Lifespan Psychology Midterm

Which of the following is NOT a test used by physicians to determine whether a fetus is developing normally?

Bayley Scales of Infant Assessment

Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is TRUE?

Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes

Which of the following techniques will parents tend NOT to use to discipline elementary school children?

Coercive holding

Which of the following is TRUE of mitosis in humans?

Mitosis results in the formation of new cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes

_____ refers to sounds, such as vowel and consonant sounds, whereas _____ refers to meaning, such as understanding what -ed does to a word.

Phonology; morphology

Joshua, two, has been diagnosed with _____, a disorder that is found more often in the American Jewish population. Unfortunately, for most children with this abnormality death is likely by age five.

Tay-Sachs disease

Which of the following statements about higher-SES parents in the United States and most Western cultures is TRUE?

They are less likely to use physical punishment

Liam is an unhappy child with weak communication skills. He gets particularly nervous when he has to do something at school where he is compared to his classmates, such as spelling out loud or making an art project. Liam's parents are most likely to be:

authoritarian

Jared, age three, was taken to the doctor by his parents who were concerned by his seeming lack of attachment to those around him. Jared hardly spoke at all and spent all day preoccupied with bouncing his ball off a wall. After a thorough investigation, his pediatrician diagnosed him with:

autistic disorder

Damian's parents never seem to find time or resources to take care of him; in fact, sometimes he goes home to an empty house without any idea where his parents are. He routinely tells his teachers that he hasn't eaten in the last day, and it's clear that his clothes haven't been washed in a while. This circumstance constitutes:

child neglect

The nucleus of each human cell contains _____, which are threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

chromosomes

Garrett practiced printing the alphabet before he started school. Once there, he found out the teacher wanted him to make some of the letters differently from what he had practiced. When Garrett starts to make the letter the old way, catches himself, and switches to the new way, he is demonstrating:

cognitive inhibition

Melanie and Derek are planning to move to a new home, and are strongly considering different school options for their children. Melanie wants her children to be active learners who can think creatively and critically. She also wants a student-centered approach. Melanie is looking for a:

constructivist approach

Daryl quizzed his roommate's creativity by asking, "How many different uses for a newspaper can you come up with?" This is a test of:

divergent thinking

A _____ is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

doula

Stephen is learning to manage his frustration when he can't make something work the way he wants it to. He used to throw things and cry when frustrated, but now he's learning to ask for help. Stephen is developing:

emotional regulation

Studies on friendship reveal that sixth-grade students who did not have a friend:

engaged in less prosocial behavior

Self-control/inhibition, working memory, and flexibility are all dimensions of:

executive function

Juan has been able to go up stairs raising one foot at a time, but he is just managing how to come down stairs without putting two feet on each step before stepping down. His _____ motor skills are on pace for a _____.

gross; four-year-old

Carol Dweck concluded that individuals have one of two mindsets, namely fixed mindset and:

growth mindset

When children judge the rightness or goodness of behavior by considering its consequences, not the intentions of the actor, they are demonstrating:

heteronomous morality

Tempest is in the Strange Situation and appears dazed, confused, and fearful. She would most likely be classified as:

insecure disorganized

Which concept helps the infant to understand that other people have intentions?

joint attention

Kim's mom wants to help her daughter succeed in school. To boost and maintain Kim's intellectual development, her mother should do all of the following EXCEPT:

let Kim exercise alone rather than exercise with her

Down syndrome has been linked to:

maternal age

First-born and only children are alike in that both are _____ than later-born children.

more achievement oriented

Of the adolescents in long-established simple stepfamilies, _____ described their relationships with their stepparents as "close" or "very close."

more than 75%

_____ refers to the process of encasing axons with fat cells.

myelination

The _____ view emphasizes the importance of interactions between experience and gene expression in the brain's development.

neuroconstructivist

Based on the fact that she is 90 years old, Katie-Lou would most likely be characterized as:

oldest-old

Alberta is a school teacher who introduces children to reading by teaching them a rhyme that goes, "A for apple, A says ah; B for ball, B says buh," and so on. This exemplifies the _____ approach to reading instruction.

phonics

When asked why she participated with other students in a protest against treatment of women on her campus, Kai says that all human beings should have equal rights. According to Kai, the university has rules that treat women unfairly and she is morally against such discriminatory practices. What is Kai's likely moral level according to Lawrence Kohlberg?

postconventional reasoning

By age four to five, most children have developed a theory of mind and the cognitive sophistication to start describing _____ in others.

psychological traits

Sets of expectations that prescribe how females and males should think, act, and feel are known as gender:

roles

Diego is in the Strange Situation with his caregiver; he explores the room and examines the toys that have been placed in it. He uses the caregiver as a secure base from which to explore the room. He would be classified as:

securely attached

In Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt, the young child clearly has begun to develop self-recognition and an awareness of his or her unique sense of self, called:

self-understanding

In early childhood, executive function is involved in all of the following EXCEPT:

sensation

Research with the memory-span task suggests that:

short-term memory increases during early childhood

Flevy is conducting an extensive market study and has hired a big group of college students to hand out a standard set of questions to shoppers at malls and supermarkets and to seek their responses. Which of the following methods of data collection is Flevy using?

survey

When an infant puts her thumb in her mouth to help soothe herself, the infant is exhibiting:

the ability to inhibit or minimize the intensity and duration of emotional reactions

The rationale for waterbirth is:

the baby has been in the amniotic sac, so the water will feel familiar

Sustained attention or vigilance increases the most during:

the preschool years

Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky's term for:

the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from more-skilled individuals

The finding that elementary school children perform better on memory-span tasks than preschool children is likely due to improvements in all of the following areas EXCEPT:

the susceptibility to suggestion

According to Freud, our adult personality is determined by:

the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure at each stage and the demands of reality

Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is +.10. From this information, we can conclude that:

there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ

One area of math in which boys were found to be better at is:

visuospatial skills

Deaths in young children due to HIV/AIDS especially occur in countries:

with high rates of poverty and low levels of education

Fernando is able to process more incoming information than he could when he was younger. He has learned to repeat information to himself, practice writing things down, and create stories about new information. His understanding reflects which dimension of executive function?

working memory

Sally's mental age is 12, but her chronological age is nine. Sally's IQ is:

133

What causes the autism spectrum disorders?

A brain dysfunction with abnormalities in brain structure and neurotransmitters

Of the following infants, who is MOST at risk for SIDS?

Mimi, because her mother smokes

A study of four different cultures—Antiguan, Guatemalan, African Bushman, and Israeli Kibbutz—found that separation protest peaked at about age:

13 to 15 months

Marshall writes very slowly and his handwriting is virtually illegible. He also makes numerous spelling errors because of his inability to match up sounds and letters. Which of the following conditions does Marshall suffer from?

Dysgraphia

Which of the following is a strategy for improving children's memory skills?

Embed memory-relevant language when instructing children

_____ attention involves action planning, allocating attention to goals, error detection and compensation, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances.

Executive

Which of the following is not true regarding gender differences in the use of aggression?

Girls report experiencing and expressing more anger than boys

Which of the following statements about gender stereotyping is FALSE?

Girls' gender stereotypes are more rigid than boys' gender stereotypes

Fausto is in a disagreement with his older brother. He says, "I don't get mad; I get even! If you mess up my bike then I'm going to mess up yours!" According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is Fausto currently in?

Individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange