Lifespan Final Exam

Question 10

A

Question 34

A

Two-year-old Vanessa attempts to put her doll's jacket on herself. She then attempts to sit in her doll's highchair. Vanessa is displaying A. scale errors B. continuity of control C. self recognition D. a categorical self

A. scale errors

Two-year-old Isabella has a red dot on her nose. When she looks into a mirror, she tries to rub off the dot. This behavior indicates that Isabella is developing A. Self recognition B. Object permanence C. Self Conscious emotions D. Stranger anxiety

A. self recognition

Which of the following is supported by research on early brain development? A. Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called synaptic pruning B. The majority of neurons are produced during early childhood C. The large increase in brain size during infancy is mostly due to an increase in the production of neurotransmitters D. About 40-60% of neurons die during infancy and toddlerhood mainly because these cells are somehow defective or damaged by injury

A. Neurons that are seldom stimulated lose their synapses, in a process called synaptic pruning

Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor children. A. The US B. Canada C. Germany D. France

A. The US

Sophie and Emma are both playing "house" in the toy kitchen at preschool. They pass things like the plastic vegetables and toy pots to one another, but they are each engaging in their own seperate plays. This is known as A. associative play B. Parallel play C. nonsocial play D. cooperative play

A. associative play

Studies on newborns placed in Romanian orphanages from birth demonstrate that A. deprivation of normal rearing experiences during infancy results in permanent brain damage B. experience-dependent brain growth occurs throughout the lifespan C. infants with early injuries to the cerebral cortex usually recover by early childhood D. surgery is necessary for normal visual development to proceed in infants born with cataracts

A. deprivation of normal rearing experiences during infancy results in permanent brain damage

In one study, 2.5 year olds were unable to use a scale model of a room to find a toy hidden in the room that the model represented. This is because young preschoolers have difficulty in A. dual representation B. transitive inference C. deferred imitation D. class inclusion

A. dual representation

Three-year-old Max's teacher brings a guitar case to preschool and asks the class what they think is inside. They all yell "A guitar!" She opens up the guitar case to reveal that it contains a large puppet. She then closes the guitar case and asks Max what he thinks his mother, who hasn't seen inside the case, will think is in there. This question tests Max's ability to understand A. false belief. B. scripts. C. dual representation. D. hierarchical classification.

A. false belief.

Research on achievement-related attributions demonstrates that ___________ teaches children ______________ A. person praise (E.g., "Youre so smart!"); that abilities are fixed B. process praise ("You must have worked really hard!"); to question their competence and retreat from challenges C. person praise; that abilities develop through effort D. process praise; learned helplessness

A. person praise ("You're so smart!"); that abilities are fixed

The __________ reflex helps a newborn find the nipple A. rooting B. moro C. Babinski D. tonic neck

A. rooting

According to Vygotsky, _________ drives the development of higher-order cognitive skills A. social interaction B. independent exploration and interaction with the environment C. reinforcers and punishments D. modeling

A. social interaction

During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs A. strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated b. are highly flexible with respect to clothing and hairstyle but less so with respect to types of play c. are flexible until about age 5, after which they become more rigid. d. emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar ways.

A. strengthen so much that many children apply them as blanket rules that should not be violated

In Piagets cognitive developmental theory, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor stage to the preoperational stage is an extraordinary increase in A. the ability to mentally represent the world B. private speech C. abstract thought D. motor activity

A. the ability to mentally represent the world

The highest levels of REM sleep occur during A. the fetal period B. the first few weeks of life C. late infancy D. toddlerhood

A. the fetal period

Piaget believed that infants and toddlers A. can mentally represent the world around them B. "think: with their eyes, ears and hands C. assimilate more than they accommodate D. are incapable of constructing schemes

B. "think: with their eyes, ears and hands

Research confirms that an effective way to reduce prejudice among children is through A. encouraging them to view each others personality traits as fixed B. Intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups C. Highlighting group distinctions and sorting children into racial and ethnic groups D. Segregation of children in classrooms to promote ethnic pride

B. Intergroup contact in racially and ethnically diverse cooperative learning groups

Which of the following reflects an important contribution of Charles Darwin to the field of developmental science? A. The idea of development as a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically B. Observations that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar across many species C. The conclusion that nature and nurture are equally important in development D. The discovery of critical or sensitive periods in development

