekers with no tertiary education or training?

collaborating in diverse groups

Mary has always loved to sew complex dress patterns, but at age 80, she now sews only a few simple patterns. This is an example of _____________________.

compensation

According to Sternberg, commitment, passion, and initmacy combine to form ___ love.

consummate

Crystallized intelligence represents a person's _____.

culturally-based knowledge

Research on death anxiety has shown that ______.

death anxiety is higher among women than men

In the course of the 20's, time spent in leisure activities with friends ______.

declines steadily

Regular exercise in young adulthood reduces the risk of a variety of illnesses and diseases in middle adulthood, including _____.

diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and several types of cancer

The ability to maintain attention on two or more information sources simultaneously and switch back and forth between them is known as ___.

divided attention

According to Holland, people are likely to be unhappy if they ____.

do not have a good fit between their personality qualities and their job

Which of the following statements regarding research on how factors in middle adulthood predict health in later adulthood is true?

education predicts health from middle to late adulthood more strongly than income

In the United States, which of the following is the strongest risk factor for divorce?

educational attainment (higher risk with lower education)

When do many of the most important steps in identity development take place?

emerging adulthood

High doses of anitoxidant drugs have been shown to _____.

enhance physical functioning

What means "good death" and is the term for the practice of ending the life of a person who is suffering from an incurable disease or severe disability?

euthanasia

Gaining _____ allows an individual to solve problems, whereas ____ allows an individual to find problems to solve.

expertise; creativity

According to Erikson's theory____.

failure to establish commitments in the key areas of identity results in identity confusion

What type of intelligence involves information- processing abilities such as short-term memory, ability to discern relations between visual stimuli, and speed of synthesizing new information?

fluid intelligence

For women in many cultures during midlife, there is a rise in ___.

freedom, authority, and well-being

From an Eriksonian perspective, the desire to "live on" after we have died and to help those younger that ourselves so that the effects of our time on earth will be evident when we are gone best describes the psychosocial crisis of ____.

generativity versus stagnation

A key part of emerging adulthood involves away from one's family. According to the text, which of the following are three ways in which emerging adults move away from the family?

geographically, socially, emotionally

What type of professional spends the bulk of the workday researching all aspects of aging, including functional age, biological age, and the kinds of activities of daily living that are appropriate for any given age during late adulthood?

gerontologist

During the Chinese period of the Ghost Month, ____.

ghosts are free to roam the earth seeking food and entertainment

Which visual impairment involves fluid buildup in the eye in which the resulting pressure can damage the optic nerve?

glaucoma

Which of the following statements regarding grandparents in developed countries is true?

grandparents' involvement with their grandchildren depends on how well they get along with their children and sons- and- daughters in laws.

Skin becomes looser and muscle mass decreases during adulthood and beyond due to a decrease in ______.

growth hormone

Your niece is 4 years old, and her grandfather recently died. When adults in your family speak to her grandfather's death, they may tell her that her grandfather_____ to avoid being blunt and upsetting her.

has passed away

Which the following is a protective factor identified in resilience in childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood?

having a mentor

The aspect of hearing that decline most significantly in midlife is the ability to _____.

hear high-pitched tones

In what conditions do the arteries that supply the heart with blood become gradually narrower due to a buildup of plaque until it becomes severe enough to cut off the flow of blood, threatening health and life?

heart disease

Mrs. Bourdeau is an American woman living in the United States who is widowed, and has a married son and a married daughter. If she becomes ill, she is likely to be cared for by ____.

her daughter or daughter-in-law

All women experience _____ and the end of menstruation (menopause), but women vary widely in how they experience the ____.

hormonal declines; physiological and psychological effects

Which of the following statements about motherhood and women's carrers is true?

in many countries, women experience a "motherhood penalty" in their career development by midlife

Research indicates that vacation time ____.

increases cognitive and physical functioning

In developed countries, ____ were the dominant cause of death until the early 20th century.

infectious disease

As cited in the textbook, which of the following are components of wisdom?

insight, knowledge, strategies, values, and awareness

According to Erikson, ego ____ involves looking back on one's life and accepting the outcome of it, and ego ____ entails regrets and bitterness about the course of one's life, and a conclusion that it has not gone well and now cannot be changed.

integrity; despair

Erikson though that ____ was not possible until an individual had a fairly stable personal identity.

intimacy

IQ in childhood _____.

is a powerful predictor of income and occupational status in adulthood

In both Asian and African cultures, a common theme of conceptions of intelligence is that ____.

it includes social elements

Which of the following statements about the old-age dependency ratio is true?

it is not an immediate problem in the United States because its population is growing due to immigration.

When does marital satisfaction reach the highest point of he entire lifespan?

late adulthood

Louis Terman, one the original developers of the Stanford Binet IQ test, began a study in the 1920s of 1500 children with exceptionally high IQ scores. Compared to the comparison group, the high IQ participant were _____.

less likely to have personal problems such as alcoholism, divorce, and mental disorders

Kyle is 80 years old and is likely to conduct a ___, thinking back on his life and accepting both the good and the bad.

life review

Researchers comparing telomeres of healthy centenarians to a comparison group of their peers with two or more chronic health conditions found that the telomeres of those who were healthy were ______________________.

longer

Divorces in young adulthood tend to be full of anger and conflict, with each partner bitterly blaming the other for the failure of the marriage. In contrast, midlife divorces tend to be between couples whose ____.

love has gone cold

In all societies, the physical and cognitive problems that become more common in the course of late adulthood often contribute to _____.

lower emotional states and lower self-esteem

Which of the following statements regarding physical changes during late adulthood is true?

many people develop age spots

During late adulthood, after the death of a spouse, men are more likely to become depressed and take longer to recover from the loss. Which statement is cited in the textbook as a contributing factor?

men tend to be inexperienced in expressing and coping with emotions such as loss.

Which of the following statements about midlife family relations is true?

midlife adults who are highly involved in a parent's care experience high rates of exhaustion and depression

Which of the following, which entails anxiety, unhappiness, and a critical reappraisal of one's life, possible provoking dramatic changes, is claimed to be common in middle adulthood?

midlife crisis

Which of the following statements regarding gender differences between identity and intimacy is true?

most studies indicate that intimacy issues arise earlier for females than for males

Research on marriage in the United States has shown that by midlife ______.

nearly three-fourths of American adults describe their marriage as "excellent" or "very good"

Research on midlife marriages in the United States has shown that ____.

nearly three-fourths of midlife adults describe their marriage as "okay" or "acceptable"

In the initial period following bereavement, grief _______.

often involves shock, numbness, and disbelief

In Hindu culture, each year, on the anniversary of a family member's death, a meal is prepared of dishes the deceased person enjoyed in life. This food is served as an offering in a ritual ceremony usually led by the ____.

oldest son

Winona is in late adulthood and was diagnosed with a disease in which she is susceptible for major bone breakage if she falls. Winona most likely has which of the following diseases?

osteoporosis

Amity is an adult with a BMI of 27. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, she would be classified as_____.

overweight

Which of the following best describes how sleep patterns change during late adulthood?

people sleep less deeply than they did when they were younger.

Which of the following groups experience the least overall happiness?

people who are in unhappy marriages

Which of the following statements about depression is true?

people who experience hearing or visual problems in late adulthood are also more likely to report depressive symptoms.

The one test in the Seattle Longitudinal Study that showed a clear decline from young to middle adulthood was ____.

perceptual speed

There is a study decline in marital satisfaction in the first few years, followed by a _____.

plateau and then another decline after 9 or 10 years of marriage

In late adulthood, religious beliefs are ___.

positively correlated with both mental and physical health

____ shows relatively little decline in late adulthood.

procedural memory

Research on the religious beliefs and practices of emerging adults has shown that ____.

religious beliefs and practices are associated with lower rates of participation in a number of risk behaviors, as well as higher well-being

Which of the following would you expect a late adult to do best?

remember factual information

Among emerging adults who face unusually difficult circumstances, such as abusive families, poverty, or a history of adolescent delinquency, it is notable that many manage to adapt and function well. This is called ______.

resilience

When renowned pianist Arthur Rubenstein was asked how he managed to maintain a reputation as one of the world's top concert pianists well into late adulthood, he explained that he had reduced the range of pieces he played, practiced each of the remaining pieces more, and learned to play very slowly just before beginning a fast passage, to make the contrast more effective since he could not play as fast as when he was younger. Arthur Rubenstein's behaviors are an illustration of ____.

selective optimization with compensation

Waking up at the same time each day, limiting caffeine intake, and turning off technology at night are examples of ______.

sleep hygiene

The steep droop in death rates from heart disease that has taken place in the United States since 1950 is best explained by a steep decline in which of the following?

smoking

Older adults maximize their emotional well-being by becoming increasingly selective in their __________________.

social contacts

With regard to work, midlife adults ___.

stay unemployed longer than young adults after experiencing a job loss

Joe believes that females cannot be pilots and opposes the military's use of women in combat. It is his belief that females are not strong enough, emotionally and physically, to perform the duties that are required to fly fighter jets. Joe's belief that women are weak is _____.

stereotype

Tertiary education in the United States is mainly paid for by _____, whereas in other developed countries it is paid for by ____.

students and their parents; the government

What type of death evokes the most intense grief?

sudden and unexpected, such as a heart attack of a person who was thought to be completely healthy

Regarding the midlife crisis, research consistently indicates that ____.

the claim of a universal midlife crisis

Which of the following statements regarding physical changes during young adulthood is true?

the heart muscle starts to become more rigid

Which of the following statements regarding the loss of a spouse is true?

the risk of death after the loss of a spouse is greater for men than for women

When death is expected, such as death that occurs after a long illness, _______.

the surviors are able to prepare themselves through anticipatory grief

The countries with the highest obesity rates are _____.

the wealthiest countries

For many people, late adulthood is a time of ____.

thinking about the life they have lived and coming to an acceptance of it

Which of the following, when combined with expertise, is most likely to contribute to creativity?

tolerance of ambiguity

Erik Erikson's notion of intimacy is best described as ____.

uniting your newly formed identity with another person in an enduring, committed, emotionally close relationship

During young adulthood, rigidity gradually develops in tendons and muscles of the lungs, chest, and ribs, which leads to a decrease in ____.

vital capacity

Desiree is an average young adult American female. Based on statistics, which of the following is the most frequent activity that she is likely to engage in on weekday nights, between dinner and bedtime?

watching television

Which of the following has been found in research about wisdom?

wisdom is generally unrelated to age

In what stage of life does sexual activity peak in nearly all cultures?

young adulthood