Limited Radiology Exam 2019 (ALL COMBINED INFO)

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Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau

1.Age 2.Differentiation 3. Metabolic rate 4. Mitotic rate

How short of an exposure is possible with electronic timers?

1/1000 SECOND

1/1000 of an ampere

Grids are used beginning at what patient part thickness?

10 CM

what is the proper central ray angle and direction for the axiolateral projection of the mandible when the midsagittal plane of the head is angled 15 degrees toward the ir?

10 degrees cephalad

When taking an anteroposterior (AP) axial projection of the foot, the central ray is directed

10 degress toward the heel

The lowest contrast would be produced by which of the following sets of exposure factors?

15 mAs, 100 kVp, 40-inch SID, 4-inch OID Rationale: kVp, rather than mAs or source-to-image distance (SID), is a controlling factor in the level of contrast. Higher kVp results in lower contrast

The lowest patient dose would be administered by which of the following sets of exposure factors?

15 mAs, 100 kVp, 40-inch SID, 4-inch OID

How long after the cassette is opened does it begin to erase?

15 seconds

How much is the planter surface of the foot elevated from the IR for the AP oblique projection of the foot

30 degrees

How much to increase mAs for a 2 cm increase in part size

30%

Radiation dose that causes the 50/30 rule:

3000 mSv

The # of states that utilize ARRT limited scope exam for state licensing

how much to decrease mAs for a 2 cm decrease in part size

20%

What settings do you use to warm up X-ray machine?

200 mA, 0.5 sec, and 80 kVp

Radiation dose that causes Erythema:

2000 mSv

Occupational exposed personnel EfD limit?

50 mSv

How many exposures does it take to warm up X-ray machine?

3 exposures- 30 sec apart

Radiographic Landmark Located at the T2-3 Level:

Jugular (Suprasternal) Notch

Fracture around the Distal End of the 5th Metacarpal:

Boxer's Fracture

The measure of a grid's ability to enhance contrast is called:

CONTRAST IMPROVEMENT FACTOR

When kVp is decreased, which of the following happens?

CONTRAST INCREASES

The purpose of beam limitation devices is to:

CONTROL SCATTER

Away from the Head:

Caudad(al)

Rectifier

Changes AC to DC

Remove all radiopaque materials from patient or table that could interfere with the image Examples:

Clothing removal, jewelry removal

What portion of the spine is commonaly called the tail bone?

Coccyx

Atelactasis:

Collapsed lung

Personal dosimeters should be worn where?

Collar region, outside the lead apron.

Mid-superior Region of the Abdomen:

Epigastric

Linear Parallel Grid

Grid Lines are Parallel to One Another

Shorter wavelengths=

Higher frequency

Kilovoltage [kVp] and scatter radiation:

Higher kVp results in more scatter radiation/fog

Percentage Bremsstrahlung radiation:

Higher than 70 kVp= 100% Bremsstrahlung Lower than 70 kVp= 85% Bremsstrahlung

Massive Body Build:

Hypersthenic

Spectral Matching

Intensifying Screen Must Emit the Color(s) to which the Radiographic Film is Sensitive

Inverse square law states what?

Intensity is INVERSELY proportional to the square of the distance.

SID affects what?

Intensity of the X-ray beam and the quantity of the X-rays.

How is the Inverse square law written out?

Intensity(original = Distance(new/squared) Intensity(new) = Distance(original/squared)

Lying on the Abdomen; Horizontal Central Ray:

Ventral Decubitus

Image as Seen by the IR:

View

adapt radiographic procedures for patient condition and location...

age, size, trauma, pathology, mobile, surgical, and isolation.

Electrical Current

Movement of electrons along a conductor or pathway; measured in amperes

Electrification

Movement of electrons between objects

Electromagnetism

Movement of electrons in a conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor' a coiled conductor, through which an electrical current is flowing, has overlapping magnetic fields

Involuntary motion:

Movement the patient has no control over -tremors -peristalsis -heartbeat

Electron energy is converted to light in what part of the image-intensifier tube?

OUTPUT PHOSPHOR

Insulator

Object that prohibits the flow of electrons

Factors that Influence Size Distortion:

Object-to-Image Receptor Distance (OID) Source-to-Image Receptor Distance (SID)

Line Connecting the Mid-lateral Orbital Margin to the Auricular (ear) Point:

Orbitomeatal Line

Elongation:

Projects the object so it appears longer than it really is. Occurs when the IR and or X-ray tube not correctly aligned with the part.

Foreshortening:

Projects the part so it appears shorter than it really is. Occurs when the IR and or X-ray tube not correctly aligned with the part.

Lying on the Abdomen:

Prone

Adds Fresh Chemicals to the Fixer and Developer Solutions when a Film is Placed in the Automatic Processor:

Replenishment System

select appropriate geometric factors...

SID, OID, focal spot size, and tube angle.

PA Oblique Sternum (RAO)

SID: 30 in Position: rotate 15 to 20 degrees (right side against) IR: top 1.5 in above jugular notch Breathing: shallow breathing or suspended expiration CR: T7, 1 in lateral to midsagittal plane

Lateral Calcaneus

SID: 40 in Position: resting on affected side, leg almost lateral CR: 1 in distal to medial malleolus at subtalar joint

PA Oblique Hand (Lateral Rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: rotate 45 degrees CR: Perp. to third MCP joint

Plane that Divides the Body into Right and Left Parts:

Sagittal Plane

The following is not a type of personal radiation shielding

Shadow

Electromagnet

Solenoid with an iron core that concentrates the magnetic field

Which body habitus makes up 50% of the population?

Sthenic

In the production of x-rays, the liberation of electrons from the cathode filament is called:

THERMIONIC EMISSION

Which of the following is a property of x-rays?

TRAVELS IN BUNDLES OF PHOTONS

What supports and protects the x-ray tube, restricts leakage radiation during exposure, and provides electrical insulation?

TUBE HOUSING

Over time, filaments will vaporize and coat the inner surface of the x-ray tube with

TUNGSTEN

The target is primarily made of ______________ because of its high melting point.

TUNGSTEN

The conventional (British system) unit commonly used to report occupational dose to radiation workers in the United States is the

rem

the shorter the wave length, the ________ the frequency

higher

xrays with shorter wavelength

higher energy, higher frequency, and are more penetrating

What is the appearance of a high signal to noise ratio image

highly detailed, with very little quantum mottle

which projection will demonstrate all of the paranasal sinuses?

lateral

tube housing

lead-lined casing that envelops the xray tube

The bones that are located in the palm of the hand are called

metacarpals

Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR)

method of describing the contrast resolution compared with the amount of noise apparent in a digital image

filtration

removing long wavelength rays from the xray beam before it exits the tube port

The anatomic name for the bone commonly known as the kneecap is the

patella

projection

path of the central ray

Most frequent adverse event during an xray

patient falling

notify appropriate personnel of adverse events or incidents... examples:

patient falls, wrong patient imaged.

review imaging exam request to verify accuracy and completeness of info. examples:

patient history, clinical diagnosis, physicians orders.

use immobilization as needed to prevent...

patient movement and or insure patient safety.

explain procedure instructions to...

patient or patients family.

respond as appropriate to imaging study inquires from...

patients

position

patients physical position

Kvp

penetrating power of the xray

Where should the central ray enter the patient for the AP projection of the ankle joint

perpendicular to a point midway between the malleoli

which paranasal sinuses are demonstrated by the smv projection?

sphenoid ethmoid

the screen or film image artifact looks like lightning

static artifact

Technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray

thickness in centimeters

what is the purpose of rotating the patient's shoulders anteriorly for the PA projection of the chest?

this motion rotates the scapulae out of the lungs

which vertbrae have special facets for articulatiuon with the ribs

throacic

Breathing technique used to advantage when taking a lateral projection of the

throacic spine

Three principal methods used to protect limited operators from unnecessary radiation exposure

time, distance, and shielding

Volt

unit used to measure potential difference

What is inherent filtration?

"Built in" pyrex glass tube, oil, mirror

Where is the central ray entrance point for the AP projections of the shoulder

1 inch medial and inferior to the coracoid process

Direct Conversion:

1 step process, convert X-ray energy directy to an electric signal.

Which of the following is equivalent to the speed of light in a vacuum?

1. 3 × 108 meters per second 2. 3 × 1010 cm per second 3. 186,000 miles per second

Capacity needed to maintain tube life?

80% or less

complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)

A chip that retains system settings such as the time, keyboard settings, and boot sequence.

What is the odontoid process and where is it located.

A tooth projection on the superior surface of C2

x-ray generator

A tube is placed in the circuit. Electrons follow the circuit to the tube, jump from cathode to anode, and then continue on through the circuit.

ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

Oblique projections:

Body is rotated so that the CR travels through the body on an oblique plane.

Farther from the Point of Origin:

Distal

What type of x-ray machine uses a continually decreasing mA for the shortest times possible?

FALLING LOAD GENERATOR

Boxers Fracture:

Fracture of the 5th Metacarpal caused by punching.

Velocity (Speed)

How fast an object is moving

Decreased sharpness caused by x-rays emanating from a larger area of the anode is a result of:

LARGE FOCAL SPOT SIZE

Typical Skull Shape:

Mesocephalic

Length

Meter

Clean disinfect or sterilize facilities and equipment and dispose of contaminated items in preparation for...

Next patient

What change in technical factors is required when a wrist in a fiberglass cast must be radiographed?

No change is required

Lead =

Evaluate the need for and use of...

Protective shielding

What composes an atom

Proton, neutron, and electron

Modern rectifiers are made of:

SILICON-BASED SEMICONDUCTORS

Electrostatics

Stationary electrical changes

Bremsstrahlung radiation

The electron "brakes" changes course, and creates an xray photon

Rays that are more penetrating than xrays

Therapeutic x rays gamma rays

The following statements reflects current scientific opinion regarding the effects of diagnostic levels of ionizing radiation

There is an increased risk of cancer, leukemia, birth defects, and cataracts

The unit of electromotive force is the:

VOLT

Absorbed Dose:

[D] Gy-t [tissue]

what is the name of the upper portion of the lung?

apex

xrays cause _____________ in the human body

ionization

Bucky:

moving grid either table or wall

The bones of the midfoot are called the

tarsals

Coherent Scattering:

"Thompson scatter" Interaction takes place at relatively low energy levels [below 10 keV]

scale of contrast

"gray scale" used in DR instead of "scale of contrast"

latent image:

"unseen" image

What is atomic mass?

# OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS

When reviewing patient blood chemistry levels, what is considered the normal creatinine range? (A) 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL (B) 4.5 to 6 mg/100 mL (C) 8 to 25 mg/100 mL (D) Up to 50 mg/100 mL

(A) 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL

Which of the following sites are commonly used for an intravenous injection? 1. Antecubital vein 2. Basilic vein 3. Popliteal vein (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3 (D) 1, 2, and 3

(A) 1 and 2

If an emergency trauma patient experiences hemorrhaging from a leg injury, the radiographer should 1. apply pressure to the bleeding site. 2. call the emergency department for assistance. 3. apply a pressure bandage and complete the examination. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(A) 1 and 2 only

What instructions might a patient receive upon completing a barium enema (BE) examination? 1. Drink plenty of fluids. 2. Take a mild laxative. 3. Withhold fluids for 6 h. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only (C) 2 only (D) 3 only

(A) 1 and 2 only

Physical changes characteristic of gerontologic patients usually include 1. loss of bone calcium. 2. loss of hearing. 3. loss of mental alertness. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(A) 1 only

When caring for a patient with an IV, the radiographer should keep the medication (A) 18 to 20 in above the level of the vein. (B) 18 to 20 in below the level of the vein. (C) 28 to 30 in above the level of the vein. (D) 28 to 30 in below the level of the vein.

(A) 18 to 20 in above the level of the vein.

Which ethical principle is related to the theory that patients have the right to decide what will or will not be done to them? (A) Autonomy (B) Beneficence (C) Fidelity (D) Veracity

(A) Autonomy

Which of the following drugs is considered a bronchodilator? (A) Epinephrine (B) Lidocaine (C) Nitroglycerin (D) Verapamil

(A) Epinephrine

The medical abbreviation meaning "every hour" is (A) tid. (B) qid. (C) qh. (D) pc.

What is the most widely used method of vascular catheterization? (A) Doppler (B) Moniz (C) Grandy (D) Seldinger

(D) Seldinger

Long term effects of radiation:

-Latent effects -Usually seen as long as 30 yrs. later -Unpredictable [opportunistic] -Undergone many yrs. of average-high radiation exposure. -Cateracts, cancer, leukemia, shortened life span

Characteristics of X-rays:

-No mass -Highly penetrating and invisible -Electrically neutral -Polyenergetic and heterogeneous -Travel in straight lines at speed of light -Can ionize matter -Produce biologic changes in tissues -Produces secondary and scatter radiation

4 Photographic and Geometric Factors:

1. Density 2. Contrast 3. Distortion 4. Spatial Resolution

A picture archiving and communication system may involve which of the following?

1. Hospital information system 2. Digital images 3. Radiology information system

Radiation monitoring of personnel is required when what percentage of the annual occupational effective dose limit is likely to be received

10%

When performing a quality control test to ensure that adjacent mA stations are accurate, the results must be within this amount of one another:

10%

Relationship between kVp and Density:

15 % Rule : Increase ( or Decrease ) kVp by 15 % will Double ( or Halve ) Radiographic Density

what is the central ray angle and direction for the AP axial projection of the sacrum

15 degree cephalad

How many lobes does the L lung have?

X-ray photons have no:

2. electric charge. 3. mass.

The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements(NCRP) recommendation for the amount of total filtration

2.5 mm Al equiv

Total filtration in the x-ray beam must be at least

2.5-mm aluminum equivalent

Given an original technique of 10 mAs and 70 kVp, which of the following will produce a radiograph with double the receptor exposure?

20 mAs, 70 kVp Rationale: As mAs are increased, receptor exposure increases the same amount; therefore, doubling the mAs to 20 will double the receptor exposure.

What is the proper central ray angle and direction for the axial projection of the calcaneus when the ankle is dorsiflexed so that the plantar surface of the foot is perpendicular to the IR

40 degrees cephalad

An xray tube operates at this range of voltage

40,000 to 125,000

Three-phase, 12-pulse equipment produces how much higher average photon energy?

41%

What is the proper patient position for an AP oblique projection of the cervical spine?

45 degrees posterior oblique position

What is the number of vertebrae in the normal lumbar spine

The NCRP recommended annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure

5.0 rem (0.05 Sv)

In an x-ray tube circuit with four rectifiers, how much will exposure output decrease if one of the rectifiers fails?

50%

What is the 50/30 rule?

50% of the population will die in 30 days

What does the law say is the max mAs?

600 mAs

ankle oblique mortise

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches internally rotate leg and foot 15 to 20 degrees, intermalleolar plane is parallel to IR shield gonads CR entering ankle joint midway between the malleoli collimation 1 inch on all sides of ankle 8 inches LW

Atomic mass is represented by the letter:

Set technical factors to produce diagnostic images and adher to...

ALARA

What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element?

ATOM

Partial absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it traverses an object is called:

ATTENUATION

This device is also known as a variable transformer

AUTOTRANSFORMER

15% Rule:

Adjust kVp using the 15% rule, When kVp is decreased by 15% double the mAs to maintain density.

Somatic effects of radiation:

Affect the body and tissues of the individual who is irradiated.

ARRT

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists; Establish standards and examinations to certify rad techs. [credentialing-> National]

ASRT

American Society of Radiologic Technologists; provides many services to members including continuing education opportunities.

Mass

Amount of matter in an object; generally considered the same as weight

long scale, lots of grays little differences

An abdomen has?

When using a 35x43 cm IR, where should the central ray enter the patient for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?

At the level of the iliac crest in the midline of the patient

Fracture:

Bone injury in which the tissue of the bone is broken.

2 types of radiation

Bremstrahling Characteristic

Computed Radiography [CR]

Cassette-based

Digital Radiography [DR]

Cassetteless

What side of the X-ray tube controls mA?

Cathode side

Mitotic rate [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]

Cells that divide and multiply rapidly are more sensitive than those that replicate slowly.

Metabolic rate [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]

Cells that use energy rapidly are more sensitive than those that have a slower metabolism.

CGS System

Centimeter, gram, second

"Fat Cat" Theory:

Compensates for the Anode Heel Effect. Place the Larger, Thicker (Fat) Anatomy Toward the Cathode (Cat) End of the X-ray Beam

Wave-particles duality

Concept that although x-ray photons exist as waves, they exhibit properties of particles

Are gonad shields

Contact and shadow

Electron Shells

Contain orbital electrons; represented by the letters K.L.M.N.O.P and Q; in a stable atom, the number of electrons and protons is equal

Window Width:

Contrast on the viewing monitor is adjusted by window width

CABG:

Coronary artery bypass graft

What are the four primary factors of radiographic quality ( photographic and geometric properties)

Density, contrast, distortion, and recorded detail

radiographic view

Describes the body part as seen by the x ray film or other recording medium, such as a fluoroscopic screen. (Radiograph or image)

If image is not a diagnostic quality...

Determine corrective measures and take appropriate action

Electrical Motor

Device that concerts electrical energy to mechanical energy

Electrical Generator

Device that converts mechanical energy to electrical current; usual output of an electrical generator is alternating current

Another Term for Posterior:

Dorsal

Electron flow from negative to positive is:

ELECTRIC CURRENT

Direct Current (DC)

Electric current that flows in only one direction

Electrodynamics

Electrical charges in motion

Alternating Current (AC)

Electrical circuit in which the current of electrons oscillates back and forth

X-rays are made up of what kind of energy?

Electromagnetic

Magnetic field

Energy field surrounding an electrical charge in motion; can magnetized a ferromagnetic material, such as iron, if the material is pace in the magnetic field

An x-ray machine that makes maximum use of heat loading potential uses a(n):

FALLING LOAD GERNERATOR

What type of imaging equipment provides dynamic visualization of internal structures?

FLUORO

The increase in brightness caused by acceleration of the electrons in the image intensifier is called:

FLUX GAIN

The increased brightness of an image resulting from accelerated electrons traveling across to the output phosphor is called:

FLUX GAIN

Grids that have strips angled to coincide with divergence of the x-ray beam are called:

FOCUSED

The primary type of grid used in diagnostic imaging is

FOCUSED

Operate radio graphic unit and accessories including:

Fixed unit mobile unit (portable)

Work

Force applied on an object over a distance

Potential difference=

Force or speed of the electron flow in the current. Volt (V)

Electron-binding energy

Force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus

Shape Distortion:

Foreshortening and Elongating

Some x-ray tubes use the focusing cup as an electronic grid that can turn the current on and off rapidly, allowing for very short and precise exposure times such as those needed for rapid serial exposures. These x-ray tubes are referred to as

GRID CONTROLLED TUBES

Decreased receptor exposure along the periphery of an image may be caused by:

GRID CUTOFF

The SID at which a focused grid must be used is called

GRID RADIUS

Comprises Radiographic Film Emulsion:

Gelatin & Silver Halide Crystals

Distortion:

Geometric property refers to differences in actual subject and its image, it is the unequal magnification of different portions of the same object.

Quantum Mottle:

Grainy or mottled [spotty] image usually due to kVp or mA set too low.

SI unit used to express absorbed dose

Gray (Gy)

Digital Term for Image Contrast

Grayscale

Linear Focused Grid:

Grid Lines are Tilted to Correspond to the Angle of the Diverging X-rays

When should you use a grid?

Grid is used when the body part becomes greater than 10-12 cm in thickness or the kVP settings are greater than 60.

Which of the following equations expresses grid ratio

Grid ratio is expressed as the height of the lead strips divided by the space between them.

Matter

Has form or shape and occupies space

Most energy (99%), when creating an xray, is wasted, and turns into _____.

Heat

Thermal Energy

Heat energy resulting from movement of atoms or molecules

Low Contrast = _____ kVp

High

High kVp=Low contrast= Long scale contrast

High kVp is low contrast and long scale meaning the range of densities is long. **A kVp of 100 has more than 15 gray tones between black and white, but the difference is slight**

Nearly all new x-ray machines manufactured today use _________________ generators

High-frequency

In digital fluoroscopy, what equipment should be used to view the image?

High-resolution monitor capable of displaying millions of pixels Rationale: The detail obtained with digital imaging is best viewed using hardware that can replicate the fine details in the image. Video monitors used in digital fluoroscopy (DF) must have high spatial resolution capabilities.

Inverse Square Law

I (1) = D(2)^2 ---- -------- I (2) D(1)^2

The fluoroscopic image is brightened and reduced in size by means of the:

IMAGE INTENSIFIER

The primary purpose of filtering the x-ray beam is to:

IMPROVES SAFETY

As kVp is decreased, the wavelength of the x-ray photon:

INCREASE Rationale: As kVp is decreased, the wavelength of the beam increases because the relationship between kVp and wavelength is inverse

What effect do beam restrictors have on contrast

INCREASED CONTRAST

What effect do grids have on image contrast?

INCREASED CONTRAST

As mAs is increased, receptor exposure

INCREASING THE SAME AMOUNT Rationale: The relationship between mAs and receptor exposure is directly proportional; therefore, as mAs is increased, density increases by the same amount

The rotation of the target is stopped by a braking action provided by the:

INDUCTION MOTOR SPINNING THE ANODE

X-ray energy is converted to light energy in what part of the image-intensifier tube?

INPUT PHOSPHOR

SID and receptor exposure are governed by what law or rule?

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Atoms with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons are called:

ISOTOPES

assume responsibility for medical equipment attached to patients during the procedures... examples:

IV's, oxygen.

confirm patients...

Identity

Verify accuracy of patient identification on..