B. Observations that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar across many species

During middle childhood, childrens self esteem _______________ as the result of increased competence-based feedback and the ability to engage in social comparisons A. becomes increasingly unstable B. adjusts to a more realistic and nuanced level C. increases dramatically relative to early childhood D. becomes extremely low

B. adjusts to a more realistic and nuanced level

During a __________ task, 4-year-old Vanessa is asked whether there are more oranges or fruits in a group of two apples, three bananas, and five oranges. She will most likely say that there are more __________. A. class inclusion; fruits B. class inclusion; oranges C. conservation-of-number; fruits D. conservation-of-number; oranges

B. class inclusion; oranges

During the preschool years, pretend play becomes A. less dependent on combinations of schemes. B. detached from the real-life conditions associated with it. C. increasingly self-centered. D. less socio-dramatic

B. detached from the real-life conditions associated with it.

Children who make mastery-oriented attributions, attribute their A. successes to ability. B. failures to factors that can be changed or controlled. C. successes to luck. D. failures to lack of ability.

B. failures to factors that can be changed or controlled.

In the violation of expectation method, ___________ suggests that Baby Will is "surprised" by a deviation from physical reality A. a lack of attention and unfocused behavior B. heightened attention to the unexpected event C. smiling rather than crying D. quick recovery to a familiar event

B. heightened attention to the unexpected event

During the preschool years, children become increasingly better at games like Simon Says or tasks where they must tap once when an adult taps twice. Improvement on these sort of tasks demonstrates gains in A. working memory B. inhibition C. planning D. flexible shifting

B. inhibition

Piaget's theory suggests that the development of the ability to _______ makes possible ____________ A. engage in deferred imitation; object permanence B. mentally represent experience; make-believe play C. engage in emotional self regulation; joint attention D. carry out a circular reaction; self awareness

B. mentally represent experience; make believe play

"My cup falled!" says 2-year-old Luke, when he spilled his juice. This error is called a(n) A. expansion. B. overregularization. C. false belief D. recast.

B. overregularization.

Eight-year-old Ezra is shown pairs of sticks of differing colors. He sees that stick A is longer than stick B, and that stick B is longer than stick C. From these observations, he can infer that stick A is longer than stick C. This cognitive ability is known as A. reversibility B. transitive inference C. conservation of length D. flexible shifting

B. transitive inference

Four-year-old Jack is participating in Piaget's three-mountains problem.When Jack is asked to choose the photo that shows what the display lookslike from the doll's perspective on the opposite side of the display, he will most likely A. Choose the correct photo, but not be able to explain why he chose that photo. B. Know the correct photo is different from his point of view, but notbe sure which photo to choose. C. Choose the photo that shows his own point of view. D. Choose the correct photo and be able to explain why he chose that photo.

C. Choose the photo that shows his own point of view.

In watching two children, Dom, who is in the peroperational stage and Izzy who is in the concrete operational stage, solve Piagets conservation of liquid problem, what difference would be evident? A. Izzy but not Dom will ignore the dynamic transformation between the initial and final states of the water B. Izzy but not Dom will centrate on the differing heights of the water in the glasses C. Izzy but not Dom will demonstrate reversibility D. Dom but not Izzy will provide evidence of operations

C. Izzy but not Dom will demonstrate reversibility

Which statement about brain development is true? A. The sensitive period for mastering gymnastic and musical performance skills is 3 to 4 years of age B. Experience-expectant brain growth depends on specific learning experiences that vary widely across cultures C. No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training D. Experience-dependent brain growth occurs early and naturally, as caregivers interact with babies and preschoolers

C. No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years for mastering skills that depend on extensive training

Which of the following is supported by research on self esteem? A. By the preschool years, children combine self-evaluations in a range of areas into a global self-esteem B. Preschoolers tend to overestimate the difficulty of most tasks C. Preschoolers high self-esteem contributes to their initiative at a time when they must master many new skills D. Adults can promote the development of healthy self-esteem during the preschool years by giving them tangible rewards only when they succeed at a task

C. Preschoolers high self-esteem contributes to their initiative at a time when they must master many new skills

Children use current schemes to interpret their world in the process of __________, whereas __________ allows them to create new schemes or adjust old ones after noticing that their current way of thinking does not capture the environment completely. A. adaptation; assimilation B. adaptation; organization C. assimilation; accommodation D. equilibrium; organization

