Limited Radiology Exam 2019 (ALL COMBINED INFO)
Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau
1.Age 2.Differentiation 3. Metabolic rate 4. Mitotic rate
How short of an exposure is possible with electronic timers?
1/1000 SECOND
mA
1/1000 of an ampere
Grids are used beginning at what patient part thickness?
10 CM
what is the proper central ray angle and direction for the axiolateral projection of the mandible when the midsagittal plane of the head is angled 15 degrees toward the ir?
10 degrees cephalad
When taking an anteroposterior (AP) axial projection of the foot, the central ray is directed
10 degress toward the heel
The lowest contrast would be produced by which of the following sets of exposure factors?
15 mAs, 100 kVp, 40-inch SID, 4-inch OID Rationale: kVp, rather than mAs or source-to-image distance (SID), is a controlling factor in the level of contrast. Higher kVp results in lower contrast
The lowest patient dose would be administered by which of the following sets of exposure factors?
15 mAs, 100 kVp, 40-inch SID, 4-inch OID
How long after the cassette is opened does it begin to erase?
15 seconds
How much is the planter surface of the foot elevated from the IR for the AP oblique projection of the foot
30 degrees
How much to increase mAs for a 2 cm increase in part size
30%
Radiation dose that causes the 50/30 rule:
3000 mSv
The # of states that utilize ARRT limited scope exam for state licensing
35
how much to decrease mAs for a 2 cm decrease in part size
20%
What settings do you use to warm up X-ray machine?
200 mA, 0.5 sec, and 80 kVp
Radiation dose that causes Erythema:
2000 mSv
Occupational exposed personnel EfD limit?
50 mSv
How many exposures does it take to warm up X-ray machine?
3 exposures- 30 sec apart
Radiographic Landmark Located at the T2-3 Level:
Jugular (Suprasternal) Notch
Fracture around the Distal End of the 5th Metacarpal:
Boxer's Fracture
The measure of a grid's ability to enhance contrast is called:
CONTRAST IMPROVEMENT FACTOR
When kVp is decreased, which of the following happens?
CONTRAST INCREASES
The purpose of beam limitation devices is to:
CONTROL SCATTER
Away from the Head:
Caudad(al)
Rectifier
Changes AC to DC
Remove all radiopaque materials from patient or table that could interfere with the image Examples:
Clothing removal, jewelry removal
What portion of the spine is commonaly called the tail bone?
Coccyx
Atelactasis:
Collapsed lung
Personal dosimeters should be worn where?
Collar region, outside the lead apron.
Mid-superior Region of the Abdomen:
Epigastric
Linear Parallel Grid
Grid Lines are Parallel to One Another
Shorter wavelengths=
Higher frequency
Kilovoltage [kVp] and scatter radiation:
Higher kVp results in more scatter radiation/fog
Percentage Bremsstrahlung radiation:
Higher than 70 kVp= 100% Bremsstrahlung Lower than 70 kVp= 85% Bremsstrahlung
Massive Body Build:
Hypersthenic
Spectral Matching
Intensifying Screen Must Emit the Color(s) to which the Radiographic Film is Sensitive
Inverse square law states what?
Intensity is INVERSELY proportional to the square of the distance.
SID affects what?
Intensity of the X-ray beam and the quantity of the X-rays.
How is the Inverse square law written out?
Intensity(original = Distance(new/squared) Intensity(new) = Distance(original/squared)
Lying on the Abdomen; Horizontal Central Ray:
Ventral Decubitus
Image as Seen by the IR:
View
adapt radiographic procedures for patient condition and location...
age, size, trauma, pathology, mobile, surgical, and isolation.
Electrical Current
Movement of electrons along a conductor or pathway; measured in amperes
Electrification
Movement of electrons between objects
Electromagnetism
Movement of electrons in a conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor' a coiled conductor, through which an electrical current is flowing, has overlapping magnetic fields
Involuntary motion:
Movement the patient has no control over -tremors -peristalsis -heartbeat
Electron energy is converted to light in what part of the image-intensifier tube?
OUTPUT PHOSPHOR
Insulator
Object that prohibits the flow of electrons
Factors that Influence Size Distortion:
Object-to-Image Receptor Distance (OID) Source-to-Image Receptor Distance (SID)
Line Connecting the Mid-lateral Orbital Margin to the Auricular (ear) Point:
Orbitomeatal Line
Elongation:
Projects the object so it appears longer than it really is. Occurs when the IR and or X-ray tube not correctly aligned with the part.
Foreshortening:
Projects the part so it appears shorter than it really is. Occurs when the IR and or X-ray tube not correctly aligned with the part.
Lying on the Abdomen:
Prone
Adds Fresh Chemicals to the Fixer and Developer Solutions when a Film is Placed in the Automatic Processor:
Replenishment System
select appropriate geometric factors...
SID, OID, focal spot size, and tube angle.
PA Oblique Sternum (RAO)
SID: 30 in Position: rotate 15 to 20 degrees (right side against) IR: top 1.5 in above jugular notch Breathing: shallow breathing or suspended expiration CR: T7, 1 in lateral to midsagittal plane
Lateral Calcaneus
SID: 40 in Position: resting on affected side, leg almost lateral CR: 1 in distal to medial malleolus at subtalar joint
PA Oblique Hand (Lateral Rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: rotate 45 degrees CR: Perp. to third MCP joint
Plane that Divides the Body into Right and Left Parts:
Sagittal Plane
The following is not a type of personal radiation shielding
Shadow
Electromagnet
Solenoid with an iron core that concentrates the magnetic field
Which body habitus makes up 50% of the population?
Sthenic
In the production of x-rays, the liberation of electrons from the cathode filament is called:
THERMIONIC EMISSION
Which of the following is a property of x-rays?
TRAVELS IN BUNDLES OF PHOTONS
What supports and protects the x-ray tube, restricts leakage radiation during exposure, and provides electrical insulation?
TUBE HOUSING
Over time, filaments will vaporize and coat the inner surface of the x-ray tube with
TUNGSTEN
The target is primarily made of ______________ because of its high melting point.
TUNGSTEN
The conventional (British system) unit commonly used to report occupational dose to radiation workers in the United States is the
rem
the shorter the wave length, the ________ the frequency
higher
xrays with shorter wavelength
higher energy, higher frequency, and are more penetrating
What is the appearance of a high signal to noise ratio image
highly detailed, with very little quantum mottle
which projection will demonstrate all of the paranasal sinuses?
lateral
tube housing
lead-lined casing that envelops the xray tube
The bones that are located in the palm of the hand are called
metacarpals
Contrast to Noise Ratio (CNR)
method of describing the contrast resolution compared with the amount of noise apparent in a digital image
filtration
removing long wavelength rays from the xray beam before it exits the tube port
The anatomic name for the bone commonly known as the kneecap is the
patella
projection
path of the central ray
Most frequent adverse event during an xray
patient falling
notify appropriate personnel of adverse events or incidents... examples:
patient falls, wrong patient imaged.
review imaging exam request to verify accuracy and completeness of info. examples:
patient history, clinical diagnosis, physicians orders.
use immobilization as needed to prevent...
patient movement and or insure patient safety.
explain procedure instructions to...
patient or patients family.
respond as appropriate to imaging study inquires from...
patients
position
patients physical position
Kvp
penetrating power of the xray
Where should the central ray enter the patient for the AP projection of the ankle joint
perpendicular to a point midway between the malleoli
which paranasal sinuses are demonstrated by the smv projection?
sphenoid ethmoid
the screen or film image artifact looks like lightning
static artifact
Technique charts are based on patient part measurements obtained using an x-ray
thickness in centimeters
what is the purpose of rotating the patient's shoulders anteriorly for the PA projection of the chest?
this motion rotates the scapulae out of the lungs
which vertbrae have special facets for articulatiuon with the ribs
throacic
Breathing technique used to advantage when taking a lateral projection of the
throacic spine
Three principal methods used to protect limited operators from unnecessary radiation exposure
time, distance, and shielding
Volt
unit used to measure potential difference
What is inherent filtration?
"Built in" pyrex glass tube, oil, mirror
Where is the central ray entrance point for the AP projections of the shoulder
1 inch medial and inferior to the coracoid process
Direct Conversion:
1 step process, convert X-ray energy directy to an electric signal.
Which of the following is equivalent to the speed of light in a vacuum?
1. 3 × 108 meters per second 2. 3 × 1010 cm per second 3. 186,000 miles per second
Capacity needed to maintain tube life?
80% or less
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS)
A chip that retains system settings such as the time, keyboard settings, and boot sequence.
What is the odontoid process and where is it located.
A tooth projection on the superior surface of C2
x-ray generator
A tube is placed in the circuit. Electrons follow the circuit to the tube, jump from cathode to anode, and then continue on through the circuit.
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
Oblique projections:
Body is rotated so that the CR travels through the body on an oblique plane.
Farther from the Point of Origin:
Distal
What type of x-ray machine uses a continually decreasing mA for the shortest times possible?
FALLING LOAD GENERATOR
Boxers Fracture:
Fracture of the 5th Metacarpal caused by punching.
Velocity (Speed)
How fast an object is moving
Decreased sharpness caused by x-rays emanating from a larger area of the anode is a result of:
LARGE FOCAL SPOT SIZE
Typical Skull Shape:
Mesocephalic
Length
Meter
Clean disinfect or sterilize facilities and equipment and dispose of contaminated items in preparation for...
Next patient
What change in technical factors is required when a wrist in a fiberglass cast must be radiographed?
No change is required
Lead =
Pb
Evaluate the need for and use of...
Protective shielding
What composes an atom
Proton, neutron, and electron
Modern rectifiers are made of:
SILICON-BASED SEMICONDUCTORS
Electrostatics
Stationary electrical changes
Bremsstrahlung radiation
The electron "brakes" changes course, and creates an xray photon
Rays that are more penetrating than xrays
Therapeutic x rays gamma rays
The following statements reflects current scientific opinion regarding the effects of diagnostic levels of ionizing radiation
There is an increased risk of cancer, leukemia, birth defects, and cataracts
The unit of electromotive force is the:
VOLT
Absorbed Dose:
[D] Gy-t [tissue]
what is the name of the upper portion of the lung?
apex
xrays cause _____________ in the human body
ionization
Bucky:
moving grid either table or wall
The bones of the midfoot are called the
tarsals
Coherent Scattering:
"Thompson scatter" Interaction takes place at relatively low energy levels [below 10 keV]
scale of contrast
"gray scale" used in DR instead of "scale of contrast"
latent image:
"unseen" image
What is atomic mass?
# OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS
When reviewing patient blood chemistry levels, what is considered the normal creatinine range? (A) 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL (B) 4.5 to 6 mg/100 mL (C) 8 to 25 mg/100 mL (D) Up to 50 mg/100 mL
(A) 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL
Which of the following sites are commonly used for an intravenous injection? 1. Antecubital vein 2. Basilic vein 3. Popliteal vein (A) 1 and 2 (B) 1 and 3 (C) 2 and 3 (D) 1, 2, and 3
(A) 1 and 2
If an emergency trauma patient experiences hemorrhaging from a leg injury, the radiographer should 1. apply pressure to the bleeding site. 2. call the emergency department for assistance. 3. apply a pressure bandage and complete the examination. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(A) 1 and 2 only
What instructions might a patient receive upon completing a barium enema (BE) examination? 1. Drink plenty of fluids. 2. Take a mild laxative. 3. Withhold fluids for 6 h. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only (C) 2 only (D) 3 only
(A) 1 and 2 only
Physical changes characteristic of gerontologic patients usually include 1. loss of bone calcium. 2. loss of hearing. 3. loss of mental alertness. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(A) 1 only
When caring for a patient with an IV, the radiographer should keep the medication (A) 18 to 20 in above the level of the vein. (B) 18 to 20 in below the level of the vein. (C) 28 to 30 in above the level of the vein. (D) 28 to 30 in below the level of the vein.
(A) 18 to 20 in above the level of the vein.
Which ethical principle is related to the theory that patients have the right to decide what will or will not be done to them? (A) Autonomy (B) Beneficence (C) Fidelity (D) Veracity
(A) Autonomy
Which of the following drugs is considered a bronchodilator? (A) Epinephrine (B) Lidocaine (C) Nitroglycerin (D) Verapamil
(A) Epinephrine
The medical abbreviation meaning "every hour" is (A) tid. (B) qid. (C) qh. (D) pc.
(C) qh.
What is the most widely used method of vascular catheterization? (A) Doppler (B) Moniz (C) Grandy (D) Seldinger
(D) Seldinger
Long term effects of radiation:
-Latent effects -Usually seen as long as 30 yrs. later -Unpredictable [opportunistic] -Undergone many yrs. of average-high radiation exposure. -Cateracts, cancer, leukemia, shortened life span
Characteristics of X-rays:
-No mass -Highly penetrating and invisible -Electrically neutral -Polyenergetic and heterogeneous -Travel in straight lines at speed of light -Can ionize matter -Produce biologic changes in tissues -Produces secondary and scatter radiation
4 Photographic and Geometric Factors:
1. Density 2. Contrast 3. Distortion 4. Spatial Resolution
A picture archiving and communication system may involve which of the following?
1. Hospital information system 2. Digital images 3. Radiology information system
Radiation monitoring of personnel is required when what percentage of the annual occupational effective dose limit is likely to be received
10%
When performing a quality control test to ensure that adjacent mA stations are accurate, the results must be within this amount of one another:
10%
Relationship between kVp and Density:
15 % Rule : Increase ( or Decrease ) kVp by 15 % will Double ( or Halve ) Radiographic Density
what is the central ray angle and direction for the AP axial projection of the sacrum
15 degree cephalad
How many lobes does the L lung have?
2
X-ray photons have no:
2. electric charge. 3. mass.
The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements(NCRP) recommendation for the amount of total filtration
2.5 mm Al equiv
Total filtration in the x-ray beam must be at least
2.5-mm aluminum equivalent
Given an original technique of 10 mAs and 70 kVp, which of the following will produce a radiograph with double the receptor exposure?
20 mAs, 70 kVp Rationale: As mAs are increased, receptor exposure increases the same amount; therefore, doubling the mAs to 20 will double the receptor exposure.
What is the proper central ray angle and direction for the axial projection of the calcaneus when the ankle is dorsiflexed so that the plantar surface of the foot is perpendicular to the IR
40 degrees cephalad
An xray tube operates at this range of voltage
40,000 to 125,000
Three-phase, 12-pulse equipment produces how much higher average photon energy?
41%
What is the proper patient position for an AP oblique projection of the cervical spine?
45 degrees posterior oblique position
What is the number of vertebrae in the normal lumbar spine
5
The NCRP recommended annual effective dose limit for occupational exposure
5.0 rem (0.05 Sv)
In an x-ray tube circuit with four rectifiers, how much will exposure output decrease if one of the rectifiers fails?
50%
What is the 50/30 rule?
50% of the population will die in 30 days
What does the law say is the max mAs?
600 mAs
ankle oblique mortise
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches internally rotate leg and foot 15 to 20 degrees, intermalleolar plane is parallel to IR shield gonads CR entering ankle joint midway between the malleoli collimation 1 inch on all sides of ankle 8 inches LW
Atomic mass is represented by the letter:
A
Set technical factors to produce diagnostic images and adher to...
ALARA
What is the smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of the element?
ATOM
Partial absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it traverses an object is called:
ATTENUATION
This device is also known as a variable transformer
AUTOTRANSFORMER
15% Rule:
Adjust kVp using the 15% rule, When kVp is decreased by 15% double the mAs to maintain density.
Somatic effects of radiation:
Affect the body and tissues of the individual who is irradiated.
ARRT
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists; Establish standards and examinations to certify rad techs. [credentialing-> National]
ASRT
American Society of Radiologic Technologists; provides many services to members including continuing education opportunities.
Mass
Amount of matter in an object; generally considered the same as weight
long scale, lots of grays little differences
An abdomen has?
When using a 35x43 cm IR, where should the central ray enter the patient for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
At the level of the iliac crest in the midline of the patient
Fracture:
Bone injury in which the tissue of the bone is broken.
2 types of radiation
Bremstrahling Characteristic
Computed Radiography [CR]
Cassette-based
Digital Radiography [DR]
Cassetteless
What side of the X-ray tube controls mA?
Cathode side
Mitotic rate [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]
Cells that divide and multiply rapidly are more sensitive than those that replicate slowly.
Metabolic rate [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]
Cells that use energy rapidly are more sensitive than those that have a slower metabolism.
CGS System
Centimeter, gram, second
"Fat Cat" Theory:
Compensates for the Anode Heel Effect. Place the Larger, Thicker (Fat) Anatomy Toward the Cathode (Cat) End of the X-ray Beam
Wave-particles duality
Concept that although x-ray photons exist as waves, they exhibit properties of particles
Are gonad shields
Contact and shadow
Electron Shells
Contain orbital electrons; represented by the letters K.L.M.N.O.P and Q; in a stable atom, the number of electrons and protons is equal
Window Width:
Contrast on the viewing monitor is adjusted by window width
CABG:
Coronary artery bypass graft
What are the four primary factors of radiographic quality ( photographic and geometric properties)
Density, contrast, distortion, and recorded detail
radiographic view
Describes the body part as seen by the x ray film or other recording medium, such as a fluoroscopic screen. (Radiograph or image)
If image is not a diagnostic quality...
Determine corrective measures and take appropriate action
Electrical Motor
Device that concerts electrical energy to mechanical energy
Electrical Generator
Device that converts mechanical energy to electrical current; usual output of an electrical generator is alternating current
Another Term for Posterior:
Dorsal
Electron flow from negative to positive is:
ELECTRIC CURRENT
Direct Current (DC)
Electric current that flows in only one direction
Electrodynamics
Electrical charges in motion
Alternating Current (AC)
Electrical circuit in which the current of electrons oscillates back and forth
X-rays are made up of what kind of energy?
Electromagnetic
Magnetic field
Energy field surrounding an electrical charge in motion; can magnetized a ferromagnetic material, such as iron, if the material is pace in the magnetic field
An x-ray machine that makes maximum use of heat loading potential uses a(n):
FALLING LOAD GERNERATOR
What type of imaging equipment provides dynamic visualization of internal structures?
