Lifespan Growth & Development - Unit 5 Middle Childhood

Sam is an American sixth grader. Compared to his Asian agemates, when asked to describe himself, Sam is more likely to say which of the following? - "I'm in sixth grade." - "I'm an older brother." - "I like hockey." - "My friends think I'm cool."

"I like hockey."

Which of the following questions or statements will likely elicit accurate, detailed information from a child witness? - "Your friend answered 'yes' to this next question, and I want to see if you agree with her." - "He touched you there, didn't he?" - "The bad man who went to jail came into your room, didn't he?" - "Tell me what happened."

"Tell me what happened."

Most cases of school phobia appear around age

11 to 13.

About __________ percent of children in divorced families display severe problems.

20 to 25

About _____ percent of children are bullies, while _____ percent are repeatedly victimized.

20; 25

After age __________, both majority and minority children express in-group favoritism.

7 to 8

joint custody

A child custody arrangement following divorce in which parents are granted equal say in important decision's about the child's upbringing.

peer group

A collective of peers who generate unique values and standards for behavior and a social structure of leaders and followers.

peer victimization

A destructive form of peer interaction in which certain children become frequent targets of verbal and physical attacks or other forms of abuse.

blended or reconstituted families

A family structure resulting from cohabitation or marriage that includes parent, child and step-relatives.

coregulation

A form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while permitting children to take charge of moment-by-moment decision making.

divorce mediation

A series of meetings between divorcing adults and a trained professional that are aimed at reducing family conflict, including legal battles over property division and child custody.

problem-centered coping

A strategy for managing emotion in which the individual appraises the situation as changeable, identifies the difficulty and decides what to do about it.

emotion-centered coping

A strategy for managing emotion that is internal, private and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done to change an outcome.

popular-antisocial children

A subgroup of popular children who are admired for their socially adept but belligerent behavior. Includes "tough" boys who are athletically skilled, aggressive and poor students, as well as relationally aggressive boys and girls.

popular-prosocial children

A subgroup of popular children who combine academic and social competence.

rejected-withdrawn children

A subgroup of rejected children who are passive and socially awkward.

rejected-aggressive children

A subgroup of rejected children who show high rates of conflict, physical and relational aggression, and hyperactive, inattentive and impulsive behavior.

Which of the following is an accurate statement about divorce statistics? - Russia now has the highest divorce rate in the world. - Children of divorce spend an average of three years in a single-parent home. - At any given time, one-third of U.S. children live in single-parent households. - About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again.

About two-thirds of divorced parents marry again.

phobia

An intense, unmanageable fear that leads to persistent avoidance of the feared situation.

Anya is a rejected-withdrawn child. Describe the characteristics that Anya likely displays as a result.

Anya is probably passive, socially awkward, and timid. She is likely to be overwhelmed by social anxiety, hold negative expectations for treatment by peers, and worry about being scorned and attacked. As a rejected child, Anya might have been excluded by her peers as early as kindergarten. As a result, she probably does not participate in the classroom and has low academic achievement. Anya is likely to feel lonely and may want to avoid school. She may have a few friends, or she may have none. Anya is at risk for peer harassment and is especially likely to be the victim of bullying.

Which of the following statements about children's understanding of individual rights is true? - Children tend to regard laws that discriminate against individuals as okay. - As early as age 6, children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights. - Older school-age children believe that all matters are best decided democratically. - Prejudice usually increases during middle childhood.

As early as age 6, children view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights.

Which of the following statements about cultural influences on self-esteem is true? - In academic self-judgments, boys have higher language arts self-esteem than girls. - Boys exceed girls in self-esteem dimensions of close friendship and social acceptance. - Boys' overall self-worth is much higher than girls'. - Asian children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.

Asian children score lower in self-esteem than U.S. children.

learned helplessness

Attribution of success to external factors, such as luck and failure to low ability, which cannot be improved thru effort. Distinguished from mastery-oriented attributions.

mastery-oriented attributions

Attributions that credit success to ability, which can be improved thru effort and failure to insufficient effort.