C. assimilation; accommodation

According to the cognitive development theory, when children experience disequilibrium, they A. use their current schemes to make sense of their experiences B. coordinate schemes to solve problems C. experience cognitive discomfort and are motivated to create new schemes or adjust their old ones D. repeat chance behaviors motivated by basic needs

C. experience cognitive discomfort and are motivated to create new schemes or adjust their old ones

Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of -.49 between illegal drug use and high school GPA. This correlation is __________ and _______ A. moderate; positive B. low; positive C. moderate; negative D. low; negative

C. moderate; negative

In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method, Renee Baillargeon and her collaborators claimed to have found evidence for ____________ in the first few months of life A. deferred imitation B. self recognition C. object permanance D. goal directed behavior

C. object permanance

Preschooler's self-concept are made up of mostly A. social comparisons B. internal states C. observable characteristics D. competencies

C. observable characteristics

During middle childhood and adolescence, percieved ____________ relates most strongly to overall self worth than any other factor A. social competence B. physical/athletic competence C. physical appearance D. academic competence

C. physical appearance

Zoey asks her dad if he'd like to have a bite of her cookie, and he replies "I just ate three cookies". Zoey understands that he is declining the bite. Her understanding represents the practical, social side of language that develops during early childhood known as A. fast-mapping B. expansions C. pragmatics D. recasts

C. pragmatics

Which of the following is a 2-year-old most likely to do? A. pretend that a banana is a telephone. B. pretend that a large box is a refrigerator. C. pretend to drink out of a toy cup. D. put a sock on their hand and pretend it is a snake

C. pretend to drink out of a toy cup.

In Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, the circular reaction initially centers on A. the manipulation of objects B. black-and-white as opposed to color images C. the infants own body D. imitation of familiar behaviors

C. the infants own body

During the period of the embryo, A. the placenta begins to form B. vernix and lanugo emerge on the skin C. the most rapid prenatal changes take place D. the age of viability occurs

C. the most rapid prenatal changes take place

Piaget's Cognitive developmental theory is described as a costructivist approach because he A. stressed the social and cultural contributions to children's thinking B. believed that children construct knowledge mostly through direct adult training and modeling C. viewed children as discovering all knowledge about their world through their own activity D. emphasized how genetic and environmental factors combine to yield more complex ways of thinking

C. viewed children as discovering all knowledge about their world through their own activity

Question 20

D

Question 47

D

9. Developmental research demonstrates that A) human development typically occurs in a neat, orderly sequence of stages unaffected by distinct contexts. B) genetics have a much more powerful effect on development compared to environmental influences. C) development becomes increasingly plastic over time, as both capacity and opportunity for change increase. D) individuals not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts

D) individuals not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts

When asked what might be happening in a picture of a smiling child next to a broken swing set, a 4-year- old is most likely to say A. "Shes sad because her swing is broken" B. "Shes happy because her mom promised to help fix her swing" C. "Shes sad because she broke her swing" D. "Shes happy because she likes to swing"

D. "Shes happy because she likes to swing"

A baby who habituates to a green circle and then recovers to a blue circle A. does not remember the green circle B. can distinguish the shape of a circle C. prefers the green circle over the blue circle D. can distinguish between the colors blue and green

D. Can distinguish between the colors blue and green

Which of the following is true regarding harsh punishment in early childhood? A. Children who were spanked by their parents are less likely to spank their own children. B. There is no link between physical punishment and later child and adolescent aggression. C. Spanking is an effective and healthy way to teach children not to misbehave. D. Children who are harshly punished develop a chronic sense of being personally threatened, which prompts a focus on their own discuss rather than a sympathetic orientation to other's needs.

D. Children who are harshly punished develop a chronic sense of being personally threatened, which prompts a focus on their own discuss rather than a sympathetic orientation to other's needs.

_______________ promotes ___________ brain growth during early childhood A. A bath before bedtime; experience-dependent B. Training with number and letter flashcards; experience-expectant C. A game of peekaboo; experience expectant D. Eating dinner together; experience-dependent

D. Eating dinner together; experience-dependent

Which of the following helps to explain why preoperational childrens thinking keeps them from being able to understand Piaget's idea of conservation? A. They tend to spend too much time on reversibility, or mentally reversing the steps in a problem back to the starting point B. They tend to focus on dynamic transformation of a situation without giving adequate attention to beginning and ending points C. They have a significant grasp on the idea that appearances can change without changing the fundamental characteristics of the situation D. Their thinking is characterized by centration in which they focus on one aspect of the situation while ignoring other important aspects

D. Their thinking is characterized by centration in which they focus on one aspect of the situation while ignoring other important aspects

Which of the following is supported by research on self-conscious emotion in early childhood? A. Experiencing any guilt at this age is associated with feelings of personal inadequacy B. When parents repeatedly comment on the worth of the child and her performance, children experience self-conscious emotions less intensely C. Children at this age experience self-conscious emotions only when other people are present D. When parents focus on how to improve performance; they induce moderate and adaptive levels of self-conscious emotions

D. When parents focus on how to improve performance; they induce moderate and adaptive levels of self-conscious emotions

Which of the following is supported by research on private speech during early childhood? A. Young children who freely use private speech perform worse on challenging activities than those who keep their thoughts inside their heads B. Young children frequently use private speech when engaging in unstructured, playful tasks with friends C. Young children's use of private speech is a direct result of their egocentricism D. Young children speak to themselves for self-guidance during challenging tasks

D. Young children speak to themselves for self-guidance during challenging tasks

Research on achievement- related attributions demonstrates that children who make mastery-oriented attributions A. attribute failure to insufficient ability B. give up easily when faced with challenging tasks C. focus on gaining positive evaluations and avoiding negative evaluations D. believe that ability can be increased through effort

D. believe that ability can be increased through effort

According to epigenesis, A. most traits are determined by our genetics B. gene environment correlations are controlled by genetics C. children evoke responses from others that are influenced by the child's heredity D. genes affect behavior and experiences, but experiences and behavior also affect genetic expression

D. genes affect behavior and experiences, but experiences and behavior also affect genetic expression

Core knowledge theorists disagree with Piagets ideas and argue that A. development occurs in a distinct series of stages B. cognitive development originates with sensorimotor reflexes C. social and cultural influences drive and determine development D. infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems

D. infants begin life with innate, special-purpose knowledge systems

Research stimulated by the core knowledge perspective has been interpreted to suggest that A. the environment has no effect on infants acquisition of early number skills B. formalized schooling is not necessary to build on to innate early number capabilities C only humans and not other animals develop some sense of number early in life D. infants can discriminate the quantities "one" from "two" and use that knowledge to carry out simple addition

D. infants can discriminate the quantities "one" from "two" and use that knowledge to carry out simple addition

Research on early brain development demonstrates that programmed cell death A. is a frequent and damaging consequence of prenatal exposure to teratogens B. Is often the result of understimulation during infancy and early childhood C. occurs at a dramatic pace during middle and late adulthood D. makes space for increased synaptic connections during infancy and early childhood

D. makes space for increased synaptic connections during infancy and early childhood

A major limitation of correlational studies is that A. researchers cannot examine the relationship between two variables B. negative relationships between variables cannot be measured C. there is no way to simultaneously measure the strength and the direction of the relationship between two variables D. researchers cannot infer cause and effect between two variables

D. researchers cannot infer cause and effect between two variables

Four year old Jamal is likely to consider ___________ as more wrong than ________ A. burping at the table; cheating at a game B. eating spaghetti with his fingers; stealing a cookie from the cookie jar C. failing to say "please and thank you"; lying to his mother D. stealing candy; licking his plate

D. stealing candy; licking his plate

The least developed of the newborn baby's senses is A. hearing B. taste C. smell D. vision

D. vision

In the first few days of life, infants A. prefer a salty taste rather than a sweet taste B. prefer to look at checkerboards with many squares rather than checkerboards with few squares C. prefer listening to unfamiliar, novel voices rather than to their mothers voice D. who are breastfed prefer the smell of their own mothers breast to that of an unfamiliar lactating women

D. who are breastfed prefer the smell of their own mothers breast to that of an unfamiliar lactating women

In studies of prosocial behavior, research shows that A. reinforcing young children with attention or praise is necessary to get them to begin to help others B. young children are more likely to copy the prosocial actions of cold, distant adults as opposed to warm, responsive adults C. young children are more likely to model the prosocial behaviors of agemates than older children or adults D. young children who are given material rewards for helping come to expect something in return for helping, and therefore rarely help spontaneously out of kindness to others