FLUORO
The increase in brightness caused by acceleration of the electrons in the image intensifier is called:
FLUX GAIN
The increased brightness of an image resulting from accelerated electrons traveling across to the output phosphor is called:
FLUX GAIN
Grids that have strips angled to coincide with divergence of the x-ray beam are called:
FOCUSED
The primary type of grid used in diagnostic imaging is
FOCUSED
Operate radio graphic unit and accessories including:
Fixed unit mobile unit (portable)
Work
Force applied on an object over a distance
Potential difference=
Force or speed of the electron flow in the current. Volt (V)
Electron-binding energy
Force that holds electrons in orbit around the nucleus
Shape Distortion:
Foreshortening and Elongating
Some x-ray tubes use the focusing cup as an electronic grid that can turn the current on and off rapidly, allowing for very short and precise exposure times such as those needed for rapid serial exposures. These x-ray tubes are referred to as
GRID CONTROLLED TUBES
Decreased receptor exposure along the periphery of an image may be caused by:
GRID CUTOFF
The SID at which a focused grid must be used is called
GRID RADIUS
Comprises Radiographic Film Emulsion:
Gelatin & Silver Halide Crystals
Distortion:
Geometric property refers to differences in actual subject and its image, it is the unequal magnification of different portions of the same object.
Quantum Mottle:
Grainy or mottled [spotty] image usually due to kVp or mA set too low.
SI unit used to express absorbed dose
Gray (Gy)
Digital Term for Image Contrast
Grayscale
Linear Focused Grid:
Grid Lines are Tilted to Correspond to the Angle of the Diverging X-rays
When should you use a grid?
Grid is used when the body part becomes greater than 10-12 cm in thickness or the kVP settings are greater than 60.
Which of the following equations expresses grid ratio
Grid ratio is expressed as the height of the lead strips divided by the space between them.
Matter
Has form or shape and occupies space
Most energy (99%), when creating an xray, is wasted, and turns into _____.
Heat
Thermal Energy
Heat energy resulting from movement of atoms or molecules
Low Contrast = _____ kVp
High
High kVp=Low contrast= Long scale contrast
High kVp is low contrast and long scale meaning the range of densities is long. **A kVp of 100 has more than 15 gray tones between black and white, but the difference is slight**
Nearly all new x-ray machines manufactured today use _________________ generators
High-frequency
In digital fluoroscopy, what equipment should be used to view the image?
High-resolution monitor capable of displaying millions of pixels Rationale: The detail obtained with digital imaging is best viewed using hardware that can replicate the fine details in the image. Video monitors used in digital fluoroscopy (DF) must have high spatial resolution capabilities.
Inverse Square Law
I (1) = D(2)^2 ---- -------- I (2) D(1)^2
The fluoroscopic image is brightened and reduced in size by means of the:
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
The primary purpose of filtering the x-ray beam is to:
IMPROVES SAFETY
As kVp is decreased, the wavelength of the x-ray photon:
INCREASE Rationale: As kVp is decreased, the wavelength of the beam increases because the relationship between kVp and wavelength is inverse
What effect do beam restrictors have on contrast
INCREASED CONTRAST
What effect do grids have on image contrast?
INCREASED CONTRAST
As mAs is increased, receptor exposure
INCREASING THE SAME AMOUNT Rationale: The relationship between mAs and receptor exposure is directly proportional; therefore, as mAs is increased, density increases by the same amount
The rotation of the target is stopped by a braking action provided by the:
INDUCTION MOTOR SPINNING THE ANODE
X-ray energy is converted to light energy in what part of the image-intensifier tube?
INPUT PHOSPHOR
SID and receptor exposure are governed by what law or rule?
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Atoms with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons are called:
ISOTOPES
assume responsibility for medical equipment attached to patients during the procedures... examples:
IV's, oxygen.
confirm patients...
Identity
Verify accuracy of patient identification on..
Image
Document required information on patients medical record Example:
Imaging procedure documentation, images, on paper or electronically
The following will result in an image with excessive distortion of anatomic structures
Improper central ray angulation for the selected radiographic projection
Where is the humerus located?
In the upper portion of the arm
Characteristic radiation:
Incoming electron collides with the k-shell electron of the Tungsten atom and ejects it out of orbit.
The changes in kilovoltage (kVp) will result in the greatest reduction of patient dose, when milliampere-seconds (mAs) is adjusted to compensate for the change
Increase kVp by 30%
Insufficient and Excessive density:
Increase mAs 100% when density is insufficient Decrease mAs by 50% when density is excessive
Patient size technique adjustments:
Increase mAs 30% for each 2 cm increase Decrease mAs 20% for each 2 cm decrease
What change in technical factors is required when an ankle in a dry plaster cast must be radiographed?
Increase mAs by two times
Using the 15% rule to decrease contrast
Increase the kvp by 15% and divide the mAs by 2 (half it)
Pixels:
Individual matrix squares [picture elements]
Mutual induction
Inducing current flow in a secondary coil by carrying the current flow through a primary coil
Tuberculosis [TB]:
Infectious lung disease
Osteomyelitis:
Inflammation of bone, especially the marrow caused by pathogenic organism.
Bursitis:
Inflammation of the bursa
Pneumonia:
Inflammation of the lung that is usually caused by bacterial or viral infections
Inverse Square Law
Law that governs the intensity of x-radiation; states that the intensity of the z-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the z-rays and the object
Laws of magnetics
Like poles repel and unlike poles attract; the force of attraction between poles is governed by the inverse square law
A backup timer is used in automatic exposure devices to
Limit exposure in case of equipment failure
Effective dose [EfD]:
Limiting system used to calculate the upper limit of occupational exposure permissible.
Cumulative effective dose [CumEfD]:
Limits a radiation workers lifetime effective dose to his/her in years x 10 mSv
Principle that can Alter the Effective Focal Spot Size while Keeping the Actual Focal Spot Size Constant
Line Focus Principle, Larger Target Angle, Larger Effective Focal Spot. Smaller Target Angle, Smaller Effective Focal Spot.
High Contrast = _____ kVp
Low
Which of the following statements is true?
Low kVp = high contrast = short-scale contrast = few gray tones Rationale: Low, not high, kVp = high contrast = short-scale contrast = few gray tones. When kVp is increased, photoelectric interaction decreases. Increased, not decreased, kVp results in an increase in the number of Compton interactions
Low kVp=High contrast=short scale contrast
Low kVp is high contrast and short scale meaning the range of densities is short. **A kVp of 40 has 5 steps between black and white**
Radiographic Landmark Located at the L2-3 Level:
Lower Costal Margin
Longer wavelengths=
Lower frequency
which portion of the spine is made up of five verbrae and has a lordotic curve.
Lumbar
Decreased SID causes image:
MAGNIFICATION
Increased OID causes image
MAGNIFICATION
The amount of matter in an object best defines:
MASS
A digital image is made up of rows and columns known as a:
MATRIX
That which has form and occupies space best defines:
MATTER
communicate relevant info to others... examples:
MD's, RN;s, other radiology personnel.
In computed radiography, the window level corresponds to the
MIDPOINT IN DENSITIES
This is wired between the rectifier and the x-ray tube:
MILLIAMMETER
X-ray tube current is measured in:
MILLIAMPERAGE
Because the output phosphor is smaller than the input phosphor, there is an increase in brightness, called:
MINIFICATION GAIN
In the image-intensifier tube, conversion factor is a product of what?
MINIFICATION GAN X FLUX GAIN
The shortest time possible to operate an AEC is called
MINIMUM RESPONSE TIME
A compound's smallest component is the:
MOLECULE
Inducing current flow in a secondary coil by varying the current flow through a primary coil describes:
MUTAL INDUCTION
Size distortion:
Magnification.
A simple chest xray is performed at a distance of 36". Due to magnification, it needs to be repeated at 72". What should the new mAs be if the original image had adequate density with 16 mAs?
Maintenance Formula: mAs(1) = D(1)^2 ------ ----- mAs(2) D(2)^2 = 64 mAs
Cranial/Facial Bone on which the Mental Point is Located:
Mandible
The greater the atomic number the greater the element's _____ and ________.
Mass and density
Hypersthenic body type:
Massive/stocky build 5% of population Organs tend to be high and more horizontal in position
Conductor
Material that allows the free flow of electrons
Gray
Measuring unit of exposure in the SI system
Divides the Body into Anterior and Posterior Halves:
Median or Mid-sagittal Plane
SI and MKS System
Meter, Kilogram, Second
mAs
Milliamperage-Seconds: Determines the Quantity of X-rays in an Exposure
Self-induction
Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it
Process of Bone Growth and Development
Ossification
Octet rule
Outer shell of an atom may not contain more than eight electrons
Computed radiography may be part of an integrated system of images and text called:
PACS
An undistorted radiographic image will result when the object plane and the image plane are:
PARALLEL
A half-value layer test is performed to determine the x-ray beam's:
PENETRABILITY CHARACTERISTICS
kVp determines what aspect of the x-ray beam?
PENETRATING ABLILITY
Visible light is converted into an electronic image in what part of the image-intensifier tube?
PHOTOCATHODE
X-rays travel as bundles of energy called:
PHOTONS
The atomic number of an atom is the number of:
PROTONS
Full-wave rectification produces
PULSATING DIRECT CURRENT
PAc - fAP Chart
Part PA(c) (f)AP Oblique Lat Cervical Closest Farthest IVF Z Thoracic Closest Farthest Z IVF Lumbar Farthest Closest Z IVF SI joints Closest Farthest SI -
Attenuation
Partial absorption of the energy of an x-ray beam as it traverses an object
Electrical Circuits
Path along which electrons flow; may be wired as series circuits or parallel circuits
Entrance skin exposure [ESE]:
Patient dose in radiography is calculated according to to the exposure level at the skin.
maintain confidentiality of....
Patient information
The following will result in an image with poor recorded detail
Patient motion
Explain post procedural instructions to..
Patient or patients family
Decrease mAs when?
Patient size decreases Density is excessive
Increase mAs when?
Patient size increases Density is insufficient
Optically stimulated luminescence [OSL]:
Personal dosimeter that uses aluminum oxide as a radiation detector.
The bones of the forefoot include the
Phalanges and metatarsals
Protons have what kind of charge
Positive
Back of the Body:
Posterior
A primary advantage to digital fluoroscopy is:
Postprocessing manipulation of the image Rationale: The key advantage to digital fluoroscopy (DF) is that conversion of the video signal to digital video allows for manipulation of the image in a variety of ways. All digital imaging has this capability. Reduced patient dose is a potential advantage, but DF does not eliminate the dose to the patient
To prolong the life of the x-ray tube, all of the following procedures should be followed except
Preheat anode with a single high-mA, high-kVp, longtime exposure.
Electromagnetic Induction
Process of causing an electrical current to flow in a conductor when it is placed within the magnetic field of another conductor; two types of electromagnetic induction are self-induction and mutual induction
Mobile radiographic units operate on:
RECHARGEABLE BATTERIES
The device in the x-ray circuit that changes AC to DC is the:
RECTIFIER
The device that makes use of solid-state, silicon-based diodes is the:
RECTIFIER
The operating portion of this device consists of silicon-based n-type and p-type semiconductors
RECTIFIER
The relationship between mAs and density is governed by what law or rule?
Reciprocity law Rationale: The reciprocity law states that any combination of mA and time that produces the same mAs value will produce the same density.
Sine Wave
Representation of electron flow as alternating current
radiographic projection
Restricted to the discussion of the path of the central ray
Genetic effects of radiation:
Result of damage to the reproductive cells of the irradiated person, observed as defects in children and grandchildren of the irradiated individual.
Left Posterior Aspects of the Body are Farthest from the Image Receptor (IR):
Right Anterior Oblique (RAO)
The conventional (British system) radiation unit to express radiation intensity in the air
Roentgen
calcaneus lateral (mediolateral) structures shown and evaluation criteria
S.S ankle joint and calcaneus navicular and cuboid E.C entire calcaneus ankle joint and adjacent tarsals no rotation (tuberosity in profile, sinus tarsi open, calcaneoquboid and talonavicular joints open
An image with few gray tones, mainly black and white, is referred to as:
SHORT SCALE CONTRAST
AP oblique Shoulder (Grashey Method)
SID: 40 in IR: center to scapulohumeral joint Rotate body 35-45 degrees toward affected side abduct arm slightly with palm on abdomen CR: enters 2 in medial and inferior to superolateral border of shoulder Breathing: suspended
SMV (Schuller Method) Cranium
SID: 40 in Position: IOML Parallel CR: 3/4 in above EAM
AP Oblique Femoral Necks (Modified Cleaves) Bilateral
SID: 40 in Position: flex knees and hips, draw feet up, place soles of feet together IR: centered 1 in above pubic symphysis CR: perp. to MSP at 1 in above pubic symphysis
PA Axial (Caldwell) Orbits
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching CR: 30 degrees caudad through orbits
PA/PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Cranium
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching PA CR: exits nasion PA Axial CR: 15 degrees caudad exits nasion
PA Mandible
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML & MSP perp. CR: exits acanthion
PA Axial (Caldwell Method) Nasal Bones
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 15 degrees caudad exiting nasion
PA Axial (Caldwell) Facial Bones
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 15 degrees caudad exiting nasion
AP Oblique Knee (Medial Rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: knee rotated 45 degrees (inward) CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex, 3-5 degrees caudad
AP Oblique Knee (Lateral Rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: knee rotated 45 degrees (outward) CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex, 3-5 degrees caudad
AP/PA Large Intestine Right or Left Lateral Decubitus
SID: 40 in Position: lateral IR: centered to iliac crest CR: horizontal and perp.
AP Pelvis
SID: 40 in Position: supine, equal ASIS, medially rotate feet&lower limbs 15-20 degrees IR: top 1-1.5 in above crests CR: perp. to IR
Lateral Lumbar Spine
SID: 48 in Position: recumbent/upright, knees & hips bent & superimposed, arms at right angle CR: enters MCP at iliac crests, angle 5-8 degrees caudad if necessary Breathing: suspended after expiration
AP Axial Weight-Bearing Foot
SID: 48 in Position: standing-upright (on IR) CR: -bilateral- 10 degrees toward heel, enters btw feet at 15 degrees -single- 15 degrees posterior entering base of third metatarsal
AP Lumbar Spine
SID: 48 in Position: supine/upright, MSP centered, flex knees and hip CR: lumbosacral-iliac crest lumbar-1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended after expiration
Photons travel:
SPEED OF LIGHT
An electromagnetic device that changes alternating current from high voltage to low voltage is called:
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Transformer that decreases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and increases current in the same proportion; it has more turns in the primary coil than in the secondary coil; it is used in the filament portion of the x-ray circuit to increase current flow to the cathode. This is the:
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
Mutual induction is key to the operation of what device?
STEP-UP AND STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERS
This type of transformer increases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and decreases current in the same proportion; it has more turns in the secondary than in the primary coil; it is used in the x-ray circuit to increase voltage to the kilovoltage level for x-ray production. This is the:
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
What transformer is used in the high-voltage section of the x-ray circuit?
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER
The portion of contrast represented by the anatomy and physiology is:
SUBJECT CONTRAST
advocate radiation...
Safety and protection
Time
Second
Matrix:
Series of thousands of very small boxes of squares
Dose Equivalent:
Sievert [Sv] The absorbed dose in the body based on the type and energy of the radiation.
SI unit commonly used to report occupational dose to radiation workers
Sieverts (Sv)
Make-up of the Silver Halide Crystals:
Silver Bromide ( 95 % ), Silver Iodide ( 5 % ), Silver is a Positive lon Bromide & lodide are Negative lons
Differentiation [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]
Simple cells are more sensitive than highly complex ones.
Single-phase, two pulse alternating current
Simplest type of current; voltage flows as a sine wave; voltage begins at zero, peaks at full pulse at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough
Hyposthenic body type:
Slender normal 35% of population Organs tend to be longer and narrower, more vertical position
Relationship between Filtration and Radiographic Density:
Slight Decrease in Radiographic Density; Filtration is Primarily a Radiation Protection Feature
Photon
Smallest amount of any type of electromagnetic radiation; also considered a bundle of energy called a quantum; travels in waves in a straight path
Three-phase alternating current
Special wiring patterns used to created voltage waveforms that are place 120 degrees out of phase with one another; these voltage waveforms are called three-phase; three phase waveforms may have 6 pulse/cycle or 12 pulses/cycle; three-phase, 6 pulse waveforms contain 360 pulses/second; three three-phase, 12 pulse waveforms contain 720 pulse/second; high frequency generators produces high frequency electricity
Solenoid
Stacks of wire coil through which electrical current flows, creating overlapping force field lines; a magnetic field is concentrated through the center of the coil
What are the proper patient instructions for the AP projection of the shoulder?
Stop breathing and do not move
Acute conditions:
Sudden onset. Severe and short duration
What structures should be seen on a lateral projection of the thoracic spine?
T3 - T12
When a predetermined level of ionization is reached in the ionization chamber, what does the machine do?
TERMINATES EXPOSURE
Electrons are boiled off the filament during exposure in a process known as
THERMIONIC EMISSION
Special wiring patterns called wye, star, or delta produce what type of power?
THREE-PHASE
Voltage wave forms are created 120 degrees out of phase with one another. This describes:
THREE-PHASE ALTERNATING CURRENT
This device is wired in the circuit between the autotransformer and the high-voltage transformer:
TIMER
What regulates the duration of x-ray production?
TIMER
the acronym for a common type of personnel dosimeter
TLD
This changes electric voltage and current into higher or lower values and operates on the principle of mutual induction, so it requires alternating current. This is called the:
TRANSFORMER
Automatic exposure control (AEC):
Terminating the exposure time when a certain quantity of radiation has been detected at the IR.
The principal source of scatter radiation in radiography
The IR
Amplitude is?
The distance between the crest and the trough of the wave [its height]
Receptor Contrast
The fixed characteristic of the receptor. Most digital receptors have an essentially linear response to exposure.
receptor contrast
The fixed characteristic of the receptor. Most digital receptors have an essentially linear response to exposure. This is impacted by contrast resolution (the small exposure change or signal differences that can be detected). Ultimately, contrast resolution is limited by the quantization (number of bits per pixel) of the analog to digital convertor.
what statements are correct regarding the link between radiation and genetic effects
The link has been demonstrated in animal studies . Increased risk to humans cannot be predicted with respect to an individual.
Which surface of the hand should be in contact with the IR for the lateral projection of the fifth digit(pinky)
The medial surface
As tube current is increased, the following occur(s):
The quantity of x-ray photons will increase
Anode Heel Effect:
Thickest part toward the cathode [14x17]
What is the center point of the central ray for the PA projection of the hand?
Third metacarpophalangeal joint
Passes Perpendicular to the Sagittal or Coronal Planes:
Transverse (Axial) Plane
A very important element used in the production of xrays
Tungsten
The filament is made up of __________ and is located on the __________ side of the tube.
Tungsten ; cathode
Rays that are longer, or less penetrating than xrays
UV rays light rays radio waves
Step DOWN transformer is used to reduce what?
Used to reduces amperage to milliamperage (mA)
Anatomically programmed radiography (APR):
Uses techniques for exposure controls
What is contained within the x-ray tube to prevent the filament's electrons from colliding with the atoms of gas?
VACCUM
The photocathode of the image intensification tube will convert
VISIBLE LIGHT INTO ELECTRONS
In computed radiography, each pixel corresponds to a shade of gray representing an area in the patient known as a(n):
VOXEL
Asthenic body type:
Very slender 10% of populaton Organs are long an narrow, with abdominal organs located much lower in body
Ohm's law
Voltage in the circuit is equal to the current X resistance
Tungsten symbol
W
The distance from peak to peak of sine waves is called:
WAVELENGTH
Which of the following statements is true
When kVp is increased, there is an increase in the number of Compton interactions that occur. Rationale: Increased, not decreased, kVp results in an increase in the number of Compton interactions. Compton interactions occur primarily with settings greater than 70 kVp
Nov. 8, 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen at University of Wurzburg, Germany
When, who, and where xrays were discovered
The collection of all different energies (wavelengths) of x-rays is called the:
X-RAY EMISSION SPECTRUM
attenuation
absorbtion of the xray beam into matter
Umbra:
actual anatomical area, body part or structure shown in the image.
commonly used material to filter the xray beam
aluminum - must have Al filtration of 0.5 equivalent and 2.5 mm al equiv of total filtration
the distance between the crest and the trough of the wave (its height)
amplitude
use proper body mechanics when...
assisting a patient.
Where does the central ray enter the patient for the AP axial projection of the foot
at the base of the third metatarsal
anode heel effect
beem is stronger at the cathode end because the rays are being projected off of the slant of the anode. To fix, always put the thicker part of the body part under the cathode.
Compared with conventional radiography, computed radiography exhibits:
better visualization of soft tissue and bone. Rationale: The wider (not narrower) exposure latitude of computed radiography allows for better (not poorer) visualization of soft tissue and bone.
Electrons are held in place by a ____________ _______.
binding energy
standard precautions involve the use of barriers whenever contact is anticipated with
blood, body fluids, mucous membranes
tissue density
bone will absorb more radiation than less dense tissue, like muscle
What tarsal is commonly referred to as the heel bone
calcaneus
Administer emergency...
care
Which of the following describe the action of the developer in an automatic film processor
changes the exposed silver halide crystals into black, metallic silver
the limited operator can reduce repeat exposure
clearly instructing patients
Field size and scatter radiation:
collimation is increase or made larger the scatter radiation/ fog increases.
what is the device that allows the limited operator to vary the size of the radiation field
collimator
follow appropriate procedures when caring for patients with...
communicable diseases.
the inferior lateral corners of the lungs, visible on a PA chest radiograph, are called the
costophrenic angles
If the radiographic image is overexposed, which of the following changes in exposure factors should be used to correct the problem
decrease the mAs
Scatter radiation fog affects radiographic quality by causing
decreased contrast
A change from the small focal spot to the large focal spot will result in
decreased image sharpness (detail)
NCRP Report #116
defines annual exposure limits; makes recommendations pertaining to risk-benefit analysis of radiation exposure; states that somatic and genetic effects should be kept to a minimum when radiation is used for diagnostic imaging
density
degree of blackening or opacity of an image
The following is not a component of a computed radiography plate reader
developing solution
evaluate images for..
diagnostic quality
a limited operator innocently commits an error as a result of following the orders of his or her employer, a physician. The employer may be held responsible according to the
doctrine of respondeat superior
when the ankle is flexed to raise the foot the movement is termed
dorsiflexion
Documente radio graphic procedure...
dose
manage complex interpersonal interactions with in the work place in an...
effective manner.
The kind of energy most important in radiology
electromagnetic energy
According to the Bergonie-Tribondeau law, the following types of cells are most radiosensitive
embryonic tissue cells
oblique position
erect or lying down 45degree
When radiation exposure occurs during pregnancy, the greatest risk of birth defects occurs when the exposure
exceeds 5 rad to the uterus occurs within the first trimester of pregnancy
anterior position
facing the film
erect or upright anterior position
facing the image receptor
erect or upright posterior position
facing the radiographic tube
posterior position
facing the radiographic tube
What does quantum mottle(noise) look like on a radiographic image
finely speckled or grainy areas
Practicing outside your credentials may result in
fines, imprisonment, or both
number of times per second that a wave passes a given point
frequency
a health care workers single best protection against disease is
frequent hand washing
Methods of electrification include
friction, contact AND induction
either upright or recumbent oblique extremity positions medial (internal) rotation
from either prone or supine, inward rotation of the extremity
which paranasal sinuses are best demonstrated in the pa axial projection (caldwell method)?
frontal 3. ethmoid
grid cutoff on a radiograph may NOT be caused by
grid motion being started before the exposure is made
infection control guidelines require
hand washing after contact with each patient
follow environmental protection standards for...
handling hazardous materials
scatter radiation
has less energy than the primary x ray beam but is not as easily controlled
Characteristics of xrays
have no mass electrically neutral polyenergetic and heterogenous travel in straight lines at the speed of light can ionize matter can produce biologic changes in tissue produce secondary and scatter radiation
which of the following organs are found within the mediastinum
heart trachea
which of following techniques is desirable for chest radiography?
high kvp high ma and short exposure
obtain pertinent medical...
history
in chest radiography, which body habitus is best imaged by placing the 35 x 43 cm IR crosswise in the upright grid cabinet?
hypersthenic
Evaluate individual occupational exposure reports to determine ...
if values for the reporting period are within established limits
true hip radiopraphs are prohibited therefore...
images of the femur to the head of the femur is ok
central ray
imaginary line that is in the center of the xray beam
visually inspect, recognize, and report malfunctions in the...
imaging unit and accessories.
digital radiography
includes both computed radiography and direct radiography
The following will increase recorded detail
increase in SID decrease in focal spot size
The following will result in increased radiographic density
increased mA increased exposure time increased kVp
An increase in object-image receptor distance (OID) will result in
increased magnification
what type of disease transmission is possible when the limited operator does not clean the Bucky device after performing an examination on a patient with influenza
indirect contact or fomite transmission
the following are true regarding informed consent
informed consent may be revoked at any time the patient must be legally competent to sign
Perform post processing on digital images in preparation for....
interpretation
The relationship between SID and beam intensity is expressed in the
inverse square law
brightness
is the measurement of the luminance of an area in a radiographic image displayed on a monitor, it is calibrated in units of candela (cd) per sqaure meter
contrast
is the visible difference between any two selected areas of brightness levels within the displayed radiographic image, it is determined primarily by the processing algorithm (mathematical codes used by the software to provide the desired image appearance). The default algorithm determines the initial processing codes applied to the image data
how does the x-ray beam restriction minimize patient exposure
it limits the radiation field to the area of interest
Contrast is primarily controlled by altering the
kVp
The maximum energy an x-ray photon can have corresponds to what technical factor?
kVp
What technical factor directly controls differential absorption
kVp
The following functions involve the autotransformer
kVp selection
When calculating heat units for single-phase equipment, which equation is used?
kVp × mAs × 1.00
When calculating heat units for three-phase, six-pulse equipment, which equation is used?
kVp × mAs × 1.35
When calculating heat units for three-phase, 12-pulse equipment, which equation is used?
kVp × mAs × 1.41
Factors that affect Radiographic Contrast:
kVp, Grids, Beam Restriction (Collimation), Filtration, Imaging System Speed, Anatomy & Pathology
left anterior oblique position
left anterior region is against the image receptor. PA oblique projection
left posterior oblique position
left posterior (dorsal) region is against the image receptor. AP oblique projection
When the kvp is increased
lengthens the scale of contrast, "less contrast"
Chronic conditions:
long duration. come and go
What condition are most important for optimum viewing of a radiographic images
low room light level
recumbent
lying down in any position
decubitus
lying down with a horizontal xray beam
short scale contrast
major differences between densities but the total number of densities are decreased
Conductors and Insulators
materials through which electric charges can easily flow materials through which electric charges do not move easily
An algorithm is a(n):
mathematical formula used to reconstruct the image in digital imaging Rationale: An algorithm is a computer-adapted mathematical formula, not a hypothesis, used to reconstruct the digital image, which is primarily a mathematical representation of the object.
Detective Quantum Efficiency (DQE)
measurement of how efficiently a system converts an x-ray input signal into a useful output image
Gray (Gy-a)
measuring unit of exposure in Systeme Internationale
The palpable portion at the distal end of the tibia is called the
medial malleolus
Which surface of the ankle is placed in contact with the IR for the upright lateral projection of the ankle
medial surface
what is the purpose of the 72 inches SID used for chest radiography?
minimizes magnification of the heart shadows
NCRP report #102
minimum filtration, lead equivalent is what NCRP report?