Image

Document required information on patients medical record Example:

Imaging procedure documentation, images, on paper or electronically

The following will result in an image with excessive distortion of anatomic structures

Improper central ray angulation for the selected radiographic projection

Where is the humerus located?

In the upper portion of the arm

Characteristic radiation:

Incoming electron collides with the k-shell electron of the Tungsten atom and ejects it out of orbit.

The changes in kilovoltage (kVp) will result in the greatest reduction of patient dose, when milliampere-seconds (mAs) is adjusted to compensate for the change

Increase kVp by 30%

Insufficient and Excessive density:

Increase mAs 100% when density is insufficient Decrease mAs by 50% when density is excessive

Patient size technique adjustments:

Increase mAs 30% for each 2 cm increase Decrease mAs 20% for each 2 cm decrease

What change in technical factors is required when an ankle in a dry plaster cast must be radiographed?

Increase mAs by two times

Using the 15% rule to decrease contrast

Increase the kvp by 15% and divide the mAs by 2 (half it)

Pixels:

Individual matrix squares [picture elements]

Mutual induction

Inducing current flow in a secondary coil by carrying the current flow through a primary coil

Tuberculosis [TB]:

Infectious lung disease

Osteomyelitis:

Inflammation of bone, especially the marrow caused by pathogenic organism.

Bursitis:

Inflammation of the bursa

Pneumonia:

Inflammation of the lung that is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections

Inverse Square Law

Law that governs the intensity of x-radiation; states that the intensity of the z-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the z-rays and the object

Laws of magnetics

Like poles repel and unlike poles attract; the force of attraction between poles is governed by the inverse square law

A backup timer is used in automatic exposure devices to

Limit exposure in case of equipment failure

Effective dose [EfD]:

Limiting system used to calculate the upper limit of occupational exposure permissible.

Cumulative effective dose [CumEfD]:

Limits a radiation workers lifetime effective dose to his/her in years x 10 mSv

Principle that can Alter the Effective Focal Spot Size while Keeping the Actual Focal Spot Size Constant

Line Focus Principle, Larger Target Angle, Larger Effective Focal Spot. Smaller Target Angle, Smaller Effective Focal Spot.

High Contrast = _____ kVp

Low

Which of the following statements is true?

Low kVp = high contrast = short-scale contrast = few gray tones Rationale: Low, not high, kVp = high contrast = short-scale contrast = few gray tones. When kVp is increased, photoelectric interaction decreases. Increased, not decreased, kVp results in an increase in the number of Compton interactions

Low kVp=High contrast=short scale contrast

Low kVp is high contrast and short scale meaning the range of densities is short. **A kVp of 40 has 5 steps between black and white**

Radiographic Landmark Located at the L2-3 Level:

Lower Costal Margin

Longer wavelengths=

Lower frequency

which portion of the spine is made up of five verbrae and has a lordotic curve.

Lumbar

Decreased SID causes image:

MAGNIFICATION

Increased OID causes image

MAGNIFICATION

The amount of matter in an object best defines:

MASS

A digital image is made up of rows and columns known as a:

MATRIX

That which has form and occupies space best defines:

MATTER

communicate relevant info to others... examples:

MD's, RN;s, other radiology personnel.

In computed radiography, the window level corresponds to the

MIDPOINT IN DENSITIES

This is wired between the rectifier and the x-ray tube:

MILLIAMMETER

X-ray tube current is measured in:

MILLIAMPERAGE

Because the output phosphor is smaller than the input phosphor, there is an increase in brightness, called:

MINIFICATION GAIN

In the image-intensifier tube, conversion factor is a product of what?

MINIFICATION GAN X FLUX GAIN

The shortest time possible to operate an AEC is called

MINIMUM RESPONSE TIME

A compound's smallest component is the:

MOLECULE

Inducing current flow in a secondary coil by varying the current flow through a primary coil describes:

MUTAL INDUCTION

Size distortion:

Magnification.

A simple chest xray is performed at a distance of 36". Due to magnification, it needs to be repeated at 72". What should the new mAs be if the original image had adequate density with 16 mAs?

Maintenance Formula: mAs(1) = D(1)^2 ------ ----- mAs(2) D(2)^2 = 64 mAs

Cranial/Facial Bone on which the Mental Point is Located:

Mandible

The greater the atomic number the greater the element's _____ and ________.

Mass and density

Hypersthenic body type:

Massive/stocky build 5% of population Organs tend to be high and more horizontal in position

Conductor

Material that allows the free flow of electrons

Gray

Measuring unit of exposure in the SI system

Divides the Body into Anterior and Posterior Halves:

Median or Mid-sagittal Plane

SI and MKS System

Meter, Kilogram, Second

mAs

Milliamperage-Seconds: Determines the Quantity of X-rays in an Exposure

Self-induction

Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it

Process of Bone Growth and Development

Ossification

Octet rule

Outer shell of an atom may not contain more than eight electrons

Computed radiography may be part of an integrated system of images and text called:

PACS

An undistorted radiographic image will result when the object plane and the image plane are:

PARALLEL

A half-value layer test is performed to determine the x-ray beam's:

PENETRABILITY CHARACTERISTICS

kVp determines what aspect of the x-ray beam?

PENETRATING ABLILITY

Visible light is converted into an electronic image in what part of the image-intensifier tube?

PHOTOCATHODE

X-rays travel as bundles of energy called:

PHOTONS

The atomic number of an atom is the number of:

PROTONS

Full-wave rectification produces

PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT

PAc - fAP Chart

Part PA(c) (f)AP Oblique Lat Cervical Closest Farthest IVF Z Thoracic Closest Farthest Z IVF Lumbar Farthest Closest Z IVF SI joints Closest Farthest SI -

Attenuation

Partial absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it traverses an object

Electrical Circuits

Path along which electrons flow; may be wired as series circuits or parallel circuits

Entrance skin exposure [ESE]:

Patient dose in radiography is calculated according to to the exposure level at the skin.

maintain confidentiality of....

Patient information

The following will result in an image with poor recorded detail

Patient motion

Explain post procedural instructions to..

Patient or patients family

Decrease mAs when?

Patient size decreases Density is excessive

Increase mAs when?

Patient size increases Density is insufficient

Optically stimulated luminescence [OSL]:

Personal dosimeter that uses aluminum oxide as a radiation detector.

The bones of the forefoot include the

Phalanges and metatarsals

Protons have what kind of charge

Positive

Back of the Body:

Posterior

A primary advantage to digital fluoroscopy is:

Postprocessing manipulation of the image Rationale: The key advantage to digital fluoroscopy (DF) is that conversion of the video signal to digital video allows for manipulation of the image in a variety of ways. All digital imaging has this capability. Reduced patient dose is a potential advantage, but DF does not eliminate the dose to the patient

To prolong the life of the x-ray tube, all of the following procedures should be followed except

Preheat anode with a single high-mA, high-kVp, longtime exposure.

Electromagnetic Induction

Process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor when it is placed within the magnetic field of another conductor; two types of electromagnetic induction are self-induction and mutual induction

Mobile radiographic units operate on:

RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES

The device in the x-ray circuit that changes AC to DC is the:

RECTIFIER

The device that makes use of solid-state, silicon-based diodes is the:

RECTIFIER

The operating portion of this device consists of silicon-based n-type and p-type semiconductors

RECTIFIER

The relationship between mAs and density is governed by what law or rule?

Reciprocity law Rationale: The reciprocity law states that any combination of mA and time that produces the same mAs value will produce the same density.

Sine Wave

Representation of electron flow as alternating current

radiographic projection

Restricted to the discussion of the path of the central ray

Genetic effects of radiation:

Result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person, observed as defects in children and grandchildren of the irradiated individual.

Left Posterior Aspects of the Body are Farthest from the Image Receptor (IR):

Right Anterior Oblique (RAO)

The conventional (British system) radiation unit to express radiation intensity in the air

Roentgen

calcaneus lateral (mediolateral) structures shown and evaluation criteria

S.S ankle joint and calcaneus navicular and cuboid E.C entire calcaneus ankle joint and adjacent tarsals no rotation (tuberosity in profile, sinus tarsi open, calcaneoquboid and talonavicular joints open

An image with few gray tones, mainly black and white, is referred to as:

SHORT SCALE CONTRAST

AP oblique Shoulder (Grashey Method)

SID: 40 in IR: center to scapulohumeral joint Rotate body 35-45 degrees toward affected side abduct arm slightly with palm on abdomen CR: enters 2 in medial and inferior to superolateral border of shoulder Breathing: suspended

SMV (Schuller Method) Cranium

SID: 40 in Position: IOML Parallel CR: 3/4 in above EAM

AP Oblique Femoral Necks (Modified Cleaves) Bilateral

SID: 40 in Position: flex knees and hips, draw feet up, place soles of feet together IR: centered 1 in above pubic symphysis CR: perp. to MSP at 1 in above pubic symphysis

PA Axial (Caldwell) Orbits

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching CR: 30 degrees caudad through orbits

PA/PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Cranium

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching PA CR: exits nasion PA Axial CR: 15 degrees caudad exits nasion

PA Mandible

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML & MSP perp. CR: exits acanthion

PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Nasal Bones

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 15 degrees caudad exiting nasion

PA Axial (Caldwell) Facial Bones

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 15 degrees caudad exiting nasion

AP Oblique Knee (Medial Rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: knee rotated 45 degrees (inward) CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex, 3-5 degrees caudad

AP Oblique Knee (Lateral Rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: knee rotated 45 degrees (outward) CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex, 3-5 degrees caudad

AP/PA Large Intestine Right or Left Lateral Decubitus

SID: 40 in Position: lateral IR: centered to iliac crest CR: horizontal and perp.

AP Pelvis

SID: 40 in Position: supine, equal ASIS, medially rotate feet&lower limbs 15-20 degrees IR: top 1-1.5 in above crests CR: perp. to IR

Lateral Lumbar Spine

SID: 48 in Position: recumbent/upright, knees & hips bent & superimposed, arms at right angle CR: enters MCP at iliac crests, angle 5-8 degrees caudad if necessary Breathing: suspended after expiration

AP Axial Weight-Bearing Foot

SID: 48 in Position: standing-upright (on IR) CR: -bilateral- 10 degrees toward heel, enters btw feet at 15 degrees -single- 15 degrees posterior entering base of third metatarsal

AP Lumbar Spine

SID: 48 in Position: supine/upright, MSP centered, flex knees and hip CR: lumbosacral-iliac crest lumbar-1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended after expiration

Photons travel:

SPEED OF LIGHT

An electromagnetic device that changes alternating current from high voltage to low voltage is called:

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Transformer that decreases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and increases current in the same proportion; it has more turns in the primary coil than in the secondary coil; it is used in the filament portion of the x-ray circuit to increase current flow to the cathode. This is the:

STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER

Mutual induction is key to the operation of what device?

STEP-UP AND STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERS

This type of transformer increases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and decreases current in the same proportion; it has more turns in the secondary than in the primary coil; it is used in the x-ray circuit to increase voltage to the kilovoltage level for x-ray production. This is the:

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

What transformer is used in the high-voltage section of the x-ray circuit?

STEP-UP TRANSFORMER

The portion of contrast represented by the anatomy and physiology is:

SUBJECT CONTRAST

advocate radiation...

Safety and protection

Time

Second

Matrix:

Series of thousands of very small boxes of squares

Dose Equivalent:

Sievert [Sv] The absorbed dose in the body based on the type and energy of the radiation.

SI unit commonly used to report occupational dose to radiation workers

Sieverts (Sv)

Make-up of the Silver Halide Crystals:

Silver Bromide ( 95 % ), Silver Iodide ( 5 % ), Silver is a Positive lon Bromide & lodide are Negative lons

Differentiation [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]

Simple cells are more sensitive than highly complex ones.

Single-phase, two pulse alternating current

Simplest type of current; voltage flows as a sine wave; voltage begins at zero, peaks at full pulse at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough

Hyposthenic body type:

Slender normal 35% of population Organs tend to be longer and narrower, more vertical position

Relationship between Filtration and Radiographic Density:

Slight Decrease in Radiographic Density; Filtration is Primarily a Radiation Protection Feature

Photon

Smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic radiation; also considered a bundle of energy called a quantum; travels in waves in a straight path

Three-phase alternating current

Special wiring patterns used to created voltage waveforms that are place 120 degrees out of phase with one another; these voltage waveforms are called three-phase; three phase waveforms may have 6 pulse/cycle or 12 pulses/cycle; three-phase, 6 pulse waveforms contain 360 pulses/second; three three-phase, 12 pulse waveforms contain 720 pulse/second; high frequency generators produces high frequency electricity

Solenoid

Stacks of wire coil through which electrical current flows, creating overlapping force field lines; a magnetic field is concentrated through the center of the coil

What are the proper patient instructions for the AP projection of the shoulder?

Stop breathing and do not move

Acute conditions:

Sudden onset. Severe and short duration

What structures should be seen on a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?

T3 - T12

When a predetermined level of ionization is reached in the ionization chamber, what does the machine do?

TERMINATES EXPOSURE

Electrons are boiled off the filament during exposure in a process known as

THERMIONIC EMISSION

Special wiring patterns called wye, star, or delta produce what type of power?

THREE-PHASE

Voltage wave forms are created 120 degrees out of phase with one another. This describes:

THREE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT

This device is wired in the circuit between the autotransformer and the high-voltage transformer:

TIMER

What regulates the duration of x-ray production?

TIMER

the acronym for a common type of personnel dosimeter

TLD

This changes electric voltage and current into higher or lower values and operates on the principle of mutual induction, so it requires alternating current. This is called the:

TRANSFORMER

Automatic exposure control (AEC):

Terminating the exposure time when a certain quantity of radiation has been detected at the IR.

The principal source of scatter radiation in radiography

The IR

Amplitude is?

The distance between the crest and the trough of the wave [its height]

Receptor Contrast

The fixed characteristic of the receptor. Most digital receptors have an essentially linear response to exposure.

receptor contrast

The fixed characteristic of the receptor. Most digital receptors have an essentially linear response to exposure. This is impacted by contrast resolution (the small exposure change or signal differences that can be detected). Ultimately, contrast resolution is limited by the quantization (number of bits per pixel) of the analog to digital convertor.

what statements are correct regarding the link between radiation and genetic effects

The link has been demonstrated in animal studies . Increased risk to humans cannot be predicted with respect to an individual.

Which surface of the hand should be in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the fifth digit(pinky)

The medial surface

As tube current is increased, the following occur(s):

The quantity of x-ray photons will increase

Anode Heel Effect:

Thickest part toward the cathode [14x17]

What is the center point of the central ray for the PA projection of the hand?

Third metacarpophalangeal joint

Passes Perpendicular to the Sagittal or Coronal Planes:

Transverse (Axial) Plane

A very important element used in the production of xrays

Tungsten

The filament is made up of __________ and is located on the __________ side of the tube.

Tungsten ; cathode

Rays that are longer, or less penetrating than xrays

UV rays light rays radio waves

Step DOWN transformer is used to reduce what?

Used to reduces amperage to milliamperage (mA)

Anatomically programmed radiography (APR):

Uses techniques for exposure controls

What is contained within the x-ray tube to prevent the filament's electrons from colliding with the atoms of gas?

VACCUM

The photocathode of the image intensification tube will convert

VISIBLE LIGHT INTO ELECTRONS

In computed radiography, each pixel corresponds to a shade of gray representing an area in the patient known as a(n):

VOXEL

Asthenic body type:

Very slender 10% of populaton Organs are long an narrow, with abdominal organs located much lower in body

Ohm's law

Voltage in the circuit is equal to the current X resistance

Tungsten symbol

The distance from peak to peak of sine waves is called:

WAVELENGTH

Which of the following statements is true

When kVp is increased, there is an increase in the number of Compton interactions that occur. Rationale: Increased, not decreased, kVp results in an increase in the number of Compton interactions. Compton interactions occur primarily with settings greater than 70 kVp

Nov. 8, 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen at University of Wurzburg, Germany

When, who, and where xrays were discovered

The collection of all different energies (wavelengths) of x-rays is called the:

X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRUM

attenuation

absorbtion of the xray beam into matter

Umbra:

actual anatomical area, body part or structure shown in the image.

commonly used material to filter the xray beam

aluminum - must have Al filtration of 0.5 equivalent and 2.5 mm al equiv of total filtration

the distance between the crest and the trough of the wave (its height)

amplitude

use proper body mechanics when...

assisting a patient.

Where does the central ray enter the patient for the AP axial projection of the foot

at the base of the third metatarsal

anode heel effect

beem is stronger at the cathode end because the rays are being projected off of the slant of the anode. To fix, always put the thicker part of the body part under the cathode.

Compared with conventional radiography, computed radiography exhibits:

better visualization of soft tissue and bone. Rationale: The wider (not narrower) exposure latitude of computed radiography allows for better (not poorer) visualization of soft tissue and bone.

Electrons are held in place by a ____________ _______.

binding energy

standard precautions involve the use of barriers whenever contact is anticipated with

blood, body fluids, mucous membranes

tissue density

bone will absorb more radiation than less dense tissue, like muscle

What tarsal is commonly referred to as the heel bone

calcaneus

Administer emergency...

care

Which of the following describe the action of the developer in an automatic film processor

changes the exposed silver halide crystals into black, metallic silver

the limited operator can reduce repeat exposure

clearly instructing patients

Field size and scatter radiation:

collimation is increase or made larger the scatter radiation/ fog increases.

what is the device that allows the limited operator to vary the size of the radiation field

collimator

follow appropriate procedures when caring for patients with...

communicable diseases.

the inferior lateral corners of the lungs, visible on a PA chest radiograph, are called the

costophrenic angles

If the radiographic image is overexposed, which of the following changes in exposure factors should be used to correct the problem

decrease the mAs

Scatter radiation fog affects radiographic quality by causing

decreased contrast

A change from the small focal spot to the large focal spot will result in

decreased image sharpness (detail)

NCRP Report #116

defines annual exposure limits; makes recommendations pertaining to risk-benefit analysis of radiation exposure; states that somatic and genetic effects should be kept to a minimum when radiation is used for diagnostic imaging

density

degree of blackening or opacity of an image

The following is not a component of a computed radiography plate reader

developing solution

evaluate images for..

diagnostic quality

a limited operator innocently commits an error as a result of following the orders of his or her employer, a physician. The employer may be held responsible according to the

doctrine of respondeat superior

when the ankle is flexed to raise the foot the movement is termed

dorsiflexion

Documente radio graphic procedure...

dose

manage complex interpersonal interactions with in the work place in an...

effective manner.

The kind of energy most important in radiology

electromagnetic energy

According to the Bergonie-Tribondeau law, the following types of cells are most radiosensitive

embryonic tissue cells

oblique position

erect or lying down 45degree

When radiation exposure occurs during pregnancy, the greatest risk of birth defects occurs when the exposure

exceeds 5 rad to the uterus occurs within the first trimester of pregnancy

anterior position

facing the film

erect or upright anterior position

facing the image receptor

erect or upright posterior position

facing the radiographic tube

posterior position

facing the radiographic tube

What does quantum mottle(noise) look like on a radiographic image

finely speckled or grainy areas

Practicing outside your credentials may result in

fines, imprisonment, or both

number of times per second that a wave passes a given point

frequency

a health care workers single best protection against disease is

frequent hand washing

Methods of electrification include

friction, contact AND induction

either upright or recumbent oblique extremity positions medial (internal) rotation

from either prone or supine, inward rotation of the extremity

which paranasal sinuses are best demonstrated in the pa axial projection (caldwell method)?

frontal 3. ethmoid

grid cutoff on a radiograph may NOT be caused by

grid motion being started before the exposure is made

infection control guidelines require

hand washing after contact with each patient

follow environmental protection standards for...

handling hazardous materials

scatter radiation

has less energy than the primary x ray beam but is not as easily controlled

Characteristics of xrays

have no mass electrically neutral polyenergetic and heterogenous travel in straight lines at the speed of light can ionize matter can produce biologic changes in tissue produce secondary and scatter radiation

which of the following organs are found within the mediastinum

heart trachea

which of following techniques is desirable for chest radiography?

high kvp high ma and short exposure

obtain pertinent medical...

history

in chest radiography, which body habitus is best imaged by placing the 35 x 43 cm IR crosswise in the upright grid cabinet?

hypersthenic

Evaluate individual occupational exposure reports to determine ...

if values for the reporting period are within established limits

true hip radiopraphs are prohibited therefore...

images of the femur to the head of the femur is ok

central ray

imaginary line that is in the center of the xray beam

visually inspect, recognize, and report malfunctions in the...

imaging unit and accessories.

digital radiography

includes both computed radiography and direct radiography

The following will increase recorded detail

increase in SID decrease in focal spot size

The following will result in increased radiographic density

increased mA increased exposure time increased kVp

An increase in object-image receptor distance (OID) will result in

increased magnification

what type of disease transmission is possible when the limited operator does not clean the Bucky device after performing an examination on a patient with influenza

indirect contact or fomite transmission

the following are true regarding informed consent

informed consent may be revoked at any time the patient must be legally competent to sign

Perform post processing on digital images in preparation for....

interpretation

The relationship between SID and beam intensity is expressed in the

inverse square law

brightness

is the measurement of the luminance of an area in a radiographic image displayed on a monitor, it is calibrated in units of candela (cd) per sqaure meter

contrast

is the visible difference between any two selected areas of brightness levels within the displayed radiographic image, it is determined primarily by the processing algorithm (mathematical codes used by the software to provide the desired image appearance). The default algorithm determines the initial processing codes applied to the image data

how does the x-ray beam restriction minimize patient exposure

it limits the radiation field to the area of interest

Contrast is primarily controlled by altering the

kVp

The maximum energy an x-ray photon can have corresponds to what technical factor?

kVp

What technical factor directly controls differential absorption

kVp

The following functions involve the autotransformer

kVp selection

When calculating heat units for single-phase equipment, which equation is used?

kVp × mAs × 1.00

When calculating heat units for three-phase, six-pulse equipment, which equation is used?

kVp × mAs × 1.35

When calculating heat units for three-phase, 12-pulse equipment, which equation is used?

kVp × mAs × 1.41

Factors that affect Radiographic Contrast:

kVp, Grids, Beam Restriction (Collimation), Filtration, Imaging System Speed, Anatomy & Pathology

left anterior oblique position

left anterior region is against the image receptor. PA oblique projection

left posterior oblique position

left posterior (dorsal) region is against the image receptor. AP oblique projection

When the kvp is increased

lengthens the scale of contrast, "less contrast"

Chronic conditions:

long duration. come and go

What condition are most important for optimum viewing of a radiographic images

low room light level

recumbent

lying down in any position

decubitus

lying down with a horizontal xray beam

short scale contrast

major differences between densities but the total number of densities are decreased

Conductors and Insulators

materials through which electric charges can easily flow materials through which electric charges do not move easily

An algorithm is a(n):

mathematical formula used to reconstruct the image in digital imaging Rationale: An algorithm is a computer-adapted mathematical formula, not a hypothesis, used to reconstruct the digital image, which is primarily a mathematical representation of the object.

Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)

measurement of how efficiently a system converts an x-ray input signal into a useful output image

Gray (Gy-a)

measuring unit of exposure in Systeme Internationale

The palpable portion at the distal end of the tibia is called the

medial malleolus

Which surface of the ankle is placed in contact with the IR for the upright lateral projection of the ankle

medial surface

what is the purpose of the 72 inches SID used for chest radiography?

minimizes magnification of the heart shadows

NCRP report #102

minimum filtration, lead equivalent is what NCRP report?

The following pathologic conditions would require a decrease in exposure

multiple myeloma emphysema osteoporosis

a lateral projection of the face using detail screens tabletop (nongrid) is used to demonstrate the

nasal bones

The K shell is ____________ the nucleus

nearest

Electrons have what kind of charge

negative

ankle lateral weight bearing

no info use common sense

The accuracy of kVp at 70 kVp must be:

no lower than 63 kVp and no higher than 77 kVp.

Modify technical factors to correct what in a digital image

noise

Neutrons have what kind of charge

none

ankle AP stress views

obtained usually after an inversion or eversion injury to verify presence of ligamentous tear, widens joint space of side of injury in this projection, when injury is acute the physician may often inject a local anesthetic into the sinus tarsi before patient positioning

resistance

ohms

which radiographic baseline is used to position the pa axial projection (caldwell method) of the cranium?

oml

Wear a personal monitoring device while...

on duty

Characteristic radiation

only happens over 70 kvp, and then 15 % of the beam, about is this type of interaction occuring. Is formed by the incoming electron kicking another electron out of it's k-shell

what is the medical term for the bony sockets that house the eyes?

orbits

air-filled cavities located in some bones of the face and cranium are called:

paranasal sinuses

which of the following cranial bones are paired (right and left)

parietal temporal

which projection best demonstrates the maxillary sinuses?

parietoacanthial (waters method)

which projection of the facial bones requires the central ray to exit the acanthion?

parietoacanthial (waters method)

posteroanterior projection

patient positioned facing the film (IR) and parallel to it

The active portion of a computed radiography imaging plate (IP) is (are):

photostimulable phosphors

what position is when patient is standing upright and is facing the board?

posterioranterior (PA)

ionization

produces an atom with an electric charge

demonstrate and promote...

professional and ethical behavior.

purpose of the xray tube housing is to

provide electrical shielding and control leakage radiation

a limited operator who does not change linens between patients is

providing an opportunity for fomite transmission

current

quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit

Current=

quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit. Ampere (A) Rate Volume Current Flow

mAs controls the

quantity of x-rays produced at the anode Rationale: mAs controls the quantity of x-rays produced at the anode; this is proportional to the tube current. The quality of x-rays produced is controlled by kVp.

view

radiograph or image

The bones of the forearm are the

radius and ulna

dynamic range

range of exposures that may be captured by a detector

Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)

ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy

communication has been "validated" when the speaker has

received a response from the listener that demonstrates comprehension

motion of the patient, the tube, or the IR during the exposure will result in decreased

recorded detail

Poor film or screen contact is seen on a radiograph as a decrease in what radiographic quality factor

recorded detail or spatial resolution

Erythema as it relates to radiation exposure

reddening of the skin caused by a high radiation dose

The primary purpose of using gonad shields

reduce the likelihood of genetic effects

how does filtration reduce patient exposure

removes longer-wavelength photons

the greatest cause of unnecessary radiation to patients that can be controlled by the limited operator is

repeat exposures

evaluate patients ability to understand and comply with...

requirements for the exam requested.

The following vital signs can be assessed without touching the patient

respiration

step up transformer

responsible for kvp selection low AC to high AC

right posterior oblique position

right posterior region is against the image receptor. AP oblique projection

provide for patient...

safety, comfort, and modesty

shielding worn for personnel protection is designed to attenuate what source of exposure

scatter radiation

If the amount of irradiated tissue increases, what happens to scatter radiation fog

scatter radiation fog increases

personnel shielding must be worn on the rare occasion during which the limited operator may need to remain in the radiographic room during an exposure to assist the patient in maintaining the proper position. What is the source of the greatest radiation hazard under this circumstance.?

scattered radiation from the patient

Small, flat, oval bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint are called the

sesamoid bones

spatial resolution

sharpness

recorded detail

sharpness of the structural lines as recorded in the image

follow environmental protection standards for handling and disposing of bio hazardous materials. examples:

sharps, blood, and body fluids.

The electrons circle the nucleus in...

shells

recognize the need for periodic maintenance and evaluation of radiographic equipment affecting image quality and radiation safety. examples:

shielding, image display monitor, light field, central ray detector calibration.

when the kvp is decreased

shortens the scale of contrast, "more contrast"

Above 85 kvp, a change of 3 kvp/cm is necessary depending on....

size of the body part

long scale contrast

slight differences between densities but total number of densities are increased

the effective focal spot is always __________ than the actual focal spot

smaller

photon

smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy

charge-coupled device (CCD)

solid state device that coverts visible light photons to electrons. sensitivity dynamic range size

xray tube

source of xrays

the following is not a form of nonverbal communication

speaking

Potential difference

speed of the electron flow in the current

what are the proper patient instructions for the PA projection of the chest?

stop breathing after second deep inspiration

computed radiography CR

systems use storage phosphors to temporarily store energy representing the image signal. The phosphor then undergoes a process to extract the latent image

the slant of the anode surface

target angle - between 7 and 17 degrees with 12 being the most common

shortscale contrast

term used when considerable or major differences between gray shades are present (high contrast) but the total number of gray shades is small

long scale contrast

term used when slight differences between gray shades are present (low contrast) but the total number of gray shades is great

Alteration of Contrast with kilovoltage

the 15% rule

receptor exposure

the amount of radiation striking the image receptor

When the leg is extended the is dorsiflexed to form an angle of 90 degrees between the foot and leg, the leg is rotated medially approximately 15 degrees, and the central ray is perpendicular to the IR through the midpoint between the malleoli the resulting image will demonstrate

the ankle mortise, especially the talofibular articulation

The following is true regarding the lateral projection of the foot

the ankle should be dorsiflexed so that the long axis so the foot is perpendicular to the tibia

film contrast

the difference in optical density between a region of interest and its surrounding

tube port

the hole where the xrays exit from the xray tube

How will the anode heel effect, if present, be seen on an image?

the image will be lighter on the anode end than on the cathode end

Costophrenic angles of the lungs:

the inferior lateral corners

Cardiophrenic angles of the lungs:

the inferior medial corners

Quantum mottle with a digital imaging system is caused by

the mAs being set too low

subject contrast

the magnitude of the signal difference in the remnant beam as a result of the different absorption characteristics of the tissues and structures making up that part

primary radiation

the xrays that leave the tube

why are limited operators prohibited from activities that result in direct exposure to the primary x-ray beam

they are considered occupationally exposed individuals

At what kVp levels do Compton interactions occur

they occur throughout the diagnostic radiology kVp range

why is grid used for routine chest radiography?

to reduce scatter fog caused by use of high kvp

Overexposed=

too DARK

Underexposed=

too LIGHT

Re strict beam to the anatomical area of interest...

true

Take appropriate precautions to minimize radiation exposure to the patient..

true

recognize and communicate the need for prompt medical attention

true

practice standard precautions...

true.

use patient transfer devices when needed...

true.

use sterile or aseptic technique when indicated...

true.

verify informed consent as necessary...

true.

grid cutoff on a radiograph can be caused by

tube that is off center tube that is angled perp. to the lead strips improper distance being used with a focused grid

The target of the x-ray tube is made of

tungsten

right lateral position

turned to the right side, right side on IR -pillows: under the head, place the left arm extended and place on a pillow, place another pillow between the legs and on the back to maintain the position

Ampere

unit used to measure rate, volume, or current flow in the circuit

Penumbra:

unsharp edges

scatter radiation fog

unwanted image exposure caused by scatter radiation

The following changes will decrease patient dose

using a faster-speed class imaging system increasing the grid ratio to a 16:1 ratio

The function of the autotransformer is to:

vary the voltage going to the primary coil of the step-up transformer.

communicate scheduling delays to the...

waiting patients.

the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave

wavelength

velocity

wavelength x frequency

What devise may help provide and even density on a radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) axial projection of the foot

wedge compensating filter

focusing cup, filament, electrons boil of filament

what does the cathode have on it?

visible image

what you get when you process a latent image on an IR

gonad shielding should be used

when the gonads are within 5 cm of the radiation field

Focusing cup

where the filament is situated ; has a slight negative charge

Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)

white nose that interferes with the digital image

How body parts are measured to determine correct exposure factors

with a caliper, in cm

The standard control limit for the beam (central ray) alignment tests

within 1 degree of perpendicular

Bremsstrahlung radiation

x-rays produced when projectile electrons are stopped or slowed in the anode

AP Axial Oblique C-Spine

SID: 72 in Position: rotate body 45 degrees, chin elevated IR: centered to C3 CR: angled 15-20 degrees cephalad to C4

PA Oblique Ribs (RAO or LAO)

SID: 72 in Position: rotate patients body 45 degrees away from affected side IR :above- 1.5 in above shoulders below- bottom of IR at iliac crestBreathing: above-full inspiration below- full expiration CR: Perp. to IR

AP Acromioclavicular Articulations (Pearson Method)

SID: 72 in Position: upright IR: Centered to AC joints CR: perp. to AC joints Breathing: Suspended

When beam restriction is used, scatter production:

DECREASES Rationale: Beam restriction reduces the production of scatter radiation because it limits the area being irradiated

What type of current is required for proper operation of the x-ray tube?

DIRECT

Synarthrosis joint:

DOES NOT MOVE

Fat Pad Sign:

Dark shadow in the soft tissue may be an indication of a fracture.

Using the 15% rule to increase contrast

Decrease kvp by 15% and multiply mAs by 2(double it)

A step-down transformer is used in the x-ray circuit to:

Decrease voltage and increase current for the filament circuit.

Any Lying Down Position with a Horizontal Central Ray:

Decubitus

Freely Moveable Joint:

Diarthrodial

Contrast:

Differences in Radiographic Density Radiograph on Adjacent Areas of a Radiograph

DICOM:

Digital imaging and communications in medicine Universally accepted standard for exchanging medical rad. images within an institution.

Relationship between mAs and Density:

Directly Proportional ( mAs / mAS2 = Density1 / Density2 )

Relationship between SID and Recorded Detail

Directly Related: As SID Increases, Recorded Detail Increases because Size Distortion (Magnification) Decreases

Relationship between OID and Size Distortion:

Directly Related: Increasing OID Results in Increased Size Distortion (Magnification)

Relationship between Grid Use and Image Contrast:

Directly Related: Use of Grids or Increase Grid Ratio will Increasing Image Contrast by Removing Scatter Radiation from the Remnant X-ray Beam

Question female patient of child bearing age about date of last menstrual period or possible pregnancy and take appropriate action examples:

Document response, contact physician

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT)

National organization that formally accredits schools of rad tech. Formed in 1969. Also accredits limited radiographer programs

In a full-wave rectification circuit, the

Negative wave of alternating current is changed into a second positive wave

Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx

SID: 40 in Position: Same as sacrum CR: perp. to 3.5 in posterior to ASIS

AP Axial Large Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: Supine IR: centered 2 in above iliac crest CR: 30-40 in cephalad @ 2 in below ASIS

Carina:

Trachial bifurcation

Electromagnetic induction is the basis for what?

Transformer

When using a 30x35cm IR, where should the central ray enter the patient for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?

at the level 11/2 inches superior to the iliac crest in the midline of the patient

Semiconductor

Material that may act as an insulator or conductor under different conditions

Law of conservation of matter

Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form

The law of conservation of matter states:

Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only in changed in form.

Cranial/Facial Bone on which the Acanthion is Located:

Maxillary

Electrical resistance

Measured in ohms

For high-ratio grids, the grid radius is:

NARROW

500 msv, 150 msv for eyes

NCRP recommendations for skin extremities organs eyes?

At the moment of exposure, the focusing cup has what type of charge applied?

NEGATIVE

Lateral Scapula

SID: 40 in Position: 45-60 degrees anterior oblique flex elbow, place arm behind back or arm across chest CR: perp to mid medial border of scapula

AP axial Clavicle

SID: 40 in Position: Center clavicle to IR CR: angle 15-30 degrees cephalad centered to clavicle

PA Wrist ulnar deviation

SID: 40 in Position: Flex elbow 90 degrees turn hand in extreme ulnar deviation CR: perp. to scaphoid

Carpal Canal Tangential (Gaynor-Hart Method)

SID: 40 in Position: Hyperextend wrist, long axis of hand as vertical as possible Pull fingers back with band CR: 1 in distal to base of third metacarpal at 25 - 30 degree angle

Lateral Facial Bones

SID: 40 in Position: IPL and IOML perp. CR: lateral zygomatic, halfway btw outer canthus and EAM

Lateral Orbits

SID: 40 in Position: IPL perp. CR: through outer canthus

Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones (Modified)

SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 55 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits acanthion

Lateral Foot

SID: 40 in Position: turn toward affected side until leg and foot are lateral CR: perp. to base of metatarsals

supine

lying on the back

what technical factors with produce an image with the greatest density

mA 200 msec 250 SID 36 in. kVp 76

mA x time=

mAs

If SID is halved, what may be said about radiographic receptor exposure?

receptor exposure is quadrupled Rationale: Distance is controlled by inverse square law. Because receptor exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, halving the source-to-image distance (SID) will increase the receptor exposure four times.

What is the proper method for storing unopened boxes of x-ray film

standing on edge

direct radiography DR

systems have detectors that directly capture and readout an electronic image signal

What is the recommended placement for personnel dosimeter on the body of the limited operator

the badge should be worn in the region of the collar on the anterior surface of the body and outside the lead apron, if worn

image receptor

the device that catches the xrays after they have passed through the pt

what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

the diaphragm

grayscale contrast

the number of brightness levels (or gray shades) visible on an image and is linked to the bit depth of the system

distance, as a method used to limit operator exposure, means that

the operator should maximize the distance from the source during an exposure

What is the primary source of scatter radiation?

the patient

scatter

the patient is the primary source of scatter

Fillfactor

the percentage of the dexel devoted to the semiconductor detection area

primary radiation:

the radiation that leaves the tube

remnant radiation

the radiation that passes thru the pt and hits the IR creating a latent image on the IR before it is processed

dynamic range

the range of exposures that may be captured by a detector

exposure latitude

the range of exposures which produces quality images at appropriate patient dose

three lobes are present in which lungs?

the right lung

what is the purpose of performing sinus radiography with the patient in the upright position?

to demonstrate air/fluid levels

Explain breathing instructions prior....

to exposure

obtain vital signs...

true.

During digital image processing electronic collimation (masking) should not be used to replace

proper radiographic collimation

how can detector fog be prevented when using computed radiography cassettes

protect the cassette before and after exposure

PA Axial Oblique C-Spine

SID: 72 in Position: rotate body 45 degrees IR: level of C5 CR: angled 15-20 degrees caudad to C4

Sterile technique is required when contrast agents are administered (A) rectally. (B) orally. (C) intrathecally. (D) through a nasogastric tube.

While performing mobile radiography on a patient, you note that the requisition is for a chest film to check placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter. A Swan-Ganz catheter is a(n) (A) pacemaker. (B) chest tube. (C) intravenous catheter. (D) urinary catheter.

When a patient arrives in the radiology department with a urinary Foley catheter bag, it is important to (A) place the drainage bag above the level of the bladder. (B) place the drainage bag at the same level as the bladder. (C) place the drainage bag below the level of the bladder. (D) clamp the Foley catheter.

Pulmonary fibrosis can result from the inhalation of dust particles; this is characteristic of (A) cystic fibrosis. (B) chronic asthma. (C) pneumoconiosis. (D) pleural effusion.

A diuretic is used to (A) induce vomiting. (B) stimulate defecation. (C) promote elimination of urine. (D) inhibit coughing.

The complete killing of all microorganisms is termed (A) surgical asepsis. (B) medical asepsis. (C) sterilization. (D) disinfection.

The medical term for congenital clubfoot is (A) coxa plana. (B) osteochondritis. (C) talipes. (D) muscular dystrophy.

When a GI series has been requested on a patient with a suspected perforated ulcer, the type of contrast medium that should be used is (A) thin barium sulfate suspension. (B) thick barium sulfate suspension. (C) water-soluble iodinated media. (D) oil-based iodinated media.

A radiologic technologist can be found guilty of a tort in which of the following situations? 1. Failure to shield a patient of childbearing age from unnecessary radiation 2. Performing an examination on a patient who has refused the examination 3. Discussing a patient's condition with a third party (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which of the following body fluids should be treated as if they contained pathogenic microorganisms? 1. Any fluid containing blood 2. Cerebrospinal fluid 3. Synovial fluid (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

All drug packages must provide certain information required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Some of the information that must be provided includes 1. the generic name. 2. contraindications. 3. the usual dose. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Anaphylactic shock manifests early symptoms that include 1. dysphagia. 2. itching of palms and soles. 3. constriction of the throat. (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Diseases whose mode of transmission is through the air include 1. tuberculosis. 2. mumps. 3. rubella. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Examples of COPD include 1. bronchitis. 2. pulmonary emphysema. 3. asthma. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Factors that are important to evaluate when selecting contrast media include 1. miscibility. 2. potential toxicity. 3. viscosity. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Following a barium enema (BE) examination, the patient should be given which of the following instructions? 1. Increase fluid and fiber intake for several days. 2. Changes in stool color will occur until all barium has been evacuated. 3. Contact a physician if no bowel movement occurs in 24 h (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

The condition of slow heart rate, below 60 beats per minute (bpm), is termed (A) hyperthermia. (B) hypotension. (C) hypoxia. (D) bradycardia.

(D) bradycardia.

Hypochlorite bleach (Clorox) and Lysol are examples of (A) antiseptics. (B) bacteriostatics. (C) antifungal agents. (D) disinfectants.

(D) disinfectants.

Possible side effects of an iodinated contrast medium that is administered intravenously include all of the following except (A) a warm feeling. (B) altered taste. (C) nausea. (D) hypotension.

(D) hypotension.

When performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an infant, it is required that the number of compressions per minute, compared to that for an adult, (A) remain the same. (B) double. (C) decrease. (D) increase.

(D) increase.

Local anesthetics are likely to be used in all of the following radiographic examinations except (A) lower-extremity arteriography. (B) arthrography. (C) myelography. (D) postoperative or T-tube cholangiography.

(D) postoperative or T-tube cholangiography.

The condition that allows blood to shunt between the right and left ventricles is called (A) patent ductus arteriosus. (B) coarctation of the aorta. (C) atrial septal defect. (D) ventricular septal defect.

(D) ventricular septal defect.

Causes of Shape Distortion

Elongation: Angulation Along the Long Axis of the Part Foreshortening: Angulation Against the Long Axis of the Part

Law of conservation of energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form

The law of conservation of energy states:

Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only in changed in form.

Potential Energy

Energy of position

Chemical Energy

Energy resulting from a chemical reaction

Electrical Energy

Energy resulting from movement of electrons

Nuclear Energy

Energy resulting from the nucleus of an atom

Electromagnetic Energy

Energy that is emitted and transferred through matter

The following image receptor (IR) system speeds will result in the lowest patient dose

Faster speed IR system

Technique charts may be generated by?

Film manufacturers Technologists

Inherent Filtration:

Filtration that Occurs Naturally by Virtue of the Construction of the X-ray Tube Ex.: Glass Envelope, Insulating Oil, Collimator Mirrors

Determine appropriate exposure factors using the following:

Fixed KVP technique chart, variable KVP technique chart, callipers to determine patient thickness, anatomically programmed technique

Pleural Effusion:

Fluid in the pleural space

British System

Foot, pound, second

Pneumoconiosis:

Group of chronic occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of irritating dust.

Absorbed dose Dose equivalent

Gy in SI system SV in SI system

Graph that Measures Sensitometry of Radiographic Film:

H&D Curve

Beam quality is expressed using what unit of measurement?

HALF VALUE LAYER

The filtration needed to attenuate the intensity of the beam by half is called:

HALF VALUE LAYER

The collision of projectile electrons with the atoms of the target material causes a conversion of the electrons' kinetic energy to:

HEAT AND X-RAYS

The composition of the x-ray beam as it leaves the anode is:

HETEROGENEOUS.