Children whose parents use a(n) __________ child-rearing style feel especially good about themselves.

Authoritative

Despite the concerns of middle childhood, child rearing becomes easier for those parents who established a(n) __________ style in the early years.

Authoritative

Which of the following statements about emotional self-regulation in middle childhood is true? - Problem-centered coping is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress. - By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping. - When outcomes are beyond their control, school-age children rely on problem-centered coping and seek social support. - Young school-age children emphasize concern for others' feelings more often than older children.

By age 10, most children shift adaptively between problem-centered and emotion-centered coping.

Which of the following statements about moral development is true? - In middle childhood, children typically say truth telling is always good and lying is always bad. - In middle childhood, children primarily rely on reinforcement to acquire morally relevant behaviors. - By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy. - While school-age children think about right and wrong, they usually copy their morality from others.

By middle childhood, children have had time to internalize rules for good conduct, which leads them to become considerably more independent and trustworthy.

neglected children

Children who are seldom chosen, either positively or negatively, on self-report measure of peer acceptance.

self-care children

Children who are without adult supervision for some period of time after school.

Which of the following statements about gender identity and behavior in middle childhood is true? - How children feel about themselves in relation to their gender group is less important in middle childhood than it was during the preschool years. - Children who experience rejection because of gender-atypical personality traits suffer profoundly. - Researchers agree that the only way to help children who feel gender-atypical is to make them more gender-typical. - Gender-typical and gender-discontented children show gains in self-worth between third and seventh grade.

Children who experience rejection because of gender-atypical personality traits suffer profoundly.

rejected children

Children who receive many negative votes on self-report measures of peer acceptance , indicating they are actively disliked.

popular children

Children who receive many positive votes on self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating they are well-liked.

controversial children

Children who receive many votes, both positive and negative, on self-report measures of peer acceptance, indicating that they are both liked and disliked.

Which of the following statements about children's temperament and sex differences in adjustment to parental divorce is true? - Easy children are more often targets of parental anger and also cope less effectively with adversity. - In mother-custody family arrangements, girls are at greater risk than boys for serious adjustment problems. - Coercive maternal behavior and defiance by sons are common in divorcing households. - Girls receive less emotional support than boys from teachers and peers.

Coercive maternal behavior and defiance by sons are common in divorcing households.

Which of the following statements about controversial and neglected children is true? - Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors. - Neglected children report feeling lonely and unhappy. - Controversial children have few friends and are unhappy with their peer relationships. - Neglected children are as socially maladjusted as rejected children.

Controversial children display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors.

Define coregulation and explain how it is used by parents of school-age children.

Coregulation is a form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making. As children demonstrate that they can manage daily activities and responsibilities, effective parents gradually shift control from adult to child. They do not let go entirely but, rather, engage in coregulation. Coregulation grows out of a warm, cooperative relationship between parent and child based on give-and-take. Parents must guide and monitor from a distance and effectively communicate expectations when they are with their children. And children must inform parents of their whereabouts, activities, and problems so parents can intervene when necessary. Coregulation supports and protects children while preparing them for adolescence, when they will make many important decisions themselves.

Which of the following statements about the impact on U.S. children of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks is true? - Those with indirect exposure from the media suffered no real distress. - Distress reactions declined more slowly for children with conflict-ridden parent-child relationships. - Distress reactions improved more rapidly for children with indirect rather than direct exposure. - Repeatedly witnessing the attacks on TV desensitized children, decreasing their distress.

Distress reactions declined more slowly for children with conflict-ridden parent-child relationships.

Mr. and Mrs. Rodriguez want to foster a positive, secure self-image in their son. Which of the following would you suggest? - Make decisions for him when he appears hesitant, in order to model good decision-making strategies. - Continuously compliment his performance, even when it is less than satisfactory. - Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem. - Start with high expectations, but be flexible and willing to accept lower achievement levels if he cannot achieve the original goals.