The following pathologic conditions would require a decrease in exposure
multiple myeloma emphysema osteoporosis
a lateral projection of the face using detail screens tabletop (nongrid) is used to demonstrate the
nasal bones
The K shell is ____________ the nucleus
nearest
Electrons have what kind of charge
negative
ankle lateral weight bearing
no info use common sense
The accuracy of kVp at 70 kVp must be:
no lower than 63 kVp and no higher than 77 kVp.
Modify technical factors to correct what in a digital image
noise
Neutrons have what kind of charge
none
ankle AP stress views
obtained usually after an inversion or eversion injury to verify presence of ligamentous tear, widens joint space of side of injury in this projection, when injury is acute the physician may often inject a local anesthetic into the sinus tarsi before patient positioning
resistance
ohms
which radiographic baseline is used to position the pa axial projection (caldwell method) of the cranium?
oml
Wear a personal monitoring device while...
on duty
Characteristic radiation
only happens over 70 kvp, and then 15 % of the beam, about is this type of interaction occuring. Is formed by the incoming electron kicking another electron out of it's k-shell
what is the medical term for the bony sockets that house the eyes?
orbits
air-filled cavities located in some bones of the face and cranium are called:
paranasal sinuses
which of the following cranial bones are paired (right and left)
parietal temporal
which projection best demonstrates the maxillary sinuses?
parietoacanthial (waters method)
which projection of the facial bones requires the central ray to exit the acanthion?
parietoacanthial (waters method)
posteroanterior projection
patient positioned facing the film (IR) and parallel to it
The active portion of a computed radiography imaging plate (IP) is (are):
photostimulable phosphors
what position is when patient is standing upright and is facing the board?
posterioranterior (PA)
ionization
produces an atom with an electric charge
demonstrate and promote...
professional and ethical behavior.
purpose of the xray tube housing is to
provide electrical shielding and control leakage radiation
a limited operator who does not change linens between patients is
providing an opportunity for fomite transmission
current
quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit
Current=
quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit. Ampere (A) Rate Volume Current Flow
mAs controls the
quantity of x-rays produced at the anode Rationale: mAs controls the quantity of x-rays produced at the anode; this is proportional to the tube current. The quality of x-rays produced is controlled by kVp.
view
radiograph or image
The bones of the forearm are the
radius and ulna
dynamic range
range of exposures that may be captured by a detector
Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE)
ratio of biological effectiveness of one type of ionizing radiation relative to another, given the same amount of absorbed energy
communication has been "validated" when the speaker has
received a response from the listener that demonstrates comprehension
motion of the patient, the tube, or the IR during the exposure will result in decreased
recorded detail
Poor film or screen contact is seen on a radiograph as a decrease in what radiographic quality factor
recorded detail or spatial resolution
Erythema as it relates to radiation exposure
reddening of the skin caused by a high radiation dose
The primary purpose of using gonad shields
reduce the likelihood of genetic effects
how does filtration reduce patient exposure
removes longer-wavelength photons
the greatest cause of unnecessary radiation to patients that can be controlled by the limited operator is
repeat exposures
evaluate patients ability to understand and comply with...
requirements for the exam requested.
The following vital signs can be assessed without touching the patient
respiration
step up transformer
responsible for kvp selection low AC to high AC
right posterior oblique position
right posterior region is against the image receptor. AP oblique projection
provide for patient...
safety, comfort, and modesty
shielding worn for personnel protection is designed to attenuate what source of exposure
scatter radiation
If the amount of irradiated tissue increases, what happens to scatter radiation fog
scatter radiation fog increases
personnel shielding must be worn on the rare occasion during which the limited operator may need to remain in the radiographic room during an exposure to assist the patient in maintaining the proper position. What is the source of the greatest radiation hazard under this circumstance.?
scattered radiation from the patient
Small, flat, oval bones in the region of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint are called the
sesamoid bones
spatial resolution
sharpness
recorded detail
sharpness of the structural lines as recorded in the image
follow environmental protection standards for handling and disposing of bio hazardous materials. examples:
sharps, blood, and body fluids.
The electrons circle the nucleus in...
shells
recognize the need for periodic maintenance and evaluation of radiographic equipment affecting image quality and radiation safety. examples:
shielding, image display monitor, light field, central ray detector calibration.
when the kvp is decreased
shortens the scale of contrast, "more contrast"
Above 85 kvp, a change of 3 kvp/cm is necessary depending on....
size of the body part
long scale contrast
slight differences between densities but total number of densities are increased
the effective focal spot is always __________ than the actual focal spot
smaller
photon
smallest possible unit of electromagnetic energy
charge-coupled device (CCD)
solid state device that coverts visible light photons to electrons. sensitivity dynamic range size
xray tube
source of xrays
the following is not a form of nonverbal communication
speaking
Potential difference
speed of the electron flow in the current
what are the proper patient instructions for the PA projection of the chest?
stop breathing after second deep inspiration
computed radiography CR
systems use storage phosphors to temporarily store energy representing the image signal. The phosphor then undergoes a process to extract the latent image
the slant of the anode surface
target angle - between 7 and 17 degrees with 12 being the most common
shortscale contrast
term used when considerable or major differences between gray shades are present (high contrast) but the total number of gray shades is small
long scale contrast
term used when slight differences between gray shades are present (low contrast) but the total number of gray shades is great
Alteration of Contrast with kilovoltage
the 15% rule
receptor exposure
the amount of radiation striking the image receptor
When the leg is extended the is dorsiflexed to form an angle of 90 degrees between the foot and leg, the leg is rotated medially approximately 15 degrees, and the central ray is perpendicular to the IR through the midpoint between the malleoli the resulting image will demonstrate
the ankle mortise, especially the talofibular articulation
The following is true regarding the lateral projection of the foot
the ankle should be dorsiflexed so that the long axis so the foot is perpendicular to the tibia
film contrast
the difference in optical density between a region of interest and its surrounding
tube port
the hole where the xrays exit from the xray tube
How will the anode heel effect, if present, be seen on an image?
the image will be lighter on the anode end than on the cathode end
Costophrenic angles of the lungs:
the inferior lateral corners
Cardiophrenic angles of the lungs:
the inferior medial corners
Quantum mottle with a digital imaging system is caused by
the mAs being set too low
subject contrast
the magnitude of the signal difference in the remnant beam as a result of the different absorption characteristics of the tissues and structures making up that part
primary radiation
the xrays that leave the tube
why are limited operators prohibited from activities that result in direct exposure to the primary x-ray beam
they are considered occupationally exposed individuals
At what kVp levels do Compton interactions occur
they occur throughout the diagnostic radiology kVp range
why is grid used for routine chest radiography?
to reduce scatter fog caused by use of high kvp
Overexposed=
too DARK
Underexposed=
too LIGHT
Re strict beam to the anatomical area of interest...
true
Take appropriate precautions to minimize radiation exposure to the patient..
true
recognize and communicate the need for prompt medical attention
true
practice standard precautions...
true.
use patient transfer devices when needed...
true.
use sterile or aseptic technique when indicated...
true.
verify informed consent as necessary...
true.
grid cutoff on a radiograph can be caused by
tube that is off center tube that is angled perp. to the lead strips improper distance being used with a focused grid
The target of the x-ray tube is made of
tungsten
right lateral position
turned to the right side, right side on IR -pillows: under the head, place the left arm extended and place on a pillow, place another pillow between the legs and on the back to maintain the position
Ampere
unit used to measure rate, volume, or current flow in the circuit
Penumbra:
unsharp edges
scatter radiation fog
unwanted image exposure caused by scatter radiation
The following changes will decrease patient dose
using a faster-speed class imaging system increasing the grid ratio to a 16:1 ratio
The function of the autotransformer is to:
vary the voltage going to the primary coil of the step-up transformer.
communicate scheduling delays to the...
waiting patients.
the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next wave
wavelength
velocity
wavelength x frequency
What devise may help provide and even density on a radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) axial projection of the foot
wedge compensating filter
focusing cup, filament, electrons boil of filament
what does the cathode have on it?
visible image
what you get when you process a latent image on an IR
gonad shielding should be used
when the gonads are within 5 cm of the radiation field
Focusing cup
where the filament is situated ; has a slight negative charge
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)
white nose that interferes with the digital image
How body parts are measured to determine correct exposure factors
with a caliper, in cm
The standard control limit for the beam (central ray) alignment tests
within 1 degree of perpendicular
Bremsstrahlung radiation
x-rays produced when projectile electrons are stopped or slowed in the anode
AP Axial Oblique C-Spine
SID: 72 in Position: rotate body 45 degrees, chin elevated IR: centered to C3 CR: angled 15-20 degrees cephalad to C4
PA Oblique Ribs (RAO or LAO)
SID: 72 in Position: rotate patients body 45 degrees away from affected side IR :above- 1.5 in above shoulders below- bottom of IR at iliac crestBreathing: above-full inspiration below- full expiration CR: Perp. to IR
AP Acromioclavicular Articulations (Pearson Method)
SID: 72 in Position: upright IR: Centered to AC joints CR: perp. to AC joints Breathing: Suspended
When beam restriction is used, scatter production:
DECREASES Rationale: Beam restriction reduces the production of scatter radiation because it limits the area being irradiated
What type of current is required for proper operation of the x-ray tube?
DIRECT
Synarthrosis joint:
DOES NOT MOVE
Fat Pad Sign:
Dark shadow in the soft tissue may be an indication of a fracture.