Because an x-ray beam has a range of photon energies, it may be classified as:

HETEROGENOUS

An image with few gray tones, mainly black and white, is referred to as:

HIGH CONTRAST

Exposure latitude is wider at:

HIGHER kVp LEVELS

Step down transformer:

Has fewer windings on the secondary side. [Filament circuit] [Low voltage] **Cathode side**

Step up transformer:

Has more windings on the secondary side. [High voltage] **Anode side**

Rotating anodes can tolerate higher instantaneous heat loads than stationary anodes because:

Heat is distributed over a larger area in rotating anodes

The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance describes:

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Relationship between Imaging System Speed and Recorded Detail

Inversely Related: As Imaging System Speed Increases Recorded Detail Decreases

Vertebral Location of the lliac Crest:

L 4-5

chest anterior oblique RAO LAO evaluation criteria and structures shown

LAO (left side down anterior against IR) S.S max area of right lung field (side farther from IR) is shown along with thoracic viscera anterior portion of left lung superimposed by spine trachea and bifurcation (the carina) and the entire right branch of bronchial tree heart, descending aorta (lying just in front of spine, and arch of aorta RAO (right side down anterior against IR) S.S max area of left lung field (side farther from IR) is shown along with thoracic viscera anterior portion of right lung superimposed by spine trachea and entire left branch of bronchial tree best image to see left antrum, anterior portion of apex of left ventricle, right retrocardiac space LAO/RAO E.C both lungs trachea fulled with air identification markers heart and mediastinal structures within lung field of elevated side in oblique 45 degree images max area of right lung in LAO max area of left lung in RAO

either upright or recumbent oblique torso positions anterior oblique (facing the IR) LAO RAO

LAO- body rotated with the left anterior portion closest to the image receptor RAO- body rotated with the right anterior portion closest to the image receptor

Energy in a computed radiography imaging plate is released after exposure to

LASER BEAM

A digital image may be printed on to film using a:

LASER CAMERA

A grid error in which cutoff is visible more to one side of the radiograph is caused by:

LATERAL DECENTERING

Like poles repel, unlike poles attract, and the force of attraction between poles is governed by the inverse square law describes:

LAW OF MAGNETICS

Amphiarthrosis joint:

LIMITED MOVEMENT

The larger the actual focal spot, the greater the heat capacity; the smaller the effective focal spot, the greater the spatial resolution. This is called

LINE-FOCUS PRINCIPLE

The x-ray circuit depends on a constant source of power, has power coming into the radiology department may vary, keeps incoming voltage adjusted to the proper value, and usually operates automatically but may be manually adjusted on older equipment. This is the:

LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATOR

For optimum spatial resolution, SID should be the

LONGEST PRACTICAL

An image with many gray tones is referred to as:

LOW CONTRAST AND LONG SCALE CONTRAST

The primary circuit of the x-ray generator is also called the:

LOW VOLTAGE COMPENSATOR

Exposure latitude is narrower at:

LOWER kVp LEVELS

either upright or recumbent oblique torso positions posterior oblique (facing the radiographic tube) LPO RPO

LPO- body rotated with the left posterior portion closest to the image receptor RPO- body rotated with the right posterior portion closest to the image receptor

The target angle allows for a

Larger actual focal spot and a smaller effective focal spot.

Away from the Median Plane:

Lateral

Which projection of the lumbar spine demonstrates open intervertebral foramina?

Lateral

Which surface of the foot should be in contact with the IR for the recumbent lateral projection of the foot

Lateral

Which of the following surrounds a current running through a conductor?

MAGNETIC FIELD

Electromotive Force (EMF)

Measured in volts; the force with which electrons move in an electrical circuit

Distortion:

Misrepresentation of Anatomical Structures on the Radiographic Image

Osteoarthritis:

Most common type of arthritis, degenerative joint disease.

Dislocation:

Movement of a bone from its normal location within a joint.

Mrs. Elizabeth Dunbar is 86 years old and a bit confused. She is most likely to respond appropriately if you address her as

Mrs. Dunbar

Most of the mass of an atom is contained in the:

NUCLEUS

Foot AP Axial evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S AP dorsal plantar projection of the tarsals anterior to the talus, metatarsals, and phalanges E.C Anatomy from toes to tarsals including portions of talus and calcaneus, no rotation of foot by equal amounts of space between the second through fourth metatarsal's, overlap of the second through fifth metatarsal bases, IP, MTP, TMT joint spaces, open joint space between medial and intermediate cuneiforms

Toe Oblique evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S Phalanges of the toes and distal portion of the metatarsals rotated mediately E.C Entire toes, toes separated, proper rotation by more soft tissue which on the elevated side along with more midshaft concavity, open IP and second through fifth MTP joint spaces, first MTP joint not always open

Toe lateral evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S Phalanges of the toes and the IP articulations projected free of other toes E.C Entire total without super imposition of other toes, toenail in profile, con caves plantar surfaces of the phalanges, no rotation of phalanges, Open IP joint spaces; MTP joints are overlapped but may be seen in some patients

Toes sesamoids tangential structures shown and evaluation criteria

S.S Tangential projection of the metatarsal head in profile and the sesamoids E.C Sesamoids free of any portion of the first metatarsal, metatarsal heads

chest PA evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S air filled trachea lungs diaphragmatic domes heart aortic knob thyroid or thymus gland (if enlarged laterally) bronchial tree (shown from oblique angle) esophagus (well shown when filled with barium) E.C entire lung fields to apices to costophrenic angles no rotation (ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column, trachea seen in midline, equal distance from vert. column to lateral borders of ribs) proper shoulder rotation (scapula needs to be outside lung field) proper inspiration (10 posterior ribs seen above diaphragm and at least 1 less rib seen on expiration) sharp outlines of heart and diaphragm faint shadows of ribs and superior thoracic vert. through heart shadow lung markings visible from hilum to periphery of lung

toe AP or AP axial toes structures shown and evaluation criteria

S.S all phalanges (14) distal portions of metatarsals IP joints on axial projection only E.C entire toes distal metatarsals toes separated no rotation (midshaft concavity equal on each sides) open IP joint and MTP joint on axial only

chest AP lordotic evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S apices conditions such as interlobar effusions E.C entire apices and appropriate portion of lungs clavicles located superior to apices ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column clavicles lying horiz. with their sternal ends overlapping 1 and 2 ribs ribs distorted with their anterior and posterior portions superimposed

The following describes the proper method for positioning the humerus for an AP projection

Upper limb abducted, elbow extended, humeral epicondyles parallel to the IR

calcaneus plantodorsal axial structures shown and evaluation criteria

S.S axial projection of calcaneus E.C calcaneus and subtalar joints no rotation (first or fifth metatarsals not projected to the side of the foot) anterior portion of calcaneus similar in brightness to the posterior portion

ankle AP weight bearing structures shown and evaluation criteria

S.S both ankles relationship of the distal tibia and fibula with weight bearing side to side comparison E.C medial mortise open distal tibia and talus slightly superimposed over distal fibula lateral mortise closed

ankle medial oblique structures shown and evaluation criteria

S.S distal ends of tibia and fibula tibiofibular articulation E.C distal tibia and fibula and talus 45 degree rotation distal fibula and tibia overlap part of talus

Direct Square Law:

Used to Determine New mAs when at a New SID, when a Constant Radiographic Density is Desired

Step UP transformer is used to increase what?

Used to increase the volts to kilovolts (kVp)

chest lateral decubitus evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S shows change in fluid position and reveals any previously obscured pulmonary areas or presence of pneumothorax such as free air E.C affected side in its entirety from apex to costo. angle no rotation (sternal ends of clavicles equidistant from the spine) patients arms not in area of interest proper identification to indicate decub. was performed

chest AP supine evaluation criteria and structures shown

S.S shows image similar to PA image heart and greater vessels mag. and engorged due to being farther from IR lung fields appear shorter because abdominal compression moves diaphragm higher clavicles projected higher ribs are more horizontal E.C entire lung field from apices to costo. angles no rotation (ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column, trachea seen in midline, equal distance from vert. column to lateral borders of ribs) clavicles lying more horiz. and obscuring more of the apices than the PA projection faint shadows of ribs and thoracic vert. through heart shadow pleural vascular markings visible from the hilar regions to the periphery of lungs

Optimum kVp:

Using the highest kVp setting that will produce sufficient contrast for acceptable image quality.

A CCD may be used in the television system instead of what device(s)?

Vidicon and Plumbicon tubes

The concept that although x-ray photons exist as waves, they exhibit properties of particles is known as:

WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY

Electromagnetic radiation travels:

WAVES ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE

For low-ratio grids, the grid radius is:

WIDE

Compared with conventional radiography, computed radiography exhibits:

WIDER EXPOSURE LATITUDE

Radiographic contrast in computed radiography may be adjusted by changing the:

WINDOW WIDTH Rationale: Adjusting the window width on the display monitor varies the range of densities visible on the image, thus changing the grayscale of contrast. Window level affects image brightness, not contrast.

Force applied on an object over a distance defines:

WORK

chest AP upright evaluation criteria and structures shown

tibia and fibula AP structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S tibia fibula adjacent joints E.C ankle and knee joint in one or more images entire leg without rotation (proximal and distal articulations of the tibia and fibula moderately overlapped, fibular midshaft free of tibial superimposed)

foot AP axial weight bearing structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. all bones of foot outline of foot projected fee of the leg E.C. toes to heel shadow of leg not overlapping tarsals foot not rotated

ankle AP structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. ankle joint distal ends of tibia and fibula proximal portions of talus E.C. ankle joint medial/lateral malleoli no rotation (anterior tubercle of tibia slightly over fibula, talus overlapping distal fibula, no overlap of medial talomalleolar joint tibiotalar joint space

foot lateral (mediolateral) structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. entire foot in profile ankle joint distal ends of tibia and fibula E.C. entire foot and distal leg super imposed plantar surfaces of metatarsal heads fibula overlapping posterior tibia tibiotalar joint

ankle lateral (mediolateral) structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. lower 3rd of tibia and fibula ankle joint tarsals including 5th metatarsal base E.C. ankle joint distal tibia and fibula, talus, calcaneous and adjacent tarsals tibiotallar joint, medial and lateral domes superimposed fibula over posterior half of tibia 5th medatarsal base shold be seen to check for jones fracture

ankle oblique mortise structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. mortise joint E.C. mortise joint distal tibia fibula and talus 15 to 20 degree location talofibular articulation tibotallar articulation no overlap of tubricals

foot lateral weight bearing(lateromedial) structural shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. structural status of longitudinal arch right and left sides imaged for comparison E.C. entire foot and distal leg super imposed plantar surfaces of metatarsal heads fibula overlapping posterior tibia tibiotalar joint

calcaneus dorsoplantar axial structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. subtalar joint E.C. calcaneus subtalar joint sustentaculum tali no rotation (1st or 5th metatarsal not projected to side of foot) anterior portion of calcaneus has brightness similar to the posterior portion

foot lateral oblique structure shown and evaluation criteria

S.S. interspaces bet ween 1st and 2nd metatarsals and medial and intermediate cuneiforms E.C. toes to the tarsals; includes talus and calcaneus proper rotation (1st and 2nd metacarpal bases free of super imposition, minimal super imposition between medial and intermediate cuneiforms, navicular seen with less foreshortening than medial rotation AP oblique

When kVp is increased, which of the following happens

SCALE OF CONTRAST LENGTHENS

Autotransformers operate on the principle of:

SELF-INDUCTION

Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it describes:

SELF-INDUCTION

A material that may act as an insulator or conductor under different conditions is called a:

SEMICONDUCTOR

As kVp increases, there is an increased production of:

SHORT WAVELENGTH Rationale: As kVp increases, there is an increased production of high-energy, short-wavelength radiation; the beam is more penetrating.

How does beam restriction affect contrast

SHORTER SCALE OF CONTRAST Rationale: Because it reduces the amount of scatter produced, beam restriction results in increased, not decreased, contrast.

Increasing the kVp of an x-ray beam will result in the photons having:

SHORTER WAVELENGTH

For optimum spatial resolution, OID should be the:

SHORTEST POSSIBLE

Sievert

SI Sytstem's unit of dose equivalent

Air Kerma:

SI unit term for EXPOSURE Gy-a [air]

A focused grid must be used with specific ranges of

SID

The distance from the x-ray tube to the image receptor is:

SID

Geometric factors that control the formation of the image:

SID OID Focal spot

left lateral position

lying down on left side (right lateral position requirements same for patient comfort) - aka Recumbant/Recovery - used for vomiting patient's - AIRWAY problem

decubitus

lying down with horizontal x-ray beam

prone

lying face downward

supine

lying on back

Best factor to change when compensating for part size

mAs

The quantity of x-rays produced is directly controlled by

mAs

When a grid is used, what technical factor must be increased to compensate for the loss of image-forming rays?

mAs

The amount of darkness on a radiograph is primarily controlled by:

mAs Rationale: Remember, mAs controls the number of x-rays produced. As mAs is increased, the number of x-rays reaching the image receptor increases, resulting in a higher optical density, or higher degree of blackening of the radiographic image.

Twice as many electrons strike the target in the x-ray tube when

mAs IS DOUBLED

Factors that affect Radiographic Density:

mAs, kVp, Distance, Imaging System Speed, Grids, Beam Restriction (Collimation), Anode Heel Effect, And Filtration

lateral projections of the chest are taken with the left side against the IR because

magnification of the cardiac silhouette is reduced with the left side neared the IR

where does the central ray enter the patient for the upright, PA projection of the chest?

midsagittal plane at the level of T7

Nucleus is made up of...

protons and neutrons

Proximal Humerus/Shoulder Transthoracic lateral Lawrence Method

SID: Position: raise uninjured arm, elevate uninjured arm place IR against injured arm CR: perp. to midcoronal plane, exiting surgical neck of affected humerus. If cannot elevate arm, angle 10-15 degrees cephalad Breathing: suspended

Lateral Nasal Bones

SID: 40 Position: IPL perp. IOML parallel with transverse axis of IR CR: perp. to bridge of nose ( 1/2 in distal to nasion)

Axial (Plantodorsal) Calcaneus

SID: 40 Position: leg extended, ankle in right angle dorsiflexion, ankle centered to IR CR: 40 degrees cephalic, entering plantar surface at base of third metatarsal

Second through Fifth digits (PA)

SID: 40 Position: palm against IR CR: Perp. entering PIP joint

PA oblique Thumb

SID: 40 Position: palm of hand on IR CR: Perp. entering MCP joint

Axial (Dorsoplantar) Calcaneus

SID: 40 Position: prone, ankle dorsiflexed to place long axis of foot perpendicular to tabletop IR: against plantar surface CR: 40 degrees caudad

AP Oblique Acetabulum (Judet)

SID: 40 in -Internal oblique used to demonstrate posterior rim of acetabulum and iliopubic column -external oblique used to demonstrate anterior rim of acetabulum and ilioschial column Position: internal-45 degree posterior oblique w/affected side up CR: 2 in inferior to ASIS of affected side Position: external- 45 degree posterior oblique w/affected side down CR: pubic symphysis

Second through Fifth digits (Lateral)

SID: 40 in CR: perp. entering PIP joint

AP Oblique Large Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: 35-45 degree LPO or RPO IR: centered to iliac crests CR: 1-2 in lateral to midline @ iliac crest

AP Oblique Foot (Lateral Rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: Knee flexed rotate leg & foot laterally 30 degrees CR: perp. to base of third metatarsal

Lateral Cranium

SID: 40 in Position: Lateral CR: 2 in above EAM

Lateral L5-S1

SID: 40 in Position: Lateral recumbent, knees & hips bent & superimposed, arms at right angle CR: 2 in posterior to ASIS & 1.5 in inferior to iliac crest (5 degrees caudad-men, 8 degrees caudad-women) Breathing: suspended

Lateral T-Spine

SID: 40 in Position: Left side against, flex knees, superimpose hips and knees, arm at right angle CR: at level of T7 Breathing: suspended after full expiration

Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method) TMJs

SID: 40 in Position: MSP 15 degrees toward CR: angle 15 degrees caudad exits TMJ, 1 1/2 in superior to EAM

Tangental Zygomatic Arches

SID: 40 in Position: MSP 15 degrees toward affected side, top of head 15 degrees away, zygomatic arch to IR CR: 1 in below outer canthi

AP Axial L5-S1 (Ferguson)

SID: 40 in Position: MSP centered, limbs extended CR: enters 1.5 in superior to pubic symphysis or 2-2.5 in inferior to ASIS at 30-35 degrees cephalad Breathing: suspended

Axiolateral (Modified Schuller) TMJs

SID: 40 in Position: MSP parallel CR: 25-30 degrees caudad, 1/2 in anterior & 2 in superior to EAM

SMV Mandible

SID: 40 in Position: MSP perp. CR: through sella turcica, 3/4 in anterior to EAM

Lateral Sinuses

SID: 40 in Position: MSP perp., IPL and IOML perp. CR: enters 1/2 to 1 in posterior to outer canthus

PA Wrist

SID: 40 in Position: Make fist (against IR) CR: Perp. to midcarpal area

Lateral Hand

SID: 40 in Position: OK sign (fan out fingers) elbow flexed 90 degrees CR: Perp. to second MCP joint

Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Orbits

SID: 40 in Position: OML 50 degrees CR: perp. through mid-orbits

AP/AP Axial Cranium

SID: 40 in Position: OML Perp. CR: 15 degrees cephalad entering nasion

AP Axial (Towne Method) Cranium

SID: 40 in Position: OML or IOML perp. CR: OML- 30 degrees caudad through foramen magnum IOML- 37 degrees caudad through foramen magnum

SMV Zygomatic Arches

SID: 40 in Position: OML parallel with IR CR: enters throat 1 in below outer canthi

AP Axial (Modified Towne) Zygomatic Arches

SID: 40 in Position: OML perp CR: 30 degrees caudad 1 in above nasion

AP Axial (Towne) Mandible

SID: 40 in Position: OML perp. CR: 30 degrees caudad midway between TMJs

AP Axial (Modified Towne) TMJs

SID: 40 in Position: OML perp. CR: 35 degrees caudad midway btw TMJs, 3 in above nasion

PA Hand

SID: 40 in Position: Palm against IR CR: Perp to third MCP joint

PA Axial Large Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: Prone IR: @ iliac crest CR: angled 30-40 degrees caudad @ ASIS

PA or AP Large Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: Prone or Supine IR: centered @ iliac crest CR: perp.

PA or AP Small Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: Prone or Supine, MSP centered IR: 30 min- center @ L2 delayed- center @ iliac crest CR: perp. Breathing: end of expiration

Lateral Stomach and Duodenum

SID: 40 in Position: RIGHT lat. demonstrated RIGHT retrogastric space. LEFT lat. demonstrates LEFT retrogastric space Align midway btw MCP and anterior surface IR: L1-L2, L3 for upright (1.5 in above crest)

PA Oblique Stomach and Duodenum

SID: 40 in Position: Recumbent RAO 40-70 degrees, align halfway btw vertebral column and left lat border of abdomen CR: to lower rib margin (L1-L2)

Lateral C-Spine (Cross-Table)

SID: 40 in Position: Supine IR: in vertical position & in contact with neck, centered to level of atlantoaxial articulation CR: perp. to 1 in distal to adjacent mastoid tip

AP Axial Sacrum

SID: 40 in Position: Supine, MSP in midline, support knees CR: 15 degrees cephalad, 2 in superior to pubic symphysis Breathing: suspended

Axiolateral Hip (Danelius-Miller)

SID: 40 in Position: Supine, flex knee and hip of unaffected limb to place thigh verticle, rotate affected limb 15-20 degrees medially IR: verticle with upper border in crease above iliac crest, lower border parallel w/femoral neck CR: horizontal and perp. to long axis of femoral neck

AP C1-C2, Open Mouth

SID: 40 in Position: Supine/Upright align edge of upper incisors and mastoid tip perp. to IR, mouth open CR: perp. to IR, midpoint of open mouth

AP Scapula

SID: 40 in Position: abduct arm to right angle CR: 2 in inferior to coracoid process

AP Humerus

SID: 40 in Position: adjust humerus with epicondyles parallel with IR CR: perp. to midpoint of humerus Breathing: suspended respiration

Lateral Patella

SID: 40 in Position: affected side against, flex knee 5-10 degrees CR: enters knee at midpatellofemoral joint

PA Axial (Holmblad)

SID: 40 in Position: anterior surface of knee on IR, knee flexed 70 degrees CR: perp. exiting level of patellar apex

AP Abdomen (Upright)

SID: 40 in Position: back against grid IR: centered 2 in above iliac crests, top at armpit CR: perp. to center of IR

AP Oblique Femoral Necks (Modified Cleaves) Unilateral

SID: 40 in Position: center ASIS, flex hip and knee, abduct thigh about 45 degrees laterally CR: perp. to femoral kneck

Lateral Humerus

SID: 40 in Position: center arm to IR Medially rotate shoulder until epicondyles are perp. to IR (internal rotation) CR: perp. to midpoint of humerus Breathing: suspended respiration

PA Clavicle

SID: 40 in Position: chest against board CR: perp to clavicle

Parietoacanthial (Waters) Zygomatic Arches

SID: 40 in Position: chin tip on IR, OML 37 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits acanthion

PA Axial Wrist (Stecher Method)

SID: 40 in Position: elevate IR 20 degrees or angle CR 20 degrees CR: Perp. entering scaphoid

AP Elbow

SID: 40 in Position: extend arm (limb and shoulder in same plane) CR: Perp. to elbow joint

AP oblique Elbow (lateral rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: extend arm, entire limb in same plane rotate arm laterally 45 degrees CR: perp. to elbow joint

AP oblique Elbow (medial rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: extend arm, entire limb in same plane rotate arm medially 45 degrees CR: perp. to elbow joint

Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) Facial Bones

SID: 40 in Position: extend chin-OML 37 degree angle CR: exits acanthion

Lateral Wrist

SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees Hand lateral (ulnar side down) CR: Perp. to wrist joint

PA oblique Wrist (lateral rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees rotate 45 degrees CR: entering midcarpal area

Lateral Elbow

SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees CR: perp. to elbow joint

Lateral Forearm

SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees, adjust hand in lateral position, include joints of interests CR: perp. to midpoint of forearm

AP Axial Foot

SID: 40 in Position: flex knee, rest bottom of foot on IR CR: angle 10 degrees toward heel, base of third metatarsal

Relationship between Grid Use and Radiographic Density:

Radiographic Density will Decrease when Grids are Used, and when Grid Ratio is Increased, if mAs are not Increased, Increased Amount of mAs is Determined by the Bucky Factor.