D. young children who are given material rewards for helping come to expect something in return for helping, and therefore rarely help spontaneously out of kindness to others

During adolescence, a) Personality traits show considerable stability but reports of possible selves change greatly. b) Both personality traits and possible selves show considerable stability. c) Personality traits change greatly but reports of possible selves show considerable stability. d) Both personality traits and possible selves change greatly.

a) Personality traits show considerable stability but reports of possible selves change greatly.

Which of the following statements is supported by research on changes that take place over time between young and late adulthood? a) Personality traits show considerable stability but reports of possible selves change greatly. b) Both personality traits and possible selves show considerable stability. c) Personality traits change greatly but reports of possible selves show considerable stability. d) Both personality traits and possible selves change greatly.

a) Personality traits show considerable stability but reports of possible selves change greatly.

Research using a specially-designed virtual driving task demonstrates that a) a teen driving with other teens is more likely to crash than with driving by themselves b) an adult driving alone is more likely to crash than a teen c) an adult driving with other adults is more likely to crash than alone d) a teen driving alone is more likely to crash than a teen driving with other teens

a) a teen driving with other teens is more likely to crash than by themselves

In middle adulthood, stress management a) can limit the age-related increase in illness. b) has no effect on the likelihood of disease or severity of symptoms c) is effective in boosting mental wellness for women but not men d) can boost mental wellness, but doesnt affect the risk of diseases like heart disease, stroke and cancer

a) can limit the age-related increase in illness

Thirty-year-old Sophie is a young medical student whose studies keep her incredibly busy. She loves school and is excited about her career in medicine. But her enthusiasm is tempered by the fact that she is unable to visit her elderly grandparents as often as she would like, and that she is no longer finding time to do yoga regularly. Both of these activities have been central to who she is as an individual, and so she has vowed to do more of both in the new year. This awareness of conflicting positive and negative feelings, and the coordination of them into a complex, organized structure that recognizes her own uniqueness reflects which of the following forms of thinking? a) cognitive-affective complexity b) metacognition c) pragmatic thought d) relativistic thinking

a) cognitive affective complexity

Since the 1970s, it has taken longer for each generation to reach milestones social scientists typically associate with the transition to adulthood: 1) completing school, 2) leaving home, 3) becoming financially independent, 4) marrying, and 5) having a child. These trends a) have led developmental psychologists to propose a new stage of life called emerging adulthood. b) are unhealthy to young people because by the end of adolescence their brains are designed to take on the roles of adulthood. c) have greatly interfered with healthy identity development and have led to a self-centered worldview among today's young people. d) are seen both in the U.S. and in the majority of regions in Africa, Asia, and South America with traditional economies

a) have led developmental psychologists to propose a new stage of life called emerging adulthood

The period of emerging adulthood is defined by each of the following features EXCEPT a) narrowing interests b) self focused c) identity exploration d) possibilities

a) narrowing interests

Which statement is true about problem-solving in late adulthood? a) older adults usually do what they can to avoid interpersonal conflicts b) older adults tend to seek advice of others less often than in the past c) older adults typically have a hard time adapting strategies to everyday solve problems d) older adults tend to adopt a "wait and see" approach when it comes to health issues

a) older adults do what they can to avoid interpersonal conflicts

When 15-year-old Oliva's boyfriend breaks up with her, her mother tries to comfort her by saying, "I know exactly how you feel." Oliva responds with, "No you don't. No one has ever felt as heartbroken as I do right now." Oliva's response is a good illustration of which of the following concepts characteristic of adolescence? a) personal fable b) hypothetico-deductive c) imaginary audience d) propositional thought

a) personal fable

In terms of caregiving for older adults, the dependency-support script and the independence-ignore script a)promote excessive dependency in older adults. b) enable older adults to use their capabilities fully in pursuit of their goals. c) create an effective person-environment fit. d) reduce stress and thereby promote physical health in older adults

a) promote excessive dependency in older adults

Which of the following is supported by research on college in the United States? a) Since the 1970s, the United States has dropped relative to other countries in terms of the percentage of young adults with college degrees. b) Most colleges offer adequate support to students at risk for dropping out. c) Over 90 percent of students who begin college at a four-year institution graduate within six years after enrolling. d) Factors like SES, race, and ethnicity have no effect on the dropout rate or dropout risk

a) since the 1970's, the US has dropped relative to other countries in terms of the percentage of young adults with college degrees