Encourage him to strive for worthwhile goals because his eventual achievement will foster his self-esteem.

Elliott, age 11, is suddenly afraid to go to school. Which of the following is the best advice you can give to Elliott's parents? - Allow him to stay home from school until he feels more comfortable. - Become more protective of him by accompanying him to his classes. - Lightheartedly point out that being afraid of going to school is not normal. - Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to cope with difficult situations

Firmly insist that he return to school, and train him in how to cope with difficult situations.

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which of the following characteristics is he likely to display? - He performs well in school and communicates with peers in a friendly way. - He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority. - He displays a wide range of negative social behaviors and is overwhelmed by social anxiety. - He engages in low rates of interaction but does not report feeling lonely or unhappy.

He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority.

industry vs inferiority

In Erikson's theory, the psychological conflict of middle childhood, which is resolved positively when experiences lead children to develop a sense of competence at useful skills and tasks.

__________ parenting is correlated with unrealistically high self-esteem.

Indulgent

__________ improves both school achievement and social acceptance of rejected children.

Intensive academic tutoring

Which of the following statements about self-esteem in elementary school is true? - It rises dramatically as soon as children enter school and remains high throughout the elementary school years. - It increases steadily over the first few years of elementary school and then drops from fourth grade on. - Throughout middle childhood, girls' self-esteem tends to be higher than boys'. - It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.

It declines during the first few years of elementary school and then, from fourth grade on, rises for the majority of young people.

Which of the following statements about attribution retraining is true? - One approach is to encourage low-effort students to focus more on grades and less on mastering a task for individual improvement. - It is best begun early, before children's views of themselves become hard to change. - It encourages children to believe that success should be attributed to ability, rather than luck or effort. - It is an alternative to instruction in effective strategies and self-regulation.

It is best begun early, before children's views of themselves become hard to change.

social comparisons

Judgements of one's own appearance, abilities and behavior in relation to those of others.

Hank, a noncustodial father of four, is remarrying. Which of Hank's children is the most likely to have difficulty getting along with his new wife? - Liam, his 3-year-old son - Harry, his 6-year-old son - Kate, his 9-year-old daughter - Max, his 11-year-old son

Kate, his 9-year-old daughter

peer acceptance

Likeability, or the extent to which a child is viewed by a group of agemates, such as classmates as a worthy social partner.

Describe the development of self-esteem in middle childhood. How is it structured, and how does it change?

Most preschoolers have extremely high self-esteem. But as children enter school and receive much more feedback about how well they perform compared with their peers, self-esteem differentiates and also adjusts to a more realistic level. By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least four broad self-evaluations: academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and physical appearance. Within these are more refined categories that become increasingly distinct with age. The capacity to view the self in terms of stable dispositions permits school-age children to combine their separate self-evaluations into a general psychological image of themselves—an overall sense of self-esteem. Children attach greater importance to certain self-evaluations than to others. Although individual differences exist, during childhood and adolescence, perceived physical appearance correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor. Self-esteem declines during the first few years of elementary school as children evaluate themselves in various areas. Typically, the drop is not great enough to be harmful. Most (but not all) children appraise their characteristics and competencies realistically while maintaining an attitude of self-respect. Then, from fourth grade on, self-esteem rises for the majority of young people, who feel especially good about their peer relationships and athletic capabilities.

Which of the following statements about the development of self-concept is true? - Preschool children are better than school-age children at "reading" others' messages and internalizing their expectations. - A large discrepancy between an ideal self and a real self boosts self-esteem. - Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits. - School-age children often avoid making social comparisons when describing themselves.

Perspective-taking skills are crucial for developing a self-concept based on personality traits.

Which of the following statements about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true? - Children feel guilty only if an adult or peer is present to witness their transgressions. - Children feel guilty for any mishap, including those that are accidental. - Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement. - Children rarely feel guilty for cheating or lying unless they are caught or punished for their behavior.