PA Axial Mandible

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 20-25 degrees cephalad exiting acanthion

PA Axial (Haas Method) Cranium

SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 25 degrees cephalad, 1 1/2 in above nasion

AP thumb

SID: 40 in Position: hand in extreme internal rotation CR: Perp. entering MCP joint

SMV Sinuses

SID: 40 in Position: hyperextend neck, IOML parallel CR: enters 3/4 in anterior to EAM

AP Oblique Foot (Medial Rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed rotate leg & foot medially 30 degrees CR: perp. to base of third metatarsal

AP Toes (Forefoot)

SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed with sole of foot on IR CR: perp. to third MTP joint

AP or AP Axial Toes

SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed with sole of foot on IR (may use 15 degree wedge) CR: -AP perp to IR -AP Axial angle 15 degrees posteriorly Enters 3rd MTP joint

AP Oblique Toes (medial rotation)

SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed, rotate leg & foot 30-45 degrees CR: perp. to 3rd MTP joint

AP Knee

SID: 40 in Position: knee fully extended, femoral epicondyles parallel with IR CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex

Second through Fifth digits (PA oblique)

SID: 40 in Position: lateral position, ulnar side down Rotate 45 degrees CR: Perp. entering PIP joint

Lateral Hyperflexion & Hyperextension L-Spine

SID: 40 in Position: lateral recumbent Hyperflexion-lean forward Hyperextension-lean backward CR: perp. to spinal fusion of L3, 1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended

Lateral - Third to Fifth toes

SID: 40 in Position: lateral recumbent on affected side CR: perp. to PIP joint

Lateral-Great and Second Toe

SID: 40 in Position: lateral recumbent on unaffected side CR: great toe-perp. to MTP joint second toe-perp. to PIP joint

Lateral Esophagus

SID: 40 in Position: left lateral CR: MCP at T5-T6 12x17

AP Oblique Mortise Joint

SID: 40 in Position: leg extended, foot dorsiflexed to right angle, leg & foot rotated medially 15-20 degrees CR: perp. to ankle joint, entering midway between malleoli

AP Oblique Ankle

SID: 40 in Position: leg extended, foot dorsiflexed to right angle, leg and foot rotated 45 degrees CR: Perp. to ankle joint, midway between the malleoli

AP Ankle

SID: 40 in Position: leg extended, leg flexed CR: perp. through ankle midway between malleoli

PA (Modified Waters) Mandible

SID: 40 in Position: nose and chin touching CR: perp through lips

PA Patella

SID: 40 in Position: prone IR: centered to Patella CR: perp. exiting patella

PA Oblique SI Joints

SID: 40 in Position: prone, side of interest rotated 25-30 degrees toward IR CR: 1 in medial to ASIS closest to IR

AP/PA Oblique Esophagus

SID: 40 in Position: recumbent 35-40 degree (RAO) or (LPO) IR: 2 in lateral to MSP of elevated side CR: 2 in lateral to MSP at T5-T6 12x17

AP Oblique Stomach and Duodenum

SID: 40 in Position: recumbent LPO 30-60 degrees, align halfway btw vertebral column and left lat border of abdomen IR: midway btw xiphoid process and lower rib margin CR: perp. to IR

Lateral Sacrum

SID: 40 in Position: recumbent lateral, hips & knees flexed, arms at right angle CR: perp. to level of ASIS & 3.5 in posterior

PA Stomach and Duodenum

SID: 40 in Position: recumbent or upright, align halfway btw vertebral column and left lat border of abdomen CR: 1-2 in above lower rib margin upright- 3-6 in lower Breathing: suspended expiration (Air in Fundus BLACK)

AP Oblique Lumbar Spine

SID: 40 in Position: recumbent, 45 degree rotation CR: 2 in medial to elevated ASIS & 1-1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended after expiration

Lateral Hip (Hickey)

SID: 40 in Position: rotate slightly toward affected side, center hip to grid, flex knee &draw thigh at almost right angle to hip CR: angled 20 degrees cephalic

Lateral Hip (Lauenstein)

SID: 40 in Position: rotate slightly toward affected side, center hip to grid, flex knee &draw thigh at almost right angle to hip CR: perp. through hip, midway btw ASIS and pubic symphysis

Lateral Leg

SID: 40 in Position: rotate toward affected side to place patella perp. to IR, femoral condyles superimposed and perp. to IR CR: Perp. to midpoint of leg

Lateral Coccyx

SID: 40 in Position: same as sacrum CR: perp. to 3.5 in posterior and 2 in inferior to ASIS

AP Forearm

SID: 40 in Position: supine hand CR: perp. to midpoint of forearm wrist and elbow in collimation

AP/PA Coccyx

SID: 40 in Position: supine or Prone CR: angled 10 degrees caudad (down), enters MSP 2 in superior to pubic symphysis

Lateral Abdomen (Dorsal Decub)

SID: 40 in Position: supine with left side against IR IR: centered 2 in above iliac crest CR: perp. to IR

AP Oblique SI Joints

SID: 40 in Position: supine, 25-30 degree posterior oblique CR: 1 in medial to elevated ASIS ~SI joint farther from IR is demonstrated

AP T-Spine

SID: 40 in Position: supine, MSP centered IR: top at 1.5-2 in above shoulders CR: halfway btw jugular notch and xiphoid process Breathing: suspended after full expiration

AP Axial (Ferguson) SI Joints

SID: 40 in Position: supine, extend limbs CR: angle 30-35 degrees cephalad 1.5 in above pubic symphysis

AP Femur

SID: 40 in Position: supine, leg extended, internally rotated to place femoral epicondyles parallel with IR IR: (lower femur)- bottom of IR extends 2 in below knee (Upper femur)- top of IR at ASIS, rotated 10-15 degrees internal CR: perp. to IR

Modified Axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama)

SID: 40 in Position: supine, limbs in neutral or slighty external rotation IR: parallel to axis of femoral neck, tilt top back 15 degrees CR: 15 degrees posterior and aligned perp. to femoral neck

Right & Left Bending L-Spine

SID: 40 in Position: supine, max. right and left bending CR: 1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended

AP Hip

SID: 40 in Position: supine, medially rotate limb&foot 15-20 degrees CR: perp. to femoral neck (bend knee, crease is femoral neck centered)

AP Leg

SID: 40 in Position: supine, pelvis w/out rotation, femoral condyles parallel with IR, ankle flexed IR: 1-1/2 in beyond joints or use 2 images CR: perp. to center of leg

Superoinferior Axial Inlet (Bridgeman Method)

SID: 40 in Position: supine, same as AP CR: 40 degrees caudad at ASIS

AP Axial Outlet (Taylor Method)

SID: 40 in Position: supine, same as AP CR: Men-20-35 degrees cephalad, centered 2 in distal to superior border of pubic symphysis Women-30-45 degrees cephalad, centered 2 in distal to superior border of pubic symphysis

AP Stomach and Duodenum

SID: 40 in Position: supine, trendelenburg for hiatal hernia IR: btw MSP and left lat border, btw xiphoid process and lower rib margin CR: perp (Barium in Fundus WHITE)

AP Abdomen (Supine) KUB

SID: 40 in Position: supine, without rotation, support knees IR: centered to iliac crests CR: perp. to IR, MSP at level of iliac crests Breathing: after expiration

AP/PA Esophagus

SID: 40 in Position: supine/prone IR: top level with mouth CR: perp. to T-5/T-6 12x17

AP Dens (Fuchs)

SID: 40 in Position: supine/upright extend chin until tip is verticle CR: perp. entering just distal to chin tip

Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible

SID: 40 in Position: teeth together Ramus- lateral Body- 30 degrees toward IR Symphysis- 45 degrees toward IR CR: 25 degrees cephalad through region of interest

Parietocanthial (Waters) Nasal Bones

SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits midway between nasion and acanthion

Parietoacanthial (Waters) Method Sinuses

SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degrees (Open & Closed mouth) CR: exits acanthion

Parietoacanthial (Waters) Orbits

SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degrees. MML perp. CR: exits acanthion

Lateral Femur

SID: 40 in Position: turned toward affected side, flex knee 45 degrees IR: top of IR at ASIS to include hip, 2 in below for knee CR: perp. to midpoint of IR

Lateral Knee

SID: 40 in Position: turned toward affected side, knee flexed 20-30 degrees CR: angled 5-7 degrees cephalad entering 1 in distal to medial femoral epicondyle

Lateral Ankle

SID: 40 in Position: turned toward affected side, lateral CR: Perp. to ankle joint, enters malleolus

Lateral Weight-Bearing Foot

SID: 40 in Position: upright IR in grooves, one foot on each side, centered to base of third metatarsal CR: perp. right above base of third metatarsal

AP Pharynx and Larynx

SID: 40 in Position: upright IR: centered to or just below level of laryngeal prominence CR: perp. to laryngeal prominence Breathing: during inspiration

AP Clavicle

SID: 40 in Position: upright or supine Center clavicle to IR CR: center to midshaft of clavicle Breathing: suspended

AP Shoulder

SID: 40 in Position: upright or supine IR: centered 1 in inferior to coracoid process -Internal rotation & external rotation( rotate toward affected shoulder) CR: perp. 1 in inferior to coracoid process Breathing: suspended

AP Knee (Weight-Bearing)

SID: 40 in Position: upright, facing tube, center knees to IR, toes ahead CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex

AP Axial C-Spine

SID: 40 in Position: upright/supine extend chin up, C4 centered to IR CR: 15-20 degrees cephalad through C4 (adams apple)

Tangential Patella (Settegast)

SID: 40 in Positon: Bend knee IR: against femur, centered to joint space CR: angled 15-20 degrees cephalad, to patella

Lateral Weight-Bearing Ankle

SID: 40 in? Position: upright, IR in grooves IR centered 1/2 in superior to lateral malleolus

AP Weight-Bearing Ankle

SID: 40 in? Position: upright, place IR in grooves, heels pushed against IR CR: perp. to center of IR

Lateral Thumb

SID: 40in Position: palm of hand on IR, thumb in lateral position CR: Perp. entering MCP joint

Lateral C-Spine (Hyperflexion & Hyperextension)

SID: 60-72 in Position: upright hyperflextion: have patient put chin as close to chest as possible hyperextension: have patient relax head as far back as possible IR: top at top of ear CR: horizontal and perp. to C4

Lateral C-Spine (Grandy)

SID: 60-72 in ~demonstrates zygapophyseal joints~ Position: upright/seating/standing, chin elevated & mandible protruded CR: horizontal and perp. to C4

AP Ribs

SID: 72 in Above diaphragm: top of IR 1.5 above shoulders Below diaphragm: bottom of IR at iliac crests Breathing: above-full inspiration below-full expiration CR: perp. to center of IR

PA Ribs

SID: 72 in POSITION: Chest against board IR: 1.5 in above shoulders BREATHING: after full inspiration CR: T7

Lateral Chest

SID: 72 in POSITION: Left side against board, arms up IR: 1.5-2 in above shoulders BREATHING: after second inspiration CR: T7

PA Chest

SID: 72 in POSITION: chest against board IR: 1.5-2 in above shoulders BREATHING: after second inspiration CR: T7

AP Chest

SID: 72 in Position: back against IR: top is 1.5-2 in above shoulders CR: 3 in below jugular notch

AP Axial Chest (Lordotic)

SID: 72 in Position: back against, step about 1 foot in front of grid, lean back IR: top 3 in above shoulders CR: enters at midsternum

Lateral Sternum

SID: 72 in Position: left side against, arms behind IR: top 1.5 in above jugular notch Breathing: after inspiration CR: Perp. Lateral border of sternum

AP Oblique Ribs (RPO or LPO)

SID: 72 in Position: rotate patients body 45 degrees toward affected side IR: above- 1.5 in above shoulders below- bottom of IR at iliac crest Breathing: above-full inspiration below- full expiration CR: Perp. to IR

Lateral Pharynx and Larynx

SID: 72 in Position: upright, left side against IR: centered 1 in below level of EAMs CR: perp. to IR Breathing: during inhalation

PA Axial (Camp-Coventry)

SID: ? Position: prone, knee flexed 40 or 50 degrees CR: perp. to long axis of leg, angle 40 or 50 degrees caudad depending on flextion of knee

Lateral Cervicothoracic Swimmer's

SID: ? Position: upright/seating/standing, left side CR: perp. to C7-T1 interspace if shoulder away from IR is depressed if cannot be depressed angle 3-5 degrees

AP (Stress) Ankle

SIDL 40 in Position: same as AP, use extreme inversion and eversion positions

The waves of electromagnetic radiation are called:

SINE WAVES

The simplest type of current, this voltage (and accompanying current) flows as a sine wave, begins at zero, peaks at full value at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses, and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough. This describes:

SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-PULSE ALTERNATING CURRENT

For optimum spatial resolution, focal-spot size should be

SMALL

The sharpness with which anatomic structures are displayed in an image defines

SPATIAL RESOULUTION

Relationship between Beam Restriction (Collimation) and Radiographic Density:

Radiographic Density will Decrease with Greater Beam Restriction Due to a Decrease in Scatter Radiation Production; Results in Less Radiographic Density Caused by Fog

Subject Contrast

Range of Exposure Intensity Differences in the Remnant Beam. Affected by the Mass Density of Tissue that is Imaged

Dynamic Range:

Range of Exposures that can be Captured or Detected by the Image Receptor Dynamic Range is much Greater for Digital Systems than Film Systems

Acceleration

Rate of change of speed per unit of time

Power

Rate of doing work (measured in Watts)

Grid ratio is expressed as

Rationale: Grid ratio is the height of the lead strips divided by the distance between them

Ensures Developer Solution Agitation:

Recirculation System

Spatial Resolution:

Recorded detail [Sharpness of an image] AKA- resolution, sharpness,definition or simply detail

Any Lying Down Position:

Recumbent

The patient is position with the coronal plane of the body perpendicular to the IR, the midsagittal plane parallel to the IR, and the arm closest to the IR raised over the head. The central ray is perpendicular and centered to the level of c7-T1 interspace. what projection and anatomy will be demonstrated in this image?

a lateral projection of the cervicothroacic

The following would be a violation of patient confidentiality

a limited operator talks to his or her friend during lunch about a patients imaging procedure

Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)

a measure of the ability of the system to preserve signal contrast as a function of spatial resolution and describe the fraction of each component that will preserve the captured image

Linear Energy Transfer (LET)

a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue

What device(s) may be used to improve visualization of the spinous processes of the throacic spine on the lateral projection?

a piece of lead placed behind the shadow of the patients back.

What is anaphylaxis

a severe allergic reaction

what positioning accessory can be used to assist the patient in holding the correct position for an ap axial projection of the skull?

a wedge sponge

describe the potential risk of radiation exposure when...

asked

The standard control limit for the field light to radiation field alignment test

+-2% of SID

The accuracy of collimation at a 60-inch SID must be:

+/- 1.2 INCHES

Ionizing Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation that is able to remove an electron from an atom

JRCERT

Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology; Accrediting agency

What is the name given to the distal end of the fibula

Lateral malleolus

The least toxic contrast medium listed below is (A) barium sulfate. (B) metrizamide. (C) ethiodized oil. (D) meglumine diatrizoate.

(A) barium sulfate.

A radiographer who discloses confidential information to unauthorized individuals may be found guilty of (A) invasion of privacy. (B) slander. (C) libel. (D) defamation.

(A) invasion of privacy.

An ambulatory patient is one who (A) is able to walk. (B) is unable to walk. (C) has difficulty breathing. (D) arrives by ambulance.

(A) is able to walk.

Blood pressure is measured in units of (A) mmHg. (B) beats per minute. (C) ºF. (D) L/min.

(A) mmHg.

Material that Comprises Radiographic Film:

Polyester

Oblique:

Position between Supine and Lateral

PA Oblique Large Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: 35-45 degree RAO or LAO IR: iliac crest CR: 1-2 in lateral to midline of elevated side

Lateral Large Intestine

SID: 40 in Position: left lateral IR: centered to ASIS CR: Perp.

The type of shock associated with pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels is classified as (A) neurogenic. (B) cardiogenic. (C) hypovolemic. (D) septic.

(A) neurogenic.

In classifying intravenous contrast agents, the total number of dissolved particles in solution per kilogram of water defines (A) osmolality. (B) toxicity. (C) viscosity. (D) miscibility.

(A) osmolality.

A patient who is diaphoretic has (A) pale, cool, clammy skin. (B) hot, dry skin. (C) dilated pupils. (D) warm, moist skin.

(A) pale, cool, clammy skin.

AP Abdomen (Left Lateral Decub)

SID: 40 in Position: left side down, arms above head IR: centered to iliac crest CR: horizontal and perp. to IR

You have encountered a person who is apparently unconscious. Although you open his airway, there is no rise and fall of the chest, and you can hear no breath sounds. You should (A) begin mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, giving two full breaths. (B) proceed with the Heimlich maneuver. (C) begin external chest compressions at a rate of 80 to 100 per minute. (D) begin external chest compressions at a rate of at least 100 per minute.

(A) begin mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, giving two full breaths.

The mechanical device used to correct an ineffectual cardiac rhythm is a (A) defibrillator. (B) cardiac monitor. (C) crash cart. (D) resuscitation bag.

(A) defibrillator.

Abnormal accumulation of air in pulmonary tissues, resulting in overdistention of the alveolar spaces, is (A) emphysema. (B) empyema. (C) pneumothorax. (D) pneumoconiosis.

(A) emphysema.

A drug's chemical name is called its (A) generic name. (B) trade name. (C) brand name. (D) proprietary name.

(A) generic name.

Which of the following statements are true regarding a two-member team performing mobile radiography on a patient with MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus) precautions? 1. One radiographer remains "clean"¾that is, he or she has no physical contact with the patient. 2. The radiographer who positions the mobile unit also makes the exposure. 3. The radiographer who positions the cassette also retrieves the cassette and removes it from its plastic protective cover. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(A) 1 and 2 only

Chemical substances that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms without necessarily killing them are called 1. antiseptics. 2. germicides. 3. disinfectants. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(A) 1 only

For which of the following radiographic examinations is a consent form usually required? 1. Angiogram 2. GI series 3. Skeletal survey (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(A) 1 only

The usual patient preparation for an upper GI exam is (A) NPO 8 h before the exam. (B) light breakfast only on the morning of the exam. (C) clear fluids only on the morning of the exam. (D) 2 oz castor oil and enemas until clear.

(A) NPO 8 h before the exam.

Which of the following blood pressure measurements indicates shock? (A) Systolic pressure lower than 60 mmHg (B) Systolic pressure higher than 140 mmHg (C) Diastolic pressure higher than 140 mmHg (D) Diastolic pressure lower than 90 mmHg

(A) Systolic pressure lower than 60 mmHg

A patient in a recumbent position with the head lower than the feet is said to be in which of the following positions? (A) Trendelenburg (B) Fowler's (C) Sims (D) Stenver's

(A) Trendelenburg

Which of the following may be used to effectively reduce the viscosity of contrast media? (A) Warming (B) Refrigeration (C) Storage at normal room temperature (D) Storage in a cool, dry place

(A) Warming

A small bottle containing a single dose of medication is termed (A) an ampule. (B) a vial. (C) a bolus. (D) a carafe.

(A) an ampule.

A vasodilator would most likely be used for (A) angina. (B) cardiac arrest. (C) bradycardia. (D) antihistamine.

(A) angina.

The chemical agent alcohol can be used effectively as a(n) (A) antiseptic. (B) germicide. (C) disinfectant. (D) antibiotic.

(A) antiseptic.

Tungsten:

(W) 74 electrons in orbit High melting point

Compton Scattering:

**MOST COMMON** Energy levels throughout the X-ray range of 40-125kVp. Incoming X-ray photon interacts with an outer orbital electron of an atom, removing it from the atom and then proceeds in a different direction. *kVp increase=Compton interactions increase.*

When performing a quality control test to ensure that the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam is accurate, the result must be within this amount of the control panel setting:

+/- 4% KVP

Short term effects of radiation:

-Predictable -Appear within 3 mo. -Associated w/ high radiation greater than 500 mGy-t -Erythema,Blood changes, GI changes

kVp controls what?

-Quality -Penetration -Contrast **Use higher kVp on denser/larger body parts**

mA controls what?

-Quantity [of electron going to the target] -Volume -Density **Use higher mA on larger body parts**

4 prime factors of exposure:

-mA -time -kVp -SID

The NCRP recommended monthly effective (or equivalent) dose limit to the fetus for a pregnant worker

0.05 rem (0.0005 Sv)

The diagnostic useful range of x-rays is from:

0.1 to 0.5 angstrom.

Minimum standard lead equivalency for gloves?

0.25 mm

Where should the central ray enter the patient for the AP projection of the knee?

0.5 inch below the apex of the patella

Recommended EqD limit for pregnant worker per month?

0.5 mSv

Minimum standard lead equivalency for aprons?

0.5 mm

The NCRP (report #102) recommendation for lead equivalency of aprons used for personnel protection

0.5 mm

High-frequency full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?

Four essential things for production of xrays

1) A vacuum 2) A source of electrons 3) A target 4) A high potential difference

Which of the following are true regarding the correct position for an AP projection of the lower leg?

1)The leg should be extended and resting on the IR 2)The ankle should be dorsiflexed so that the foot forms a 90-degree angle with the lower leg

Characteristics of computed radiography include which of the following?

1. Accurate positioning is critical 2. Radiographer selects exposure factors as in conventional radiography 3. Film-screen system is replaced by an imaging plate (IP) Rationale: The first three are characteristics of computed radiography. The film-screen system is replaced by an imaging plate, but the radiographer is still the vital link in the process. CR and DR plates are very sensitive to scatter radiation.

Postprocessing image manipulation in computed radiography allows for which of the following?

1. Black/white reversal 2. Contrast and edge enhancement 3. Subtraction

Artifacts in computed radiography may be caused by which of the following?

1. Scatter radiation 2. Improper use of grids causing a moiré pattern 3. Dust on the imaging plate (IP)

4 Classifications of Radiation Effects:

1. Short term effects 2. Long term effects 3. Somatic effects 4. Genetic effects

Condition(s) necessary for the production of x-rays:

1. Source of electrons 2. Acceleration of electrons 3. Sudden stoppage of electrons against target material

Which of the following statements are true regarding the function of kVp? As kVp is increased:

1. Speed of electrons will increase. 2. Percentage of electrons converting their energy to x-ray photons will increase. 3. Frequency of the x-ray wavelength will increase.

4 Primary factors that affect scatter radiation:

1. Volume of tissue 2. kVp 3.Density of absorbing matter 4. Field size

ankle AP weight bearing

10 x 12 CW SID 40" upright position, never stand patient on xray table, cassette in cassette groove behind feet, toes facing forward shield gonads CR perp to enter the cassette

foot AP axial

10 x 12 LW SID 40" Flex the knee to rest of the sole of the foot on the table Shield gonads Central ray 10° toward the heel entering the base of the third metatarsal or palpating the prominent base of the fifth metatarsal assistance in finding the third metatarsal Collimation 1 inch on the sides and 1 inch beyond the calcaneus and distal tips of the toes (Compensating filter used because of a difference in thickness between the areas)

mA linearity must be recalibrated when a difference greater than:

10% is noted throughout the mA range of the equipment being tested.

A lateral radiograph of the paranasal sinuses was taken at 36 inches source-to-image distance (SID) using 25 mAs. To obtain preoperative measurements, the radiologist requested another lateral radiograph be obtained at 72 inches SID. What new mAs must be employed to maintain overall IR exposure?

100 mAs Rationale: Using inverse square law, doubling the SID necessitates quadrupling the mAs.

Single-phase full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?

100%

kilovolt

1000 volts

foot lateral (mediolateral)

10x12 LW SID 40 inches patient turns towards affected side, opposite leg behind affected leg, heel should not touch IR, medial surface of foot parallel with plane of IR, planter surface of forefoot perp. to IR dorsiflex foot to form 90 degree angle with lower leg shield gonads CR perp. to base of 3rd metatarsal collimation 1 inch on all sides of shadow 1 inch above medial malleolus (used most for patient comfort)

foot medial oblique

10x12 LW SID 40" IR under foot so its parallel with its long axis rotate leg medially until plantar surface forms a 30 degree angle to the plane of the IR (if over 30 the lat. cuneiform is thrown over other cuneiforms CR perp. to the base of the third metatarsal shield gonads collimation 1 inch on all sides and 1 inch behind calcaneous and in front of distal tips (compensating wedge filter helps with the difference in thickness)

foot lateral oblique

10x12 LW SID 40 inches IR under patients foot parallel with its long axis rotate leg laterally planter surface of foot forms 30 degree angle shield gonads CR perp. to base of 3rd metatarsal

foot lateral weight bearing(lateromedial)

10x12 LW SID 40 inches patient standing, one foot on each side of IR, medial surface against IR shield gonads

foot AP axial weight bearing

10x12 LW (CW for both feet on plate) SID 48 inches (reduce mag. and improve spatial resolution) standing upright position pants up, identification markers, weight distributed equally shield gonads CR 15 degree posterior angulation enter base of 3rd metatarsal

Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones

SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits acanthion

How many vertebrae comprise of the throacic

As a general rule, a grid should be employed when the part thickness is greater than

12 cm

The x-ray machine receives what type of current from the incoming line?

120 HZ AC

Following single-phase full-wave rectification, the waveform contains two pulses per cycle, or:

120 PULSES PER SECOND

Voltage in a normal house outlet

120 V

The poorest spatial resolution would be produced by which of the following sets of exposure factors?

120 mAs, 92 kVp, 20-inch SID, 4-inch OID Rationale: Source-to-image distance (SID), rather than mAs or kVp, is a controlling factor in recorded detail.

Three-phase, six-pulse, full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?

13%

Transformer

Changes electrical voltage and current into higher or lower values; the transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction, so it requires alternating current

chest AP supine

14x17 LW SID 72" (60' recommended if can be attained by equip. used) back against grid IR superior border above relaxed shoulders 1.5-2" shield gonads CR perp. to long axis of sternum and center of IR, should enter about 3 inches below jugular notch collimate 14x17 EXPOSE ON SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (max expansion of lungs) (supine position used when patient is too ill to be prone also sometimes used to investigate pulmonary lesions)

When going from single-phase to three-phase or high-frequency machines, kVp values may be:

DECREASED 12% TO 16%

tibia fibula AP

14x 17 LW (turning cassette diagonal to get both joints) SID 48" (reduces divergence of beam to include both joints) when cassette is used LW must follow this rule (IR must extend 1-1.5" beyond joints) pelvis not rotated, femoral condyles parallel with IR, foot is vertical shield gonads CR perp. to center of leg collimate 1 inch on sides and 1.5" beyond ankle and knee joint

chest AP upright

chest posterior oblique RPO LPO

14x17 LW SID 72" (decrease mag. of heart and increase detail of thoracic vert.) facing xray tube IR about 1.5-2" above vert. prominens or about 5" above jug. notch 45 degree angle of body, thorax centered to IR if recumbent support hip and arm with sponge arm closer to IR raised arm farthest on hip forward rotation of shoulders shield gonads CR: perp. to center of IR at level 3" below jug. notch (exits T7) EXPOSE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (used when patient is too ill to be prone, side of interest is generally side closest to IR)

chest anterior oblique RAO LAO

14x17 LW SID 72" (decrease mag. of heart and increase detail of thoracic vert.) standing or seated upright turn 45 degrees towards left side for LAO and 45 degrees towards right side for RAO side of interest is generally side farther from IR even though lung closer to IR is still in image IR about 1.5-2" above vert. prominens because top of shoulders may not be in same plane thorax centered to IR, right and left side of body on IR LAO: left hand on hip palm outward raise right arm and grasp top of grid device RAO: reverse above info ^^^^ shield gonads collimate 14x14 CR perp. to center of IR at level of T7 EXPOSE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION

chest AP lordotic

14x17 LW SID 72" (recommended to decrease mag. of heart and increase recorded details of thoracic vert. upright position patient facing xray tube standing approx. 1 foot in front of bucky IR about 3" above upper border of the shoulders when in lordotic position position: coronal plane of the throax 15-20 degrees from vertical and MSP centered to midline of grid CR perp. to enter center of IR at level of midsternum collimate 10x12 or 14x17 (protocol) shield gonads EXPOSE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (max expansion of lungs)

chest lateral decubitus

14x17 LW patient lying on either affected side or unaffected side (fluid in pleural cavity is best shown lying on affected side, a small amount of free air in pleural cavity such as pneumothorax is best shown on unaffected side best image attained when patient lays there for 5 min. before exposure (fluid settles/air rises) extends arms well above head, place body against grid, if patient is lying on affected side elevate with firm pad IR extends 1.5-2" above shoulders shield gonads CR horizon. and perp. to center of IR at level 3" below jug. notch for AP and T7 for PA collimate 14x17 EXPOSURE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION

chest PA

14x17 LW (CW for large or hypersthenic patient) 72" SID (recommended to decrease mag. of heart) Upright Bucky (standing/sitting recommended to see diaphragm at its lowest position and air fluid levels) CR perpendicular CR at center of IR, level of T-7 (inferior angle of scapula) (IR is about 1.5-2 inches above relaxed shoulders then rotate them forward and depress to move clavicles below apices) Shield gonads collimate 14x17 EXPOSE ON SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (lungs expand transversely, anteroposteriorly, and vertically, with vertical being the greatest expansion)

how much should the central ray be angled cephalad for an AP axial projection of the chest if the patient cannot assume the lordotic position?

15 degrees

when taking a posteroanterior (pa) axial projection (caldwell method) of the skull the central ray is directed:

15 degrees caudad

What is the proper central ray angle and direction for the AP oblique projections of the cervical spine?

15 degrees cephalad

when taking anteriorposterior (AP) axial projection of the cervical spine, the central ray is directed

15 degrees cephaled

The relationship between kVp and IR exposure is governed by what rule or law?

15% RULE

The rule or law that governs changing technique using kVp is the:

15% RULE Rationale: Changes in kVp are governed by the 15% rule. A 15% increase in kVp will double the receptor exposure, and 15% decrease in kVp will halve the receptor exposure.

An image is produced using 70 kVp and 10 mAs. If the kVp is increased to 80 kVp, how much mAs is required to maintain exposure?

15% rule: ~ 5 mAs

An image is produced using 70 kVp and 10 mAs. If the mAs is changed to 20 mAs, how much kVp is needed to maintain exposure?

15% rule: ~ 60 kVp

In digital fluoroscopy and computed radiography, the energy must be changed to a digital format by a(n):

AC TO DC CONVERTER

Which of the following statements concerning alternating current, direct current, and the x-ray circuit is true? Transformers require:

AC, but x-ray tubes work more efficiently with DC.

What device may be used to ensure consistency of radiographic quality from one exposure to the next?

AEC

when a patient in a cardiac arrest presents with a rapid, weak, and ineffective heartbeat, what device is used to return the heart to a normal rhythm

AED

Using an increased OID that allows scatter to miss the IR is called:

AIR GAP TECHNIQUE

The guiding philosophy of radiation protection

ALARA--as low as reasonably achievable

Radiation may also exist as particles, such as:

ALPHA AND BETA PARTICLES

Electrical generating stations produce what type of current?

ALTERNATING

Current that flows back and forth is called:

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Grids are made up of lead strips alternated with what type of interspacers?

ALUMINUM

The unit of electric current is the:

AMPERE

The height of a sine wave is called:

AMPLITUDE

As kVp increases, a greater potential difference exists between:

ANODE AND CATHODE

the speed of electromagnetic energy

186,000 miles per second

The variation of x-ray intensity along the longitudinal axis of the x-ray beam describes:

ANODE HEEL EFFECT Rationale: IR exposure is greater near the cathode end of the x-ray beam and less near the anode end because of absorption of x-rays into the "heel" of the anode. This is seldom visible but must be taken into account.

Indirect Conversion:

2 step process in which X-ray energy is first converted into light and then converted into an electric signal.

When a quality control test is performed to ensure that the same exposure factors produce consistent x-ray output, successive exposures must be within this amount of one another:

2% OF SID

How much filtration is required?

2.5mm

Radiation dose that causes blood changes:

250 mSv

Radiation dose that causes temporary sterility:

2500 mSv

What side of the X-ray tube controls kVp?

Anode side

How many lobes does the R lung have?

Three-phase, 12-pulse, full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?

Three-phase, six-pulse equipment produces how much higher average photon energy?

35%

which of the following body positions will demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?

45 degrees LPO

Front of the Body

Total recommended EqD limit for 9 mo. pregnant worker?

5.0 mSv

Which surface of the hand should be in contact with the IR for the posteroanterior (PA) projection?

Anterior(palmer)

Grid conversion factor #s and formula used

5:1 = 2 6:1 = 3 8:1 = 4 12:1 = 5 16:1 = 6 mAs (1) = 1 -------- ---- mAs (2) GF

Skeletal System that Includes the Upper and Lower Extremities:

Appendicular Skeleton

Radiation dose that causes death:

6000 mSv

Store and handle image receptor in a manner which will reduce the possibility of...

Artifact production

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons

select radio graphic exposure factors..

Automatic exposure control (AEC) kVp and mAs (manual)

Binding energy of a k-shell?

69.5 takes at least 70 kVp exposure to eject an electron.

How many vertebral are located in the cervical region of the spine

Sthenic body type:

Average 50% of population Organs normal location/shape

How many kilovolts equal 70,000 volts?

70 - Kilo means "thousands."

when taking a PA projection of the chest, the recommended SID is:

72 inches

which of the following projections is best for demonstration of the apices of the lungs without bony superimpostion?

AP axial lordotic position

Which foot projection and position will demonstrate the entire foot in near anatomic position

AP axial projection with the plantar surface of the foot in contact with the IR

Atomic number of tungsten

Which foot projection and position will demonstrate the medial and intermediate cuneiforms without superimposition

AP oblique projection in 30-degree lateral rotation

Which foot projection and position will demonstrate the cuboid, navicular, and lateral cuneiforms without superimposition

AP oblique projection in 30-degree medial rotation

Which foot projection will demonstrate the metatarsals(third-fifth) without superimposition

AP oblique projection in 30-degree medial rotation

Central Ray is Angled Along the Long Axis of the Body:

Axial

toe lateral

8 x 10 or 10 x 12 LW S ID 40 inches, patient laying in lateral recumbent position, tape the toes above the one being examined Great toe and second toe: patient on unaffected side, IR on the medial side of foot Third, fourth, fifth toes: patient on affected side, and IR under lateral side of foot Shield gonads Central ray perpendicular to the plane of the IR entering the IP joint of the great toe or the proximal IP joint of the lesser toes Collimation 1 inch on all sides

toes sesamoids, tangential Lewis and Holly

8 x 10 or 10 x 12 LW SID 40 inches, patient in prone position for the Lewis method and patient in sitting position for Holly method, rest of the great toe on the table in a position of dorsiflexion and adjusted it to place the ball of the foot perpendicular to the horizontal plane, Central ray perpendicular and tangential to the first MTP joint

toe oblique

8 x 10 or 10 x 12 lengthwise SID 40 inches medial rotation of lower leg and foot, plantar surface of foot 30 to 45° angle, shield gonads, central ray perpendicular entering third MTP joint, collimation 1 inch on all sides (Individual oblique toes Center affected toe to the IR and collimate closely, medial rotation for first and second toes and lateral rotation for fourth and fifth toes, either rotation is OK for third toe)

The voltage actually used in three-phase, six-pulse units is about:

87% of the kVp set on the control panel.

ankle AP

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches doriflextion, long axis of foot in vertical position shield gonads colimation 1 inch on the sides of the ankle 8 inches LW to include the heel CR perp. through ankle joint midway between malleoli (tibofibular and talofibular joints not open)

calcaneus plantodorsal axial

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches legs fully extended, IR under ankle, long strip of gauze strapped around patients ball of foot for dorsiflexion shield gonads CR to midpoint of the IR, cephalic angle entering planter surface of 40 degrees to long axis of foot enters near the base of the 3rd metatarsal collimation 1 inch on all 3 sides of shadow (compensating filter used because of increased density through midportion of foot)

calcaneus dorsoplantar, axial

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches patient prone, ankle on sandbags, dorsiflex ankle so long axis of foot is perp. to table top, IR against planter surface shield gonads CR caudal angle enters posterior to the heel of 40 degrees to long axis of foot enters dorsal (back) surface of ankle (comensating filter used because of increased density through foot)

toe AP or AP axial toes

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40" 15 degree angle on tube or use sponge under foot 3rd MTP joint center of IR shield gonads CR perp. through 3rd MTP joint (CR same for perp. and axial projection only the angle changes) collimate 1 inch on all 4 sides

ankle medial oblique

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40" dorsiflex foot, gauze may be used for immobilization, leg primarily is rotated for all oblique ankles, rotate 45 degrees shield gonads CR perp. to the ankle joint, midway between malleoli collimate 1 inch on sides, 8 inches LW

calcaneus lateral (mediolateral)

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40" turn toward affected side, adjust as you would lateral foot, IR so long axis is parallel to plantar surface of heel shield gonads collimation 1 inch past the posterior and inferior shadow of heel (include medial malleolus and base of fifth metatarsal)

ankle lateral (mediolateral)

8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches long axis of IR parallel to long axis of leg, dorsiflex shield gonads CR perp. to ankle joint entering medial malleoli collimation 1 inch on sides 8 inches LW including heel and 5th metatarsal base.

which chest projection and position are needed to demonstrate free pleural fluid along the dependent chest wall?

AP, lateral decubitus

The voltage actually used in three-phase, 12-pulse units is about

96% of the kVp set on the control panel

The voltage actually used in high frequency is about

99% of the kVp set on the control panel

One of the functions of the vacuum created by the glass envelope surrounding the working components of the x-ray tube is to:

Allow free flow of electrons from cathode to anode.

Particulate Radiation

Alpha particles and Beta particles

Straight-line Portion of an H&D Curve:

Also Known as the Body of the Curve. Measures the Usable Densities on a Radiograph.

Density:

Amount of Blackness on a Radiograph

Autotransformer

A special single-coil transformer that corrects fluctuations in the current flowing through the x-ray machine.

What is the recommendation for a hard-copy image that is mislabeled

A sticker with the correct information should be applied to the hard copy image

The four essentials elements required for x-ray production

A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference

The feature of the image intensifier that automatically adjusts kVp and mAs during fluoroscopy is the:

AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL

This type of transformer contains an iron core and a single winding of wire, it is used in the x-ray circuit to provide a small increase in voltage before the step-up transformer, and it is here that the kVp settings are made. This is the:

AUTOTRANSFORMER

What transformer operates on the principle of self-induction?

AUTOTRANSFORMER

Which of the following devices permits the radiographer to vary the kilovoltage in the x-ray circuit?

AUTOTRANSFORMER

Recorded Detail:

Ability to Distinguish between Adjacent Objects on a Radiographic Image

Energy

Ability to do work

Gy-t-

Absorbed dose (t for tissue) in the patient's body

Use radiopaque anatomical side markers at the time of image...

Acquisition

What is the name of the large, rounded projection that can be felt on the superior lateral surface of the shoulder

Acromion

Pneumothorax:

Air in the pleural cavity

The x-ray tube manufacturer's warm-up procedure should be followed to:

Allow for even expansion of the target.

When an AEC is used, where is the ionization chamber?

BETWEEN THE IR AND PT

Dose Area Product (DAP)

An actual measure of patient dose measured by a DAP meter embedded in the collimator. The value depends on the exposure factors and field size

Fixed kVp chart:

An optimum kVp value is established for each projection and the mAs is varied according to the pt/part thickness.

X-rays produced by the slowing (braking) of projectile electrons are a result of what interaction?

BREMS

The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of

Bremsstrahlung radiation

The image on the output phosphor of the intensifier tube is:

Brighter than the input phosphor

Digital Term for Radiographic Density:

Brightness

Window Level:

Brightness in the viewing monitor is adjusted by the window level.

A device in which the x-ray tube and image intensifier are located on opposite cusps of a semicircular arch is called a

C-ARM

Radiation is more intense on which side of the x-ray tube?

CATHODE

The negative electrode of an x-ray tube is termed the:

CATHODE

Under what portion of the beam would you place the thicker part to be irradiated?

CATHODE

The filament and the focusing cup are part of the

CATHODE ASSEMBLY

An interaction that produces x-rays at the anode as a result of outer shell electrons filling holes in the K shell is called:

CHARACTERISTIC

Tangential projections:

CR skims the profile of the subject

Calcium =

In computed radiography, image brightness may be adjusted by:

Changing the window level Rationale: There is a direct relationship between window level and image brightness on the monitor: Increasing window level increases image brightness. Adjusting the window level is part of postprocessing.

Emphysema:

Chronic lung condition. Type of COPD. Destruction of the small airways and alveoli of the lungs which results in overinflation of the lungs and inability to exhale stale air effectively. *Barrel chested*

Colles Fracture:

Common fracture of the distal radius, accompanied by the posterior and medial displacement.

Operate electronic imaging and record keeping devices including:

Computed radiography CR with photostimulable storage phosphore plate PSP direct radiography DR picture archiving and communication system PACS hospital information system HIS radiology information system RIS electronic medical record EMR system

Dual focus tube

Contains 2 filaments in the cathode - one large and one small. Only one is used at a time

Atomic Nucleus

Contains protons and neutrons; contains most of the mass of an atom

What is the projection of the wrist for the PA oblique projection in lateral rotation

Coronal plane of the wrist at a 45-degree angle to the IR with the anteromedial surface on the IR

Identify image artifacts and make appropriate...

Corrections

Hard outer portion of most bones?

Cortex

SI radiation units that express intensity in the air

Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)

Which of the following is not a property of x-rays?

ELECTRICALLY NEGATIVE

The movement of electrons between objects is called:

ELECTRIFICATION

The process of causing an electric current to flow in a conductor when it is placed within the force field of another conductor describes:

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

Movement of electrons in a conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor; a coiled conductor (i.e., a wire), through which an electric current is flowing, will have overlapping magnetic fields and describes:

ELECTROMAGNETISM

Ionization is the removal of a(n):

ELECTRON

Electrons are held in orbit around the nucleus by a force called

ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY

The result of thermionic emission is a(n):

ELECTRON CLOUD

This type of timer is controlled by a microprocessor

ELECTRONIC

What is contained in the orbital shells of an atom?