Research on U.S. youths has shown that a. self-esteem has risen sharply in recent decades. b. boys score higher than girls in math and science self-esteem ONLY when boys have a higher math and science skill level than girls. c. parenting style has no effect on children's self-esteem by middle childhood. d. individual differences in self-esteem become increasingly unstable throughout the middle and high school years.

a. self esteem

Research suggests that ___________ may be the most important component of love that determines whether a relationship survives a) companionate love b) commitment and communicating that commitment in ways that strengthen intimacy c) passionate love d) compassionate love

b) commitment and communicating that commitment in ways that strengthen intimacy

Of all hearing difficulties that occur in late adulthood, the age-related __________ has the greatest impact on life satisfaction. a) inability to hear at high frequencies b) decline in speech perception c) inability to detect soft sounds d) declining responsiveness to startling noises

b) decline in speech perception

Twenty-year-old Ally can better manage dividing her attention between talking on the phone and checking her email than her mother can. This is because _________ becomes more challenging with age. a) practical problem solving b) flexible shifting c) pragmatic thought d) cognitive-affective complexity

b) flexible shifting

Which of the following is supported by research on sensory systems in late adulthood? a) Cataracts are the leading cause of blindness. b) Hearing loss is associated with declines in self-efficacy, and increases in loneliness and depressive symptoms. c) Vision loss has less impact on self-care than hearing loss. d) Dark adaptation becomes easier with age.

b) hearing loss in associated with declines in self-efficacy, and increases in loneliness and depressive symptoms

Research demonstrates that _____________ is the toxic ingredient of the Type A behavior pattern. Middle-aged adults who are high in this characteristic are especially prone to heart disease and other health problems like high blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and stroke a) impatience b) hostility c) extreme competitiveness d) sense of hurriedness and time pressure

b) hostility

Research demonstrates that in Western societies, a) most older adults no longer feel the need to be active agents in their directing their own daily activities. b) maintaining feelings of personal control is linked with higher life satisfaction and well-being in later life. c) physical health and mental well-being operate largely independently in late adulthood and do not affect one another. d) most older adults thrive on receiving high levels of caregiving assistance from family members and close friends.

b) maintaining feelings of personal control is linked with higher life satisfaction and well-being in later life

Compared with younger people, middle-aged adults see themselves as a) more concerned about others' expectations and evaluations. b) more capable of effectively managing a complex array of tasks. c) less concerned with following self-chosen standards. d) less content with themselves and life.

b) more capable of effectively managing a complex array of tasks

Research reveals that compared to younger adults, those in late adulthood a) have a less secure and less multifaceted self-concept. b) selectively attend to and better recall emotionally positive over negative information. c) less often engage in life review. d) show declines in agreeability and declines in acceptance to change.

b) selectively attend to and better recall emotionally positive over negative information

Which of the following is supported by research on cognitive changes during middle adulthood? a) Response times increase only on tasks involving fluid intelligence. b) The decrease in processing speed is likely associated with the breakdown of myelin coating on neurons. c) Compensatory strategies, even on familiar tasks, usually are unsuccessful. d) Processing speed increases likely due to the gains in knowledge and experience that come with age

b) the decrease in processing speed is likely associated with the breakdown of myelin coating on neurons

High-hardy individuals are likely to a) avoid seeking social support because they effectively solve problems independently b) use active problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control c) deny that events can be stressful d) use emotion-centered and avoidant-coping strategies in most situations

b) use active problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control

Which of the following is supported by research on changes in the self- concept in middle adulthood? a) Midlife is generally a time of decreased comfort with the self and decreased commitment to personal values. b) With age, possible selves become fewer in number and more modest and concrete. c) As people move into middle adulthood, they rely more and more on social comparisons for judging their self-worth. d) There is a decrease in overall life satisfaction from early to middle adulthood.