Pride motivates children to take on further challenges, whereas guilt prompts them to strive for self-improvement

Define problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping. How do school-age children use these strategies?

Rapid gains in emotional self-regulation occur in middle childhood. As children engage in social comparison and care more about peer approval, they must learn to manage negative emotion that threatens their self-esteem. Two general strategies for managing emotion are problem-centered coping and emotion-centered coping. In problem-centered coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. If problem solving does not work, they engage in emotion-centered coping, which is internal, private, and aimed at controlling distress when little can be done about an outcome. For example, when faced with an anxiety-provoking test or an angry friend, older school-age children view problem solving and seeking social support as the best strategies. But when outcomes are beyond their control—for example, after receiving a bad grade—they opt for distraction or try to redefine the situation: "Things could be worse. There'll be another test." School-age children's improved ability to appraise situations and reflect on thoughts and feelings means that, compared with preschoolers, they more often use these internal strategies to manage emotion. By age 10, most children shift adaptively between the two strategies.

__________ children are at the highest risk for poor school performance, substance abuse, and antisocial behavior in adolescence and delinquency with criminality in early adulthood.

Rejected

Which of the following statements about the consequences of child sexual abuse is true? - The adjustment problems of victims tend to subside once the abuse stops. - Repeated sexual abuse is associated with central nervous system damage. - In adolescence, abused young people are less promiscuous than their agemates. - Women who were sexually abused are less likely to choose partners who abuse them and their children.

Repeated sexual abuse is associated with central nervous system damage.

Which of the following statements about resilience is true? - Resilience is a preexisting attribute rather than a capacity that develops over time. - Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity. - Because they are repeatedly exposed to adversity, abused children become increasingly resilient over time. - Resilience is less common among children with a mastery-oriented approach to new situations.

Resilience enables children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity.

According to research on blended families, which of the following children is the most likely to have adjustment problems when his or her mother remarries? - Alan, a 4-year-old boy - Suzanne, a 6-year-old girl - Jay, a 10-year-old boy - Selma, a 15-year-old girl

Selma, a 15-year-old girl

Which of the following is supported by research on sibling rivalry? - Destructive sibling conflict in middle childhood is associated with negative outcomes, including later substance use and delinquency. - Sibling rivalry is greater between brothers and sisters than among same-sex siblings. - During the middle childhood years, sibling rivalry tends to decrease. - Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings intentionally strive to be different from one another.

Sibling rivalry often increases when siblings intentionally strive to be different from one another.

perspective taking

The capacity to image what other people may be thinking and feeling.

What factors foster resilience in middle childhood?

Throughout middle childhood, children encounter challenging and sometimes threatening situations that require them to cope with psychological stress. Yet only a modest relationship exists between stressful life experiences and psychological disturbance in childhood. Some children manage to overcome school difficulties, family transitions, the experience of war, and child maltreatment. Rather than a preexisting attribute, resilience is a capacity that develops, enabling children to use internal and external resources to cope with adversity. Four broad factors protect against maladjustment: (1) the child's personal characteristics, including an easy temperament and a mastery-oriented approach to new situations; (2) a warm parental relationship; (3) an adult outside the immediate family who offers a support system; and (4) community resources, such as good schools, social services, and youth organizations and recreation centers. Often just one or a few of these ingredients account for why one child is stress-resilient and another is not. Usually, however, personal and environmental factors are interconnected: Each resource favoring resilience strengthens others. For example, safe, stable neighborhoods with family-friendly community services reduce parents' daily hassles and stress, thereby promoting good parenting.

Describe the long-term consequences of divorce on children. What factors help children make a more positive adjustment?