ELECTRONS

The study of stationary electric charges is:

ELECTROSTATICS

The ability to do work defines:

ENERGY

What is the key to avoiding motion?

Effective communication with both adults and children.

What is the proper patient position for the AP projection of the forearm?

Elbow extended, wrist and elbow parallel to the IR, hand supinated

Speed of travel

Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light; travel at the speed of light is constant, regardless of wavelength or frequency; wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are inversely proportional

Gamma Rays

Electromagnetic rays produced in the nucleus of radioactive atoms; x-rays and gamma rays differ only in their origin

Structures seen outside of the collimated area on a radiograph, produced by "off-focus" (extra focal) radiation, are the result of:

Electron interaction within the x-ray tube at a point other than the focal spot

Kinetic Energy

Energy of motion

Compensating Filtration:

Equalizes Radiographic Density when Imaging Body Parts with Wide Variations of Thickness; Thick Part of the Compensating Filter Corresponds to the Thin Portion of Anatomy.

Atomic Number of an atom

Equals the number of protons in the nucleus; represented by the letter Z; the atomic number determines the chemical element; all chemical elements are represented in the periodic table of elements

Systeme International [SI]:

Established by the International commission on Radiation Units in 1980, to measure radiation and radiation dose.

How often should a quality check ben performed on lead apron and gloves?

Every 6 months

Magnetic Poles

Every magnet has a north pole and south pole

The device that concentrates electrons boiling off the filaments into a narrow stream for travel toward the anode is the

FOCUSING CUP

The focusing cup is located at the:

FOCUSING CUP

Matter HAS:

FORM, SHAPE, AND OCCUPIES SPACE

Diarthrosis joint:

FREELY MOVEABLE

A change in wavelength will always correspond to a change in:

FREQUENCY

The number of x-ray waves passing a given point per unit time is called:

FREQUENCY

Examples of the Sutures of the Skull:

Fibrous; Synarthrodial Joints

American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

Founded in Chicago in 1920 continuing education, professional journal, guidance for radiographic educators, and publishes a CODE OF ETHICS

Monteggia Fracture:

Fracture of the ulna and dislocation of the radial head.

Methods of electrification

Friction, contact and induction

Cranial/Facial Bone on which the Glabella is Located:

Frontal

What is the ratio of a grid if the height of the lead strips is 3 mm and the distance between them is 0.25 mm?

GR = h/d GR = 12:1

When the x-ray beam is attenuated, the IR receives:

GREAT NUMBER OF HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS

As the potential difference increases, electrons from the cathode strike the anode in greater numbers and with

GREATER ENERGY

Rotation of the target allows for:

GREATER HEAT DISSIPATION

A grid error in which there is normal exposure in the center of the image with cutoff visible on the sides is caused by:

GRID FOCUSING DECENTERING

The factor that is expressed as the ratio of primary radiation transmitted through the grid to secondary radiation transmitted through the grid is:

GRID SELECTIVITY

Select equipment and accessories for the exam requested examples:

Grid, compensating filter, shielding

The law that states that the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the x-rays and the object is:

INVERSE SQUARE LAW

Wavelength and frequency are:

INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL

The following will result in an image with excessive magnification of image structures

IR exposure at an OID greater than recommended for a particular body part

The following will result in a screen or film image with low contrast

IR exposure with a kVp higher than needed for the particular anatomic structures

The following will result in a screen or film image with low density

IR exposure with an mAs less than needed for the particular anatomic structures

Modify exposure factors for circumstances such as...

Involuntary motion, casts in splints, pathological conditions, or patience inability to cooperate

Contrast too high: [Too short scale]

Increase kVp by 15% and decrease mAs by 50% to maintain density

To maintain density when SID is increased?

Increase mAs

Relationship between Anatomy and Pathology on Image Contrast:

Indirectly Related Increase in Anatomic Thickness or Existence of an Additive Pathology Results in Decreased Contrast Due to More Scatter Radiation Production within Tissue

Relationship between Filtration and Image Contrast:

Indirectly Related: Increasing Filtration Increases Beam Hardness by Removing Low-Energy Photons from the Primary Beam which will Reduce Image Contrast

Tendonitis:

Inflammation of the tendon

Also Known as Reid's Baseline:

Infraorbitomeatal Line

Sprain:

Injury to the ligaments, tendons, and muscles that surround a joint.

What anatomic structures are best demonstrated by the posteroanterio (PA) oblique projection of the cervical spine?

Intervertebral formina closer to the IR

Relationship between Distance and Radiographic Density:

Inverse Square Law: X-ray Beam Intensity (Density) is Inversely Proportional to the Square of the Distance between the X-ray Tube and Image Receptor

Relationship between kVp and Image Contrast:

Inversely Related High kVp = Low Image Contrast = Long- Scale Contrast = Many Shades of Gray Low kVp = High Image Contrast = Short- cale Contrast - Few Shades of Gray

Relationship between Focal Spot Size and Recorded Detail:

Inversely Related As Focal Spot Size Decreases, Recorded Detail Increases

Relationship between SID and Size Distortion:

Inversely Related Increasing SID Results in Decreased Size Distortion (Magnification)

Relationship between Motion and Recorded Detail:

Inversely Related Motion Increases, Recorded Detail Decreases

Relationship between Image "Contrast" and Film "Latitude":

Inversely Related Wide Latitude Film will Result in a Low Contrast Image. Short Latitude Film will Result in a High Contrast Image.

Relationship between OID and Recorded Detail

Inversely Related: As OID Increases, Recorded Detail Decreases because Size Distortion (Magnification) Increases

What letters designate the first four inner shells of an atom?

K L M N

Most important electron shell in radiography

K shell

Mass

Kilogram

kVp:

Kilovoltage Peak: Energy of the X-ray Beam; Determines the Penetrability of the Beam

Which of the following does not occur when the first stage of a two-stage exposure switch is depressed?

Kilovoltage is applied.

Left Anterior Aspects of the Body Closest to the IR:

Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)

Lying on the Left Side; Horizontal Central Ray:

Left Lateral Decubitus

Voluntary motion:

Normal, controllable movements -breathing -motion

X-rays were discovered?

November 8, 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen at the University of Würzburg in Germany

bit depth

Number of bits that determines the precision with which the exit radiation is recorded and thus controls the exact pixel brightness (gray level) that can be specified.

By increasing the mA control on the operating console of the x-ray machine, the radiographer can increase the

Number of electrons boiled off the filament

Atomic number?

Number of protons in an element

Atomic Mass

Number of protons plus number of neutrons represented by the letter A

How is Frequency measured:

Number of times per second that a crest passes a given point.

Frequency

Number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit time; measured in hertz

Which of the following grid errors will result in an image that shows decreased IR exposure across the entire radiograph?

OFF LEVEL

grid error in which exposure is decreased across the entire radiograph is caused by:

OFF LEVEL GRID

Voltage in the circuit is equal to the current times resistance describes what law?

OHM'S LAW

The distance from the object being imaged to the image receptor is:

OID

Object Image receptor distance:

OID Distance between the subject and the IR

Inside the tube housing, what is the x-ray tube immersed in to assist with cooling and additional electrical insulation?

OIL

Factors that Influence Recorded Detail

Object-to-Image Receptor-Distance (OID), Source-to-Image Receptor-Distance (SID), Focal-Spot Size, Imaging System Speed, Motion

Increase kVp to?

Obtain a lower or longer scale of contrast

Decrease kVp to?

Obtain a shorter scale or higher contrast

Shoulder (Scapular Y) PA oblique

Position: Rotate 45-60 degrees toward affected side CR: perp. to shoulder joint at level of scapulohumeral joint Breathing: suspended

Which photon-tissue interaction is responsible for producing radiographic contrast?

PHOTOELECTRIC Rationale: Photoelectric interaction produces contrast as a result of the differential absorption of the incoming x-ray photons in the body's tissues. Rays are completely absorbed in some areas of the patient.

Marks on the anode resulting from bombardment by electrons are called:

PITTING

The charge on the atomic nucleus is:

POSITIVE

The energy of position is called:

POTENTIAL

This device is placed in the circuit between the autotransformer and the high-voltage transformer

PREREADING VOLTMETER

Type of x-ray photon interaction with the body is primarily responsible for the radiation dose absorbed by the patient

Photoelectric

The composition of the x-ray beam comes from which energy conversions?

Photoelectric and Compton, CHARATERISTIC, AND BREM

Density:

Photographic property- Overall blackness/darkness of the X-ray image.

What is the IR that is used for computed radiography

Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate

PACS:

Picture archival and communication system. extensive networked group of computers, servers, and archives.

Fluid within the Pleural Space

Pleural Effusion

Closer to the Point of Origin

Proximal

Decubitus position:

Pt. is recumbent with CR horizontal or parallel to floor.

2+-% +-1 min 2.5 AL equivalent +-10% 2.5 lp/mm

QC/A collimation kVp filtration mAs display resolution

This device is located between the step-up transformer and the x-ray tube

RECTIFIER

chest posterior oblique RPO LPO evaluation criteria and strucutres shown

RPO LPO S.S present image similar to AP oblique projection (RPO comparable to LAO) lung field appears shorter though due to mag. of diaphragm heart and great vessels also show mag. shadows because it is farther from IR RPO LPO E.C both lungs trachea filled with air visible identification markers mediastinal structures max left lung LPO max right lung RPO

What is the conventional (British system) radiation unit of absorbed dose

Rad

the most common site for palpation of a patients pulse

Radial artery at the wrist

What specific anatomy is demonstrated without superimposition in the AP oblique projection in 45-degree lateral rotation?

Radial head and capitulum

Air kerma (Gy-a)

Radiation exposure in the AIR

Ionizing Radiation:

Radiation that when passing through the body, produces positively and negatively charged particles.

Relationship between the Anode Heel Effect and Radiographic Density:

Radiographic Density is Less Toward the Anode End of the X-ray Beam Due to the Absorption of X-rays by the "Heel" of the Anode

Axial projections:

Radiographs taken with a longitudinal angulation of the CR 10 degrees or more.

radiographic position

Refers to a specific body position, such as supine, prone, recumbent, erect, or Trendelenburg. Restricted to the discussion of the patient's physical position

Ionization

Removal of an electron from an atom

Filtration:

Removes Low Energy, Non-diagnostic X-ray Photons from the Primary X-ray Beam

What specific anatomy is best demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine if the patient is positioned in a 45 degree RPO position?

Right zygapophyseal joints

PA Axial (Caldwell) Sinuses

SID: 40 in Position: (Angled Grid)-tilt verticle bucky down 15 degrees forehead & nose touching, MSP & OML perp. (Verticle Grid)- Patients OML 15 degree angle CR: exits nasion

Other Terms for Recorded Detail:

Sharpness, Image Resolution, Spatial Resolution

Portion of an H&D Curve that Measures Unusable, Overexposed Densities on a Radiograph

Shoulder Portion

Two Types of Distortion:

Size (Magnification) Shape (Elongation or Foreshortening)

below 85 kvp, an adjustment of 2 kvp/cm will compensate for small changes in what/

Size of the body part

What components of the x-ray circuit operate on the principle of mutual induction?

TRANSFORMERS

Which of the following is not a property of x-rays?

TRAVELS AT SPEED OF SOUND

Filaments are primarily made of ____________ because of its high melting point

TUNGSTEN

Radiation weighting factor:

TYPE OF RADIATION WEIGHT FACTOR xray photons 1 gamma photons 1 low-energy internal protons 2 fast neutrons 20 alpha particles 20

Tarsal bones:

Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid

Which of the following are the bones that articulate to form the ankle mortise

Talus, tibia, and fibula

Central Ray Skims between Body Parts or Skims the Surface of the Body:

Tangential

What is true regarding spine radiography to evaluate scoliosis

The IR should extend from the top of the patient's ear to the level of the greater trochanter

The following is true regarding the correct positioning of the ankle for a lateral projection

The central ray enters perpendicular to the medial malleolus

Reciprocity

The credential that is issued in one state is upheld in another

Density of Absorbing Matter and scatter radiation:

The denser the body part the less scatter.

Anode

The side of the tube that contains the rotating focal spot to dissapate heat

Volume of Tissue and scatter radiation:

The thicker/larger the body part the greater the scatter and fog *When there is a greater quantity of tissue in the path of the X-ray beam there will be greater absorption and more interaction that produces scatter radiation*

What is the rationale for using a 72 inch SID for the lateral cervical spine?

This SID helps to overcome the magnification caused by the increased OID of the position.

Step-down Transformer

Transformer that decreases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and increases current in the same proportion; a step-down transformer has more turns in the primary than in the secondary coil; a step-down transformer is used in the filament portion of the x-ray circuit to increase current flow to the cathode

Step-up Transformer

Transformer that increases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and decreases current in the same proportion; a step-up transformer has more turns in the secondary than in the primary coil; a step-up transformer is used in the x-ray circuit to incase voltage to the kilovoltage level for x-ray production

Variable kVp:

Type of chart based on mAs value for each projections and varies the kVp by 2-3 kVp/cm

The laws of electrostatics state that:

UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT AND LIKE CHARGES REPEL

Which of the following grid errors will result in an image that shows normal IR exposure in the middle but decreased IR exposure on the sides and may follow removal and replacement of the grid?

UPSIDE DOWN GRID

Direct Current (DC)

Unidirectional flow of electrons in an electrical conductor

Laws of electrostatics

Unlike charges attract, and the charges repel' electrostatic charges reside on the outer surface of a conductor and are concentrated at the area of greatest curvature; only negative charges move

Fog:

Unwanted exposure the radiographic image

Sine waves

Waves of electromagnetic radiation; wave height is called amplitude; distance between the peaks of waves is called wavelength; as photon wavelength decrease, photon energy increases

When would you use a high kVp?

When x-raying something like an abdomen that has several organs, bone and other tissues. You need a longer scale of contrast to distinguish organs and things you are looking at.

When would you use low kVp?

When x-raying something like an humerus, because all that is there is skin and bone you don't need a long scale. bone is white, everything else is black.

When a lateral projection of the knee is taken, flexion of the knee joint should be limited to 10 degrees when there is suspicion of

a fracture of the patella

Measurement of Film-Screen Contact:

Wire Mesh Test

Line Voltage Compensation

X-ray circuit depends on a constant source of power; power coming into the radiology department may vary; line voltage compensator keeps incoming voltage adjusted to proper value; usually operates automatically but may be manually adjusted on older equipment

Which of the following correctly indicates the different forms of energy, in proper progression, that make up the fluoroscopic image as produced by an image intensifier?

X-ray photons, light photons, electrons, light photons

Characteristic radiation

X-rays produced as a result of an electron in the target replacing one ejected by a fast-moving incoming electron.

Age [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]

Youger cells are more sensitive than older ones.

Atomic number is represented by the letter:

What anatomic structures of the cervical spine are best demonstrated by the lateral projection?

Zygapophyseal joints

Anteroposterior projections:

[AP] CR enters anterior exits posterior

EX. Inverse square problem

[Insert values] 100 = 80 (squared) x 40 (squared) [Square distances] 100 = 6400 x 1600 [Cross multiply] 1600 x 100= 160,000 [Divide by x] 160,000 / 6,400= 25 mR

Posteroanterior projections:

[PA] CR enters posterior exits anterior

Carpal bones:

[proximal row/thumb side] Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapazoid, Capitate, Hamate

Grid conversion factor (Bucky factor) is described as the:

amount of exposure increase necessary to compensate for the absorption of image-forming rays and scatter in the cleanup process. Rationale: Grid conversion factor (Bucky factor) is the amount of exposure increase necessary to compensate for the absorption of image-forming rays and scatter in the cleanup process. It is used to indicate the increase in mAs necessary when converting from nongrid to grid status. The height of the lead strips divided by the distance between the lead strips is the grid ratio

When the leg is extended in the supine position, the ankle is maximally dorsiflexed and the central ray is directed 40 degrees cephalad through the planter surface of the foot the resulting imagine will demonstrate

an axial projection of the calcaneus

Position patient to demonstrate the desired anatomy using ...

anatomical landmarks

which cranial projection best demonstrates the occipital bone?

anteroposterior (ap) axial (towne method)

the patient is positioned supine with the midsagittal plane and oml perpendicular to the ir. the central ray is angled 30 degrees caudad and enters the midsagittal plane at approximately 2.5 inches superior to the glabella. what projection will be imaged on the radiograph?

ap axial (towne method)

what is the proper placement of the arms for the upright lateral projection of the chest?

arms raised over head, hands grasping opposite elbows

Marks, exposures, or images on a radiograph that are not a part of the intended image are called

artifacts

the process of reducing the probability that infectious organisms will be transmitted to a susceptible individual is called

asepsis

Which bones are tarsal bones

cuneiforms and cuboid

perform routine maintenance on digital equipment including:

detector calibration, CR plate, erasure, equipment cleanliness, test images.

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)

establish standards and examinations to certify RTs published Rules of Ethics

When viewing a digital image on a monitor, how do you determine if the proper mAs was selected

evaluate the exposure index value

How often should lead aprons and gloves be checked for cracks or holes

every 6 months

When positioning maneuver is used to improve patient comfort and reduce the lordic curve of the lumbar spine when positioning a recumbent patient for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?

flexing the knees and using a support under them

what structure serves as the passageway for the spinal cord to exit the skull and pass into the spinal canal of the vertebral column?

foramen magnum

either upright or recumbent oblique extremity positions lateral (external) rotation

from either prone or supine, outward rotation of the extremity

which of the following bones contain paranasal sinuses?

frontal ethmoid

The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the

kilovoltage (kVp)

Flat Panel Detector

large-area detector consisting of a film of scintillating crystals bonded to a matrix of silicon photosensors. rows and columns, used in DR converts x-ray photons directly into electrical signals

the patient is in a prone oblique position with the midsagittal plane of the head parallel to the ir and the interpupillary line perpendicular to the ir. the central ray is directed perpendicularly to enter 2 inches superior to the EAM. What projection of the cranium will be demonstrated on the radiograph?

lateral

which of the following projections will demonstrate the sphenoid sinus?

lateral

the term for radiation the escapes from the x-ray tube housing

leakage radiation

Grid frequency is described as the:

number of lead strips per inch or centimeter Rationale: Grid frequency is the number of lead strips per inch or centimeter, indicating the total amount of lead in the grid.

The following are correct statements of proper body mechanics

use a broad stance carry heavy objects close to your body

the most effective and practical way to reduce scatter radiation fog on a radiograph is to

use a grid or Bucky

A radiographer wishes to provide more uniform image brightness when obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a patient's foot. To accomplish this, the radiographer could

use a wedge filter placing the thick portion toward the toes and the thin portion toward the heel.

front back

ventral dorsal

contrast

visible differences between 2 selected areas of density levels within an image

Prevent all unnecessary persons from remaining in area during...

xray exposure

During a grand mal seizure, the patient should be (A) protected from injury. (B) placed in a semiupright position to prevent aspiration of vomitus. (C) allowed to thrash freely. (D) given a sedative to reduce jerky body movements and reduce the possibility of injury.

(A) protected from injury.

To reduce the back strain associated with transferring patients from stretcher to x-ray table, the radiographer should (A) pull the patient. (B) push the patient. (C) hold the patient away from his or her body and lift. (D) bend at the waist and pull.

(A) pull the patient.

The medical abbreviation meaning "three times a day" is (A) tid. (B) qid. (C) qh. (D) pc.

(A) tid.

Nitroglycerin is used (A) to relieve pain from angina pectoris. (B) to prevent a heart attack. (C) as a vasoconstrictor. (D) to increase blood pressure.

(A) to relieve pain from angina pectoris.

anteroposterior projection

(AP) Basic radiographic projection which has the patient positioned with the back parallel to the film. The x-ray beam travels from anterior (front) to posterior (back).