b) with age, possible selves become fewer in number and more modest and concrete

A researcher shows 3-year-old Emilia two small boxes - a familiar crayon box and a plain, unmarked box. When the researcher asks Emiliato pick the box with the crayons in it, Emilia picks the familiar box. The researcher then shows Emilia that the familiar box is empty and the unmarked box contains crayons. Finally, the researcher introduces Emilia to a puppet named Betty and asks, "Where do you think Betty will look for the crayons?" The researcher is testing Emilia's grasp of a. Conservation. b. false beliefs. c. class inclusion. d. recursive thought.

b. False beliefs

When Vince receives a high test grade, he attributes it to luck; when he receives a low test grade, he attributes it to not being smart. Vince has developed a. an incremental view of ability. b. learned helplessness. c. mastery-oriented attributions. d. a growth mindset.

b. learned helplessness.

According to Lawrence Steinburg's talk, the age of menarche for girls and the onset of puberty for boys has dropped in recent decades. Research has demonstrated that each of the following have contributed to this change EXCEPT for a) a rise in childhood obesity b) increased exposure to chemicals that interfere with the way our hormone systems work c) a rise in sexually transmitted infections d) increased exposure to artificial light

c) a rise in sexually transmitted infections

College students who ___________ show large cognitive gains a) engage in campus academics but avoid involvement in extracurricular campus life b) focus on classroom learning rather than civic engagement in their chosen field c) connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning d) interact with racially, ethnically, sexually, and religiously homogeneous peers

c) connect their community service experiences with their classroom learning

Research on romantic love in heterosexual relationships demonstrates that a) opposites attract b) men place physical attractiveness as the most important feature in mate selection c) women prefer a slightly younger partner, whereas men prefer a same age or older partner d) compared to men, women assign greater weight to intelligence, ambition and moral character in choosing a life-term partner

d) compared to men, women assign greater weight to intelligence, ambition and moral character in choosing a life-term partner

Max and his grandmother are cooking breakfast for the family. Max's grandmother is continuously distracted by the TV and barking dog in the backyard - and consequently has mis-measured the coffee grounds and let the pancakes burn. These errors are in part due to age declines in a) procedural memory b) practical problem solving c) prospective memory d) inhibition

d) inhibition

In late adulthood, A. brain weight increases. b) ventricles in the brain decrease in size. c) EGG waves increase in speed and intensity. d) myelin continues to wither.

d) myelin continues to wither

Middle-aged adults display continued growth in the realm of a) cognitive inhibition b) flexible shifting c) continuous task performance d) practical problem solving

d) practical problem solving

Hardiness is an especially healthy quality in midlife because high-hardy individuals a) have large social and family networks on which they can lean on during stressful times. b) rely heavily emotion-centered and avoidant coping strategies. c) remain more stable over time in personality traits relative to low-hardy individuals. d) regard most experiences as controllable, find meaning in daily activities - even at stressful times, and view stressful changes as opportunities for learning and self-improvement.

d) regard most experiences as controllable, find meaning in daily activities- even at stressful times, and view stressful changes as opportunities for learning and self improvement

During the phase of "launching children," most adults a) experience such sadness and emptiness that it interferes with their everyday activities. b) do not show a decline in well-being, even if communication with their children is seldom and negative. c) plunge into a midlife crisis. d) report a sense of completion and liberation.

d) report a sense of completion and liberation

Which of the following theories best captures the changes that occur to people's social networks and the functions of social interactions as people move into late adulthood? a) commitment within relativistic thinking b) selective optimization with compensation c) dependency support script d) socioemotional selectivity theory

d) socioemotional selectivity theory

In middle adulthood and beyond, creative accomplishments tend to __________ compared to earlier in life. a) be more spontaneous and random b) reflect more intense emotions c) focus on original discoveries and unusual ideas d) sum up or integrate ideas into unique ways of thinking

d) sum up or integrate ideas into unique ways of thinking

Dominic's Lifespan Development professor asked him to write an essay considering which of three theoretical perspectives, Piaget's cognitive- developmental theory, Vygotksy's sociocultural theory, and the information-processing approach, best captured research findings on cognitive changes during early childhood. Dominic received an A on his essay. Given this grade, it seems likely that Dominic has progressed to a) epistemic cognition b) dualistic thinking c) relativistic thinking d) commitment within relativistic thinking

d)commitment within relativistic thinking