While most children show improved adjustment by two years after divorce, overall, children and adolescents of divorced parents continue to score slightly lower than children of continuously married parents in academic achievement, self-esteem, social competence, and emotional and behavior problems. Divorce is also linked to problems with adolescent sexuality and development of intimate ties. Young people who experienced parental divorce—especially more than once—display higher rates of early sexual activity and adolescent parenthood. Some experience other lasting difficulties—reduced educational attainment, troubled romantic relationships and marriages, divorce in adulthood, and unsatisfying parent-child relationships. The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is effective parenting—shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing. Where the custodial parent is the mother, contact with fathers is important. The more paternal contact and the warmer the father-child relationship, the less children react with defiance and aggression. Several studies indicate that outcomes for sons are better when the father is the custodial parent. Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in coparenting, supporting each other in their child-rearing roles, greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy. Caring extended-family members, teachers, siblings, and friends also reduce the likelihood that divorce will result in long-term difficulties.

Which of the following children is most likely to believe in racial and ethnic equality? - Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends - Gonzalo, a child who believes that people's personality traits are fixed rather than changeable - Deonte, a child with overly high self-esteem - Judy, a child whose parents highlight group distinctions

Yaowu, a child who attends an ethnically diverse school and shares feelings with close, cross-race friends

Amelia has well-developed emotional self-regulation. She feels that she is in control of her emotional experience. Amelia has acquired - perspective-taking skills. - an ideal self. - a sense of emotional self-efficacy. - coregulation strategies.

a sense of emotional self-efficacy.

Compared with previous generations, American youths are

achieving less well.

Research on peer victimization shows that

aggression and victimization are not polar opposites.

Goran is a child victim of war. Research shows that Goran is likely to experience - an increase in anxiety and depression. - long-term amnesia. - an increased sensitivity to violence. - a decrease in aggression.

an increase in anxiety and depression.

Research demonstrates that only children __________ compared to children with siblings.

are higher in self-esteem and achievement motivation

Children in self-care, who regularly look after themselves for some period of time after school, __________ than children in after-school programs.

are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior

Principal Allen wants to reduce prejudice at his middle school. Which of the following interventions should he use? - segregate the classrooms to promote ethnic pride - assign children to cooperative learning groups with peers of diverse backgrounds - highlight group distinctions - encourage children to view others' traits as fixed

assign children to cooperative learning groups with peers of diverse backgrounds

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as - achievement motivation. - identity achievement. - attribution retraining. - vicarious learning.

attribution retraining.

School-age friends

behave more prosocially with each other.

Research has shown that parents promote gender stereotypes by

behaving in a more mastery-oriented fashion with sons than with daughters.

Mr. and Mrs. Frishman recently divorced. Their 5-year-old son is likely to - take on extra household chores. - blame himself for the marital breakup. - escape into undesirable peer activities. - provide emotional support to his mother.

blame himself for the marital breakup.

Beginning in middle childhood, children's self-descriptions start to emphasize

both negative and positive traits.

Studies of friendship during middle childhood show that

by age 8 or 9, most children name only a handful of good friends.

By age 7 or 8, children

consider prosocial and antisocial intentions for truthfulness.

Regardless of the extent of their friction, divorcing parents who manage to engage in __________ greatly improve their children's chances of growing up competent, stable, and happy.

coparenting

Effective parents gradually shift control from adult to child. They do not let go entirely but, rather, engage in

coregulation.

Employed mothers who value their parenting role are more likely to use

coregulation.

Rejected-aggressive children are

deficient in perspective taking.

Excessive guilt is linked to

depressive symptoms.

During middle childhood,

each parent tends to devote more time to children of their own sex.

Asian parents and teachers are more likely than their American counterparts to view __________ as key to success.

effort

When Erica's best friend makes her angry, she takes a deep breath and counts to ten. Erica is using - problem-centered coping. - emotion-centered coping. - emotional self-efficacy. - coregulation strategies.

emotion-centered coping.

Danielle saw a man carrying a sign that said "I'm hungry." She took the man's perspective, imagined how he felt, and asked her mom if she could give her allowance to the man so that he could buy some food. Danielle has developed - pride. - guilt. - empathy. - industry.

empathy.