An esophagogram might be requested for patients with which of the following esophageal disorders/symptoms? 1. Varices 2. Achalasia 3. Dysphasia (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

An intravenous urogram requires the patient to remain in one position for an extended period of time. What can be done to make the patient as comfortable as possible? 1. Place a pillow under the patient's head. 2. Place a support cushion under the patient's knees to relieve back strain. 3. Place a radiopaque pad on the entire table prior to the start of the examination. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

Conditions in which there is a lack of normal bone calcification include 1. rickets. 2. osteomalacia. 3. osteoarthritis. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

In which of the following conditions is a double-contrast barium enema (BE) essential for demonstration of the condition? 1. Polyps 2. Colitis 3. Diverticulosis (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

Skin discoloration due to cyanosis may be observed in the 1. gums. 2. nailbeds. 3. thorax. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

The act of inspiration will cause elevation of the 1. sternum. 2. ribs. 3. diaphragm. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

Which of the following is (are) symptom(s) of shock? 1. Pallor and weakness 2. Increased pulse rate 3. Fever (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

You receive an ambulatory patient for a GI series. As the patient is seated on the x-ray table, he feels faint. You should 1. Lay the patient down on the x-ray table. 2. Elevate the patient's legs or place the table slightly Trendelenburg. 3. Leave quickly and call for help. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 2 only

A patient is usually required to drink a barium sulfate suspension in order to demonstrate which of the following structure(s)? 1. Pylorus 2. Sigmoid 3. Duodenum (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 3 only

(B) 1 and 3 only

When radiographing young children, it is helpful to 1. let them bring a toy. 2. tell them it will not hurt. 3. be cheerful and unhurried. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 3 only

Which of the following imaging procedures do not require the use of ionizing radiation to produce an image? 1. Ultrasound 2. Computed axial tomography 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 3 only

With a patient suffering abdominal pain, it is frequently helpful to 1. elevate the head slightly with a pillow. 2. perform the exam in the Trendelenburg position. 3. place a support under the knees. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(B) 1 and 3 only

Ingestion of a gas-producing powder or crystals is usually preliminary to which of the following examinations? 1. Oral cholecystogram 2. Double-contrast GI 3. Intravenous urogram (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 2 and 3 only

(B) 2 only

The radiographer must perform which of the following procedures prior to entering a contact isolation room with a mobile x-ray unit? 1. Put on gown and gloves only. 2. Put on gown, gloves, mask, and cap. 3. Clean the mobile x-ray unit. (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only

(B) 2 only

Which of the following patient rights is violated by discussing privileged patient information with an individual who is not involved with the patient's care? 1. The right to considerate and respectful care 2. The right to privacy 3. The right to continuity of care (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only

(B) 2 only

A patient developed hives several minutes after injection of an iodinated contrast medium. What type of drug should be readily available? (A) Analgesic (B) Antihistamine (C) Anti-inflammatory (D) Antibiotic

(B) Antihistamine

The pulse can be detected only by the use of a stethoscope in which of the following locations? (A) Wrist (B) Apex of the heart (C) Groin (D) Neck

(B) Apex of the heart

If the radiographer performed a lumbar spine examination on a patient who was supposed to have an elbow exam, which of the following charges may be brought against the radiographer? (A) Assault (B) Battery (C) False imprisonment (D) Defamation

(B) Battery

Which of the following legal phrases defines a circumstance in which both the health-care provider's and the patient's actions contributed to an injurious outcome? (A) Intentional misconduct (B) Contributory negligence (C) Gross negligence (D) None of the above

(B) Contributory negligence

A patient experiencing an episode of syncope should be placed in which of the following positions? (A) Dorsal recumbent with head elevated (B) Dorsal recumbent with feet elevated (C) Lateral recumbent (D) Seated with feet supported

(B) Dorsal recumbent with feet elevated

Which of the following is a vasopressor and may be used for an anaphylactic reaction or cardiac arrest? (A) Nitroglycerin (B) Epinephrine (C) Hydrocortisone (D) Digitoxin

(B) Epinephrine

Which of the following parenteral routes is most often used for administration of contrast agents in the radiology department? (A) Subcutaneous (B) Intravenous (C) Intramuscular (D) Intradermal

(B) Intravenous

Which of the following radiographic procedures requires an intrathecal injection? (A) Intravenous pyelogram (B) Myelogram (C) Lymphangiogram (D) Computed tomography (CT)

(B) Myelogram

All of the following statements regarding osteoarthritis are true except (A) Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder. (B) Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disorder. (C) Osteoarthritis involves deterioration of the articular cartilage. (D) Osteoarthritis involves the formation of bony spurs.

(B) Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disorder.

The legal doctrine res ipsa locquitur means which of the following? (A) Let the master answer. (B) The thing speaks for itself. (C) A thing or matter settled by justice. (D) A matter settled by precedent.

(B) The thing speaks for itself.

A quantity of medication introduced intravenously over a period of time is termed (A) an intravenous push. (B) an infusion. (C) a bolus. (D) parenteral.

(B) an infusion.

Rapid onset of severe respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms after ingestion or injection of a drug, vaccine, contrast agent, or food, or after an insect bite, best describes (A) asthma. (B) anaphylaxis. (C) myocardial infarction. (D) rhinitis.

(B) anaphylaxis.

An MRI procedure is contraindicated for a patient having (A) herniated disc. (B) aneurysm clips. (C) dental fillings. (D) subdural bleeding.

(B) aneurysm clips.

The Heimlich maneuver is used if a patient is (A) in cardiac arrest. (B) choking. (C) having a seizure. (D) suffering from hiccups.

(B) choking.

The medical term for nosebleed is (A) vertigo. (B) epistaxis. (C) urticaria. (D) aura.

(B) epistaxis.

An inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious microorganism is termed a (A) vector. (B) fomite. (C) host. (D) reservoir.

(B) fomite.

The diameter of a needle is termed its (A) bevel. (B) gauge. (C) hub. (D) length.

(B) gauge.

A patient whose systolic blood pressure is less than 90 mmHg is usually considered (A) hypertensive. (B) hypotensive. (C) average / normal. (D) baseline.

(B) hypotensive.

The most effective method of sterilization is (A) dry heat. (B) moist heat. (C) pasteurization. (D) freezing.

(B) moist heat.

When a patient with an arm injury needs help in undressing, the radiographer should (A) remove clothing from the injured arm first. (B) remove clothing from the uninjured arm first. (C) always remove clothing from the left arm first. (D) always cut clothing away from the injured extremity.

(B) remove clothing from the uninjured arm first.

Log rolling is a method of moving patients with suspected (A) head injury. (B) spinal injury. (C) bowel obstruction. (D) extremity fracture.

(B) spinal injury.

Because of medicolegal considerations, radiographic images are required to include all the following information, except (A) the patient's name and/or identification number. (B) the patient's birth date. (C) a right or left side marker. (D) the date of the examination.

(B) the patient's birth date.

A diabetic patient who is prepared for a fasting radiographic exam is susceptible to a hypoglycemic reaction. This is characterized by 1. shaking and nervousness. 2. cold, clammy skin. 3. cyanosis (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Forms of intentional misconduct include 1. slander. 2. invasion of privacy. 3. negligence. (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Blood pressure may be expressed as 120/95. What does 95 represent? 1. The phase of relaxation of the cardiac muscle tissue 2. The phase of contraction of the cardiac muscle tissue 3. A higher-than-average diastolic pressure (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only

Guidelines for cleaning contaminated objects or surfaces include 1. Clean from the most contaminated to the least contaminated area 2. Clean in a circular motion, starting from the center and working outward 3. Clean from the top down (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Instruments required to assess vital signs include 1. a thermometer. 2. a tongue blade. 3. a watch with a second hand. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following exams require(s) restriction of the patient's diet? 1. GI series 2. Abdominal survey 3. Pyelogram (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only

Which statement(s) would be true regarding tracheostomy patients? 1. Tracheostomy patients have difficulty speaking. 2. A routine chest x-ray requires the tracheostomy tubing to be rotated out of view. 3. Audible rattling sounds indicate a need for suction. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

The normal average rate of respiration for a healthy adult patient is (A) 5 to 7 breaths/min. (B) 8 to 12 breaths/min. (C) 12 to 20 breaths/min. (D) 20 to 30 breaths/min.

Chemical substances that are used to kill pathogenic bacteria are called 1. antiseptics. 2. germicides. 3. disinfectants. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Examples of nasogastric tubes include 1. Swan-Ganz. 2. Salem-sump. 3. Levin. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

If extravasation occurs during an intravenous injection of contrast media, correct treatment includes which of the following? 1. Remove the needle and locate a sturdier vein immediately. 2. Apply pressure to the vein until bleeding stops. 3. Apply warm, moist heat. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

In which of the following situations should a radiographer wear protective eye gear (goggles)? 1. When performing an upper gastrointestinal radiography examination 2. When assisting the radiologist during an angiogram 3. When assisting the radiologist in a biopsy / aspiration procedure (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Protective or "reverse" isolation is required in which of the following conditions? 1. Tuberculosis 2. Burns 3. Leukemia (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Symptoms of shock include 1. rise in blood pressure. 2. increase in pulse rate. 3. restlessness and apprehension. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

The advantages of using nonionic, water-soluble contrast media include 1. cost-containment benefits. 2. low toxicity. 3. fewer adverse reactions. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

When radiographing the elderly, it is helpful to 1. move quickly. 2. address them by their full name. 3. give straightforward instructions. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following medical equipment is used to determine blood pressure? 1. Pulse oximeter 2. Stethoscope 3. Sphygmomanometer (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

In reviewing a patient's blood chemistry, which of the following blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ranges is considered normal? (A) 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL (B) 4.5 to 6 mg/100 mL (C) 8 to 25 mg/100 mL (D) Up to 50 mg/100 mL

What type of precautions prevents the spread of infectious agents in aerosol form? (A) Strict isolation (B) Protective isolation (C) Airborne precautions (D) Contact precautions

All of the following rules regarding proper handwashing technique are correct except (A) Keep hands and forearms lower than elbows. (B) Use paper towels to turn water on. (C) Avoid using hand lotions whenever possible. (D) Carefully wash all surfaces and between fingers.

Where is the "sterile corridor" located? (A) Just outside the surgical suite (B) Immediately inside each operating room door (C) Between the draped patient and the instrument table (D) At the foot end of the draped patient

Of the four stages of infection, which is the stage during which the infection is most communicable? (A) Latent period (B) Incubation period (C) Disease phase (D) Convalescent phase

While in your care for a radiologic procedure, a patient asks to see his chart. Which of the following is the appropriate response? (A) Inform the patient that the chart is for health-care providers to view, not the patient. (B) Inform the patient that you do not know where the chart is. (C) Inform the patient that he has the right to see his chart, but that he should request to view it with his physician, so that it is properly interpreted. (D) Give the patient the chart and leave him alone for a few minutes to review it.

(C) Inform the patient that he has the right to see his chart, but that he should request to view it with his physician, so that it is properly interpreted.

Which of the following should be used to disinfect the area after a blood spill? (A) Soap and water (B) Betadine solution (C) One part bleach to ten parts water (D) One part alcohol to ten parts water

Which of the following conditions describes a patient who is unable to breathe easily while in the recumbent position? (A) Dyspnea (B) Apnea (C) Orthopnea (D) Oligopnea

According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), all of the following precaution guidelines are true, except (A) Airborne precautions require that the patient wear a mask. (B) Masks are indicated when caring for patients on MRSA precautions. (C) Patients under MRSA precautions require a negative-pressure room. (D) Gloves are indicated when caring for a patient on droplet precautions.

Which of the following is a violation of correct sterile techniques? (A) Gowns are considered sterile in the front down to the waist, including the arms. (B) Sterile gloves must be kept above the waist level. (C) Persons in sterile dress should pass each other face to face. (D) A sterile field should not be left unattended.

When a radiographer is obtaining a patient history, both subjective and objective data should be obtained. An example of subjective data is (A) The patient appears to have a productive cough. (B) The patient has a blood pressure of 130/95. (C) The patient states that he experiences extreme pain in the upright position. (D) The patient has a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the left breast.

The pain experienced by an individual whose coronary arteries are not conveying sufficient blood to the heart is called (A) tachycardia. (B) bradycardia. (C) angina pectoris. (D) syncope.

Chest drainage systems should always be kept (A) above the patient's chest. (B) at the level of the patient's chest. (C) below the level of the patient's chest. (D) none of the above; the position of the chest drainage system is not important.

The condition in which pulmonary alveoli lose their elasticity and become permanently inflated, causing the patient to consciously exhale, is (A) bronchial asthma. (B) bronchitis. (C) emphysema. (D) tuberculosis.

Radiographs are the property of the (A) radiologist. (B) patient. (C) health-care institution. (D) referring physician.

A nosocomial infection is a(n) (A) infection acquired at a large gathering. (B) upper respiratory infection. (C) infection acquired in a hospital. (D) type of rhinitis.

Involuntary patient motion can be caused by 1. post-traumatic shock. 2. medication. 3. the temperature of the room. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Medication can be administered by which of the following routes? 1. Orally 2. Intravenously 3. Intramuscularly (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Symptoms associated with a respiratory reaction to contrast media include 1. sneezing. 2. dyspnea. 3. asthma attack. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Symptoms of impending diabetic coma include 1. increased urination. 2. sweet-smelling breath. 3. extreme thirst. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following body fluids is (are) potential carrier(s) of HIV? 1. Semen 2. Vaginal secretions 3. Blood (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following conditions must be met in order for patient consent to be valid? 1. The patient must sign the consent form before receiving sedation. 2. The physician named on the consent form must perform the procedure. 3. All the blanks on the consent form must be filled in before the patient signs the form. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following must be included in the patient's medical record or chart? 1. Diagnostic and therapeutic orders 2. Medical history 3. Informed consent (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following statements are true regarding the proper care of a patient with a tracheostomy? 1. Employ sterile technique if you must touch a tracheostomy for any reason. 2. Before you suction a tracheostomy, the patient should be well aerated. 3. Never suction for longer than 15 s, permitting the patient to rest in between. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

You and a fellow radiographer have received an unconscious patient from a motor vehicle accident. As you perform the examination, it is important that you 1. refer to the patient by name. 2. make only those statements that you would make with a conscious patient. 3. reassure the patient about what you are doing. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3

(D) 1, 2, and 3

Which of the following diastolic pressure readings might indicate hypertension? (A) 50 mmHg (B) 70 mmHg (C) 90 mmHg (D) 110 mmHg

(D) 110 mmHg

In what order should the following exams be performed? 1. Upper GI 2. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) 3. Barium enema (A) 3, 1, 2 (B) 1, 3, 2 (C) 2, 1, 3 (D) 2, 3, 1

(D) 2, 3, 1

All of the following statements regarding handwashing and skin care are correct except (A) Hands should be washed after each patient examination. (B) Faucets should be opened and closed with paper towels. (C) Hands should be smooth and free from chapping. (D) Any cracks or abrasions should be left uncovered to facilitate healing.

(D) Any cracks or abrasions should be left uncovered to facilitate healing.

You receive a patient who is complaining of pain in the area of the left fourth and fifth metatarsals; however, the requisition asks for a left ankle exam. What should you do? (A) Perform a left foot exam. (B) Perform a left ankle exam. (C) Perform both a left foot and a left ankle exam. (D) Check with the referring physician.

(D) Check with the referring physician.

When disposing of contaminated needles, they are placed in a special container using what procedure? (A) Recap the needle, remove the syringe, and dispose of the needle. (B) Do not recap the needle, remove the syringe, and dispose of the needle. (C) Recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe. (D) Do not recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe.

(D) Do not recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe.

A patient suffering from orthopnea would experience the least discomfort in which body position? (A) Fowler's (B) Trendelenburg (C) Recumbent (D) Erect

(D) Erect

Increased pain threshold, breakdown of skin, and atrophy of fat pads and sweat glands are all important considerations when working with which group of patients? (A) Infants (B) Children (C) Adolescents (D) Geriatric patients

(D) Geriatric patients

What is the most common means of spreading infection? (A) Improperly disposed of contaminated waste (B) Instruments that are improperly sterilized (C) Soiled linen (D) Human hands

(D) Human hands

The patient is placed in the lithotomy position for which of the following procedures? (A) Myelography (B) Venography (C) T-tube cholangiography (D) Hysterosalpingography

(D) Hysterosalpingography

All of the following statements regarding oxygen delivery are true, except (A) Oxygen is classified as a drug and must be prescribed by a physician. (B) Rate of delivery and mode of delivery must be part of a physician order for oxygen. (C) Oxygen may be ordered continuously or as needed by the patient. (D) None of the above; they are all true.

(D) None of the above; they are all true.

An informed consent is required before performing which of the following exams? (A) Upper GI (B) Lower GI (C) Sialogram (D) Renal arteriogram

(D) Renal arteriogram

All of the following statements are true regarding the administration of a barium enema to a patient with a colostomy, except (A) The dressing should be removed and disposed of. (B) The drainage pouch should be retained unless a fresh one can be provided. (C) The colostomy tip or catheter should be selected by the radiologist. (D) The patient should not be permitted to insert the colostomy tip.

(D) The patient should not be permitted to insert the colostomy tip.

Lyme disease is caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by (A) droplet contact. (B) a vehicle. (C) the airborne route. (D) a vector.

(D) a vector.

Anaphylaxis is the term used to describe (A) an inflammatory reaction. (B) bronchial asthma. (C) acute chest pain. (D) allergic shock.

(D) allergic shock.

4 essentials to X-ray production:

1. Vacuum 2. Source of electrons 3. A target 4. High potential difference (voltage) between the source and the target

The overall exposure to the image receptor is affected by patient anatomy through its variation of:

1. atomic number. 2. tissue thickness. 3. tissue density.

A clinical history can be a significant factor in the formulation of an x-ray technique because:

1. centimeter measurements may be misleading. 2. pathology may affect the absorption of x radiation. 3. contrast and density limitations are often the result of pathologic conditions.

An image produced by using a horizontal beam is useful in the evaluation of

1. fluid-filled sinuses. 3. free air in the abdomen taken with the right side of the patient superior and the left side inferior.

When kilovoltage is increased:

1. intensity increases. 2. wavelengths become shorter.

Geometric sharpness:

1. is defined in terms of the distinct shadow evident on an image. 2. should ideally originate from a point source.

Shape distortion can be:

1. minimized with perpendicular beam projections. 2. elongated with tube-angled projections. 3. foreshortened with tube-angled projections

The density (mass per unit volume) of the patient or part under study can affect

1. radiographic density. 2. radiographic contrast. 3. differential absorption

Spatial resolution may also be known as:

1. sharpness. 2. definition. 3. image resolution.

Geometric unsharpness within the radiographic image can be minimized by using the:

1. smallest focal spot. 2. shortest OID. 3. longest SID.

A radiographic grid should be used when:

1. the body area to be radiographed measures more than 10 cm. 3. more than 60 kVp is required to penetrate a body part.

With automatic exposure control (AEC) techniques, the radiographer must consider:

1. the position of the part relative to the AEC sensor. 2. minimal response time of the AEC unit.

which of the following describe the importance of using an upright position for chest radiography?

1. the upright position demonstrates air-fluid levels 2. the upright position allows maximum lung expansion 3. the upright position minimizes magnification of the heart

Photons are:

BUNDLES OF ENERGY

Filters that provide a more uniform image of anatomic parts with significant differences in thickness are called:

COMPENSATING

Beam restrictors reduce the amount of scatter produced by reducing which of the following?

COMPTON INTERACTIONS

Differences in adjacent densities on a radiograph defines:

CONTRAST

what is the basic life support system used to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest

CPR

mAs controls the number of electrons passing from:

CATHODE TO ANODE IN THE TUBE Rationale: mAs controls the number of electrons passing from cathode to anode in the x-ray tube; this is the tube current. Consequently, mAs also controls the number of x-ray photons striking the patient and the number of exit x-rays striking the image receptor.

X-rays produced by a cascade effect of outer shell electrons filling inner shell vacancies are a result of what interaction?

CHARACTERISTIC

The production of x-rays comes from two interactions with the anode:

CHARACTERISTIC AND BREMS

Electrons in motion in a conductor are called:

CURRENT

The volt is related to potential difference as the ampere is related to:

CURRENT

If SID is doubled, IR exposure is:

CUT TO ONE FORTH

Which of the following bones are in the hindfoot portion of the foot

Calcaneus and Talus

Spongy Bone Tissue:

Cancellous Bone

Factors that Influence Shape Distortion:

Central Ray, Part, Image Receptor Alignment

Toward the Head:

Cephalad(ic)

Bremsstrahlung radiation:

Created when an incoming electron slows suddenly near the nucleus of the tungsten atom and abruptly changes direction, resulting in an X-ray photon.

Rheumatoid Arthritis:

Crippling autoimmune disease that affects joints

Two Linear Parallel Grids Placed on Top and Perpendicular to Each Other:

Crossed (Crossed-Hatched) Grid

What effect does increasing filtration have on contrast?

DECREASE CONTRAST Rationale: Contrast decreases as filtration increases because the average photon striking the patient has a shorter wavelength. Remember that shorter-wavelength radiation = longer scale of contrast = lower contrast

When beam restriction is used, receptor exposure

DECREASES Rationale: The direct effect of beam restriction is a decrease in receptor exposure if no adjustments are made to technique.

The variation in how the x-ray beam interacts with the body is called:

DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION

The atomic number, tissue density, and tissue thickness of the part being imaged cause

DIFFERIENTAL ABSORPTION

A device used for most quality control testing is the:

DIGITAL DOSIMETER

The relationship between kVp and receptor exposure is:

DIRECT BUT NOT PROPORTIONAL

Current that flows in one direction only is called:

DIRECT CURRENT

Contrast too low: [Too long scale]

Decrease kVp by 15% and increase mAs by 100% to maintain density

Relationship between Imaging System Speed at Radiographic Density:

Direct Proportion: When Imaging System Speed is Increased (or Decreased) Radiographic Density will Correspondingly Increase (or Decrease)

Relationship between Beam Restriction and Image Contrast:

Directly Related: Increase Beam Restriction or Collimation (Make the Radiation Field Smaller) Results in Higher Image Contrast Due to Less Scatter Radiation Production

Source-Image Receptor Distance (SID):

Distance between the target and the IR.

How is a Wavelength measured:

Distance from one crest to the next

Which radiographic quality factor is most affected by angulation of the central ray, part, or IR

Distortion

Sesamoids (tangential)

Position: great toe rested on table CR: perp. tangential to first MTP joint (skims surface)

Inferosuperior axial Shoulder (Lawrence method)

Position: supine with shoulder elevated, arm in external rotation IR: above shoulder as close to neck as possible, turn head away from IR Breathing: Suspended CR: horizontally through axilla to exit region of acromioclavicular joint. 15-30 degrees medially

Rectification

Process of changing alternating current to direct current

Filtration:

Process of removing the long-wavelength photons from the X-ray beam.

Describes the Path or Direction of the X-ray Beam:

Projection

Add electronic annotations on digital images to indicate position or other relevant information examples:

Time, up right, decubitus, post void

Auto transformer

Transformer that contains an iron core and a single winding of wire; and autotransformer is used in the x-ray circuit to provide a small increase in voltage before step-up transformer; the kVp setting are made at the autotransformer

Limited Radiology Exam 2019 (ALL COMBINED INFO)

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