By third grade, most school-age children justify their preference for verbal strategies for coping with negative emotion by

emphasizing concern for others' feelings.

Children in Western nations mention __________ as the most common source of their fears.

exposure to negative information in the media

As school-age children move into adolescence, self-concept is increasingly vested in

feedback from close friends.

Dwayne feels that his parents and peers disapprove of his knitting hobby. His parents have tried to encourage him to consider other hobbies, such as woodworking or coin collecting. Dwayne is distressed and stops knitting. Which of the following accurately describes Dwayne's gender identity self-evaluation? - gender contentedness - gender typicality - feels pressure to conform to gender roles -gender-disconnectedness

feels pressure to conform to gender roles

When John succeeds, his father says, "You're so smart!" However, when he fails, his father says, "You can't do that, can you? It's OK if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a - fixed view of ability. - mastery-oriented style. - high academic self-esteem. - healthy self-image.

fixed view of ability.

Children who believe that people's personality traits are __________ rather than __________ often judge others as either "good" or "bad."

fixed; changeable

Coregulation is a(n)

form of supervision in which parents exercise general oversight while letting children take charge of moment-by-moment decision making.

By age 6 to 7, children in diverse Western cultures have formed at least __________ broad self-evaluations.

four

In middle childhood, __________ contributes to the development of trust and sensitivity.

friendship

Octavio feels comfortable being a boy, which consequently makes him happy. Which of the following self-evaluations reflects Octavio's gender identity? - gender contentedness - gender typicality - feels pressure to conform to gender roles - gender-disconnectedness

gender contentedness

Children whose mothers enjoy their work outside the home and remain committed to parenting __________ than children of stay-at-home mothers.

get better grades in school

Despite their higher achievement, __________ often blame poor performance on __________.

girls; lack of ability

Part-time maternal employment and flexible work schedules are associated with

good child adjustment.

By the end of middle childhood, children display a strong desire for

group belonging.

The more adults highlight __________, the more likely white children will express in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice.

group distinctions

Compared to his Western agemates, Chao, who lives in China, will most likely describe himself by referencing his - individual interests. - personal attributes. - academic and sports-related skills. - group memberships and relationships.

group memberships and relationships.

Teachers who are __________ and emphasize __________ tend to have mastery-oriented students.

helpful; learning over getting good grades

Self-esteem takes on a __________ structure in the mid-elementary school years.

hierarchial

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have - low self-esteem. - a weaker sense of ethnic pride. - higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride. - lower self-esteem, but a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride.

Research shows that divorce mediation

increases involvement of both parents in child rearing.

Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept, pride in accomplishment, moral responsibility, and cooperative participation with agemates.

industry

According to Erikson, a sense of __________ can develop in middle childhood when family life fails to prepare children for school life or when teachers and peers destroy children's self-confidence with negative responses.

inferiority

Compared to preschoolers, school-age children are more likely to explain emotion by referring to __________ rather than to __________.

internal states; external events

Jennifer and Joel's children reside with Joel and see Jennifer on a fixed schedule. Both parents have an equal say in important decisions about their children's upbringing. Which type of custodial arrangement do they have? - coregulation - joint custody - paternal custody - mediated custody

joint custody

Research shows that maternal employment

leads fathers to take on greater child-care responsibilities.

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.

learned helplessness

Over time, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts how well they do.

learned-helpless

Children who __________ are especially vulnerable to sexual abuse.

live in homes with a constantly changing cast of characters

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

mastery-oriented; ability

Recent research on gender-stereotyped beliefs about achievement found that a majority of elementary and secondary students agreed with the idea that __________ is a "__________" subject.

math; feminine

During the school years, friendship becomes

more psychologically based.

Research shows that declines in well-being following divorce are greatest for

mothers of young children.

Nadia's parents are repeatedly disapproving and insulting. As a result, Nadia probably __________ and relies heavily on __________ to affirm her self-worth. - needs constant reassurance; peers - has unrealistically high self-esteem; her parents - has an overblown self-image; reasonable standards - seeks attention from other adults; other relatives

needs constant reassurance; peers

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children become more aware

of circumstances likely to spark mixed emotions.

When Sayuri is distressed, her father is dismissive and her mother is hostile. Sayuri is probably - emotionally well-regulated. - overwhelmed by negative emotion. - empathetic. - prosocial.

overwhelmed by negative emotion.

A study conducted showed that fifth and sixth graders describe __________ as the most influential people in their lives.

parents

Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set of girlfriends. Within this group, there are specific standards of behavior, a specialized dress code, and identified leaders. Maddy is most likely - a controversial child. - a popular-prosocial child. - part of a peer group. - part of a social clique.

part of a peer group.

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that

people's expressions may not reflect their true feelings

Noncustodial fathers who see their children only occasionally tend to take on a(n) __________ style of parenting.

permissive

During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly with overall self-worth than any other self-esteem factor.

physical appearance

Michaela performs well in school and communicates with her peers in sensitive, friendly, and cooperative ways. She is a __________ child. - popular-antisocial - controversial - rejected-aggressive - popular-prosocial

popular-prosocial

When classmates are asked to rate each other's likeability, __________ children get many positive votes, whereas __________ children are seldom mentioned.

popular; neglected

Eleven-year-old Leah has developed a sense of competence at a number of useful skills and tasks. She has a positive but realistic self-concept and takes pride in her accomplishments. According to Erikson, Leah has

positively resolved the psychological conflict of middle childhood.

The best way to reduce the suffering of a child sexual abuse victim is to

prevent sexual abuse from continuing.

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

problem-centered

Fernando's parents respond sensitively and helpfully when he is distressed. Fernando is probably - prosocial. - high in self-esteem. - overwhelmed by negative emotion. - less empathetic than his agemates.

prosocial.

Research shows that school-age children

rate "masculine" occupations as having higher status than "feminine" occupations.

During the school years, children refine their __________, organizing their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions.

self-concept

The overriding factor in positive adjustment following divorce is

shielding the child from family conflict and using authoritative child rearing.

Which of the following fosters a mastery-oriented approach to learning?

small class size and cooperative learning

School-age children use frequent __________ in their self-descriptions.

social comparisons

Raylynne is well-liked by all of her classmates. She probably has - academic competence. - social self-esteem. - athletic competence. - self-awareness.

social self-esteem.

Children who believe in the changeability of human attributes

spend more time volunteering to help the needy.

From third to sixth grade, boys tend to __________ their identification with "masculine" personality traits, whereas girls' identification with "feminine" personality traits __________.

strengthen; declines

Research on child sexual abuse indicates that

the abuser is typically a parent or someone the parent knows well.

Compared to Canadian agemates, Chinese schoolchildren are more likely to rate lying favorably when

the intention is modesty.

Research on children's ability to provide eyewitness testimony in legal situations shows that

the more distinctive and personally relevant an event is, the more likely children are to recall it accurately over time.

Beginning in middle childhood, a common fear is

the possibility of personal harm.

Children and adults with __________ are more likely to hold racial and ethnic prejudices.

very high self-esteem

Attribution research shows that

well-intended messages from adults sometimes undermine children's competence.

Sociologist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others' attitudes toward the child.

well-organized psychological self

Studies in diverse Western nations confirm that by age 5 or 6, __________ children generally evaluate their own racial group favorably and other racial groups less favorably or negatively.

white

Andrew has high academic self-esteem. Andrew is probably - well-liked by his classmates. - involved in sports. - willing to try hard. - anxious.

willing to try hard.

Research on peer groups during middle childhood shows that

within peer groups, children learn cooperation, leadership, followership, and loyalty to collective goals.

Skye, a rejected-withdrawn child, is most likely - extremely antagonistic. - a bully toward younger children. - worried about being scorned and attacked. - uninterested in peer interaction.

worried about being scorned and attacked.