Using the 15% rule to increase contrast
Decrease kvp by 15% and multiply mAs by 2(double it)
A step-down transformer is used in the x-ray circuit to:
Decrease voltage and increase current for the filament circuit.
Any Lying Down Position with a Horizontal Central Ray:
Decubitus
Freely Moveable Joint:
Diarthrodial
Contrast:
Differences in Radiographic Density Radiograph on Adjacent Areas of a Radiograph
DICOM:
Digital imaging and communications in medicine Universally accepted standard for exchanging medical rad. images within an institution.
Relationship between mAs and Density:
Directly Proportional ( mAs / mAS2 = Density1 / Density2 )
Relationship between SID and Recorded Detail
Directly Related: As SID Increases, Recorded Detail Increases because Size Distortion (Magnification) Decreases
Relationship between OID and Size Distortion:
Directly Related: Increasing OID Results in Increased Size Distortion (Magnification)
Relationship between Grid Use and Image Contrast:
Directly Related: Use of Grids or Increase Grid Ratio will Increasing Image Contrast by Removing Scatter Radiation from the Remnant X-ray Beam
Question female patient of child bearing age about date of last menstrual period or possible pregnancy and take appropriate action examples:
Document response, contact physician
Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology (JRCERT)
National organization that formally accredits schools of rad tech. Formed in 1969. Also accredits limited radiographer programs
In a full-wave rectification circuit, the
Negative wave of alternating current is changed into a second positive wave
Lateral Sacrum and Coccyx
SID: 40 in Position: Same as sacrum CR: perp. to 3.5 in posterior to ASIS
AP Axial Large Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: Supine IR: centered 2 in above iliac crest CR: 30-40 in cephalad @ 2 in below ASIS
Carina:
Trachial bifurcation
Electromagnetic induction is the basis for what?
Transformer
When using a 30x35cm IR, where should the central ray enter the patient for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
at the level 11/2 inches superior to the iliac crest in the midline of the patient
Semiconductor
Material that may act as an insulator or conductor under different conditions
Law of conservation of matter
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form
The law of conservation of matter states:
Matter cannot be created or destroyed, only in changed in form.
Cranial/Facial Bone on which the Acanthion is Located:
Maxillary
Electrical resistance
Measured in ohms
For high-ratio grids, the grid radius is:
NARROW
500 msv, 150 msv for eyes
NCRP recommendations for skin extremities organs eyes?
At the moment of exposure, the focusing cup has what type of charge applied?
NEGATIVE
Lateral Scapula
SID: 40 in Position: 45-60 degrees anterior oblique flex elbow, place arm behind back or arm across chest CR: perp to mid medial border of scapula
AP axial Clavicle
SID: 40 in Position: Center clavicle to IR CR: angle 15-30 degrees cephalad centered to clavicle
PA Wrist ulnar deviation
SID: 40 in Position: Flex elbow 90 degrees turn hand in extreme ulnar deviation CR: perp. to scaphoid
Carpal Canal Tangential (Gaynor-Hart Method)
SID: 40 in Position: Hyperextend wrist, long axis of hand as vertical as possible Pull fingers back with band CR: 1 in distal to base of third metacarpal at 25 - 30 degree angle
Lateral Facial Bones
SID: 40 in Position: IPL and IOML perp. CR: lateral zygomatic, halfway btw outer canthus and EAM
Lateral Orbits
SID: 40 in Position: IPL perp. CR: through outer canthus
Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones (Modified)
SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 55 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits acanthion
Lateral Foot
SID: 40 in Position: turn toward affected side until leg and foot are lateral CR: perp. to base of metatarsals
supine
lying on the back
what technical factors with produce an image with the greatest density
mA 200 msec 250 SID 36 in. kVp 76
mA x time=
mAs
If SID is halved, what may be said about radiographic receptor exposure?
receptor exposure is quadrupled Rationale: Distance is controlled by inverse square law. Because receptor exposure is inversely proportional to the square of the distance, halving the source-to-image distance (SID) will increase the receptor exposure four times.
What is the proper method for storing unopened boxes of x-ray film
standing on edge
direct radiography DR
systems have detectors that directly capture and readout an electronic image signal
What is the recommended placement for personnel dosimeter on the body of the limited operator
the badge should be worn in the region of the collar on the anterior surface of the body and outside the lead apron, if worn
image receptor
the device that catches the xrays after they have passed through the pt
what structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
the diaphragm
grayscale contrast
the number of brightness levels (or gray shades) visible on an image and is linked to the bit depth of the system
distance, as a method used to limit operator exposure, means that
the operator should maximize the distance from the source during an exposure
What is the primary source of scatter radiation?
the patient
scatter
the patient is the primary source of scatter
Fillfactor
the percentage of the dexel devoted to the semiconductor detection area
primary radiation:
the radiation that leaves the tube
remnant radiation
the radiation that passes thru the pt and hits the IR creating a latent image on the IR before it is processed
dynamic range
the range of exposures that may be captured by a detector
exposure latitude
the range of exposures which produces quality images at appropriate patient dose
three lobes are present in which lungs?
the right lung
what is the purpose of performing sinus radiography with the patient in the upright position?
to demonstrate air/fluid levels
Explain breathing instructions prior....
to exposure
obtain vital signs...
true.
During digital image processing electronic collimation (masking) should not be used to replace
proper radiographic collimation
how can detector fog be prevented when using computed radiography cassettes
protect the cassette before and after exposure
PA Axial Oblique C-Spine
SID: 72 in Position: rotate body 45 degrees IR: level of C5 CR: angled 15-20 degrees caudad to C4
Sterile technique is required when contrast agents are administered (A) rectally. (B) orally. (C) intrathecally. (D) through a nasogastric tube.
(C) intrathecally.
While performing mobile radiography on a patient, you note that the requisition is for a chest film to check placement of a Swan-Ganz catheter. A Swan-Ganz catheter is a(n) (A) pacemaker. (B) chest tube. (C) intravenous catheter. (D) urinary catheter.
(C) intravenous catheter.
When a patient arrives in the radiology department with a urinary Foley catheter bag, it is important to (A) place the drainage bag above the level of the bladder. (B) place the drainage bag at the same level as the bladder. (C) place the drainage bag below the level of the bladder. (D) clamp the Foley catheter.
(C) place the drainage bag below the level of the bladder.
Pulmonary fibrosis can result from the inhalation of dust particles; this is characteristic of (A) cystic fibrosis. (B) chronic asthma. (C) pneumoconiosis. (D) pleural effusion.
(C) pneumoconiosis.
A diuretic is used to (A) induce vomiting. (B) stimulate defecation. (C) promote elimination of urine. (D) inhibit coughing.
(C) promote elimination of urine.
The complete killing of all microorganisms is termed (A) surgical asepsis. (B) medical asepsis. (C) sterilization. (D) disinfection.
(C) sterilization.
The medical term for congenital clubfoot is (A) coxa plana. (B) osteochondritis. (C) talipes. (D) muscular dystrophy.
(C) talipes.
When a GI series has been requested on a patient with a suspected perforated ulcer, the type of contrast medium that should be used is (A) thin barium sulfate suspension. (B) thick barium sulfate suspension. (C) water-soluble iodinated media. (D) oil-based iodinated media.
(C) water-soluble iodinated media.
A radiologic technologist can be found guilty of a tort in which of the following situations? 1. Failure to shield a patient of childbearing age from unnecessary radiation 2. Performing an examination on a patient who has refused the examination 3. Discussing a patient's condition with a third party (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), which of the following body fluids should be treated as if they contained pathogenic microorganisms? 1. Any fluid containing blood 2. Cerebrospinal fluid 3. Synovial fluid (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
All drug packages must provide certain information required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Some of the information that must be provided includes 1. the generic name. 2. contraindications. 3. the usual dose. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Anaphylactic shock manifests early symptoms that include 1. dysphagia. 2. itching of palms and soles. 3. constriction of the throat. (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Diseases whose mode of transmission is through the air include 1. tuberculosis. 2. mumps. 3. rubella. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Examples of COPD include 1. bronchitis. 2. pulmonary emphysema. 3. asthma. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Factors that are important to evaluate when selecting contrast media include 1. miscibility. 2. potential toxicity. 3. viscosity. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 2 and 3 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Following a barium enema (BE) examination, the patient should be given which of the following instructions? 1. Increase fluid and fiber intake for several days. 2. Changes in stool color will occur until all barium has been evacuated. 3. Contact a physician if no bowel movement occurs in 24 h (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
The condition of slow heart rate, below 60 beats per minute (bpm), is termed (A) hyperthermia. (B) hypotension. (C) hypoxia. (D) bradycardia.
(D) bradycardia.
Hypochlorite bleach (Clorox) and Lysol are examples of (A) antiseptics. (B) bacteriostatics. (C) antifungal agents. (D) disinfectants.
(D) disinfectants.
Possible side effects of an iodinated contrast medium that is administered intravenously include all of the following except (A) a warm feeling. (B) altered taste. (C) nausea. (D) hypotension.
(D) hypotension.
When performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on an infant, it is required that the number of compressions per minute, compared to that for an adult, (A) remain the same. (B) double. (C) decrease. (D) increase.
(D) increase.
Local anesthetics are likely to be used in all of the following radiographic examinations except (A) lower-extremity arteriography. (B) arthrography. (C) myelography. (D) postoperative or T-tube cholangiography.
(D) postoperative or T-tube cholangiography.
The condition that allows blood to shunt between the right and left ventricles is called (A) patent ductus arteriosus. (B) coarctation of the aorta. (C) atrial septal defect. (D) ventricular septal defect.
(D) ventricular septal defect.
Causes of Shape Distortion
Elongation: Angulation Along the Long Axis of the Part Foreshortening: Angulation Against the Long Axis of the Part
Law of conservation of energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed in form
The law of conservation of energy states:
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only in changed in form.
Potential Energy
Energy of position
Chemical Energy
Energy resulting from a chemical reaction
Electrical Energy
Energy resulting from movement of electrons
Nuclear Energy
Energy resulting from the nucleus of an atom
Electromagnetic Energy
Energy that is emitted and transferred through matter
The following image receptor (IR) system speeds will result in the lowest patient dose
Faster speed IR system
Technique charts may be generated by?
Film manufacturers Technologists
Inherent Filtration:
Filtration that Occurs Naturally by Virtue of the Construction of the X-ray Tube Ex.: Glass Envelope, Insulating Oil, Collimator Mirrors
Determine appropriate exposure factors using the following:
Fixed KVP technique chart, variable KVP technique chart, callipers to determine patient thickness, anatomically programmed technique
Pleural Effusion:
Fluid in the pleural space
British System
Foot, pound, second
Pneumoconiosis:
Group of chronic occupational lung disease caused by the inhalation of irritating dust.
Absorbed dose Dose equivalent
Gy in SI system SV in SI system
Graph that Measures Sensitometry of Radiographic Film:
H&D Curve
Beam quality is expressed using what unit of measurement?
HALF VALUE LAYER
The filtration needed to attenuate the intensity of the beam by half is called:
HALF VALUE LAYER
The collision of projectile electrons with the atoms of the target material causes a conversion of the electrons' kinetic energy to:
HEAT AND X-RAYS
The composition of the x-ray beam as it leaves the anode is:
HETEROGENEOUS.
Because an x-ray beam has a range of photon energies, it may be classified as:
HETEROGENOUS
An image with few gray tones, mainly black and white, is referred to as:
HIGH CONTRAST
Exposure latitude is wider at:
HIGHER kVp LEVELS
Step down transformer:
Has fewer windings on the secondary side. [Filament circuit] [Low voltage] **Cathode side**
Step up transformer:
Has more windings on the secondary side. [High voltage] **Anode side**
Rotating anodes can tolerate higher instantaneous heat loads than stationary anodes because:
Heat is distributed over a larger area in rotating anodes
The intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance describes:
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Relationship between Imaging System Speed and Recorded Detail
Inversely Related: As Imaging System Speed Increases Recorded Detail Decreases
Vertebral Location of the lliac Crest:
L 4-5
chest anterior oblique RAO LAO evaluation criteria and structures shown
LAO (left side down anterior against IR) S.S max area of right lung field (side farther from IR) is shown along with thoracic viscera anterior portion of left lung superimposed by spine trachea and bifurcation (the carina) and the entire right branch of bronchial tree heart, descending aorta (lying just in front of spine, and arch of aorta RAO (right side down anterior against IR) S.S max area of left lung field (side farther from IR) is shown along with thoracic viscera anterior portion of right lung superimposed by spine trachea and entire left branch of bronchial tree best image to see left antrum, anterior portion of apex of left ventricle, right retrocardiac space LAO/RAO E.C both lungs trachea fulled with air identification markers heart and mediastinal structures within lung field of elevated side in oblique 45 degree images max area of right lung in LAO max area of left lung in RAO
either upright or recumbent oblique torso positions anterior oblique (facing the IR) LAO RAO
LAO- body rotated with the left anterior portion closest to the image receptor RAO- body rotated with the right anterior portion closest to the image receptor
Energy in a computed radiography imaging plate is released after exposure to
LASER BEAM
A digital image may be printed on to film using a:
LASER CAMERA
A grid error in which cutoff is visible more to one side of the radiograph is caused by:
LATERAL DECENTERING
Like poles repel, unlike poles attract, and the force of attraction between poles is governed by the inverse square law describes:
LAW OF MAGNETICS
Amphiarthrosis joint:
LIMITED MOVEMENT
The larger the actual focal spot, the greater the heat capacity; the smaller the effective focal spot, the greater the spatial resolution. This is called
LINE-FOCUS PRINCIPLE
The x-ray circuit depends on a constant source of power, has power coming into the radiology department may vary, keeps incoming voltage adjusted to the proper value, and usually operates automatically but may be manually adjusted on older equipment. This is the:
LINE-VOLTAGE COMPENSATOR
For optimum spatial resolution, SID should be the
LONGEST PRACTICAL
An image with many gray tones is referred to as:
LOW CONTRAST AND LONG SCALE CONTRAST
The primary circuit of the x-ray generator is also called the:
LOW VOLTAGE COMPENSATOR
Exposure latitude is narrower at:
LOWER kVp LEVELS
either upright or recumbent oblique torso positions posterior oblique (facing the radiographic tube) LPO RPO
LPO- body rotated with the left posterior portion closest to the image receptor RPO- body rotated with the right posterior portion closest to the image receptor
The target angle allows for a
Larger actual focal spot and a smaller effective focal spot.
Away from the Median Plane:
Lateral
Which projection of the lumbar spine demonstrates open intervertebral foramina?
Lateral
Which surface of the foot should be in contact with the IR for the recumbent lateral projection of the foot
Lateral
Which of the following surrounds a current running through a conductor?
MAGNETIC FIELD
Electromotive Force (EMF)
Measured in volts; the force with which electrons move in an electrical circuit
Distortion:
Misrepresentation of Anatomical Structures on the Radiographic Image
Osteoarthritis:
Most common type of arthritis, degenerative joint disease.
Dislocation:
Movement of a bone from its normal location within a joint.
Mrs. Elizabeth Dunbar is 86 years old and a bit confused. She is most likely to respond appropriately if you address her as
Mrs. Dunbar
Most of the mass of an atom is contained in the:
NUCLEUS
Foot AP Axial evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S AP dorsal plantar projection of the tarsals anterior to the talus, metatarsals, and phalanges E.C Anatomy from toes to tarsals including portions of talus and calcaneus, no rotation of foot by equal amounts of space between the second through fourth metatarsal's, overlap of the second through fifth metatarsal bases, IP, MTP, TMT joint spaces, open joint space between medial and intermediate cuneiforms
Toe Oblique evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S Phalanges of the toes and distal portion of the metatarsals rotated mediately E.C Entire toes, toes separated, proper rotation by more soft tissue which on the elevated side along with more midshaft concavity, open IP and second through fifth MTP joint spaces, first MTP joint not always open
Toe lateral evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S Phalanges of the toes and the IP articulations projected free of other toes E.C Entire total without super imposition of other toes, toenail in profile, con caves plantar surfaces of the phalanges, no rotation of phalanges, Open IP joint spaces; MTP joints are overlapped but may be seen in some patients
Toes sesamoids tangential structures shown and evaluation criteria
S.S Tangential projection of the metatarsal head in profile and the sesamoids E.C Sesamoids free of any portion of the first metatarsal, metatarsal heads
chest PA evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S air filled trachea lungs diaphragmatic domes heart aortic knob thyroid or thymus gland (if enlarged laterally) bronchial tree (shown from oblique angle) esophagus (well shown when filled with barium) E.C entire lung fields to apices to costophrenic angles no rotation (ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column, trachea seen in midline, equal distance from vert. column to lateral borders of ribs) proper shoulder rotation (scapula needs to be outside lung field) proper inspiration (10 posterior ribs seen above diaphragm and at least 1 less rib seen on expiration) sharp outlines of heart and diaphragm faint shadows of ribs and superior thoracic vert. through heart shadow lung markings visible from hilum to periphery of lung
toe AP or AP axial toes structures shown and evaluation criteria
S.S all phalanges (14) distal portions of metatarsals IP joints on axial projection only E.C entire toes distal metatarsals toes separated no rotation (midshaft concavity equal on each sides) open IP joint and MTP joint on axial only
chest AP lordotic evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S apices conditions such as interlobar effusions E.C entire apices and appropriate portion of lungs clavicles located superior to apices ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column clavicles lying horiz. with their sternal ends overlapping 1 and 2 ribs ribs distorted with their anterior and posterior portions superimposed
The following describes the proper method for positioning the humerus for an AP projection
Upper limb abducted, elbow extended, humeral epicondyles parallel to the IR
calcaneus plantodorsal axial structures shown and evaluation criteria
S.S axial projection of calcaneus E.C calcaneus and subtalar joints no rotation (first or fifth metatarsals not projected to the side of the foot) anterior portion of calcaneus similar in brightness to the posterior portion
ankle AP weight bearing structures shown and evaluation criteria
S.S both ankles relationship of the distal tibia and fibula with weight bearing side to side comparison E.C medial mortise open distal tibia and talus slightly superimposed over distal fibula lateral mortise closed
ankle medial oblique structures shown and evaluation criteria
S.S distal ends of tibia and fibula tibiofibular articulation E.C distal tibia and fibula and talus 45 degree rotation distal fibula and tibia overlap part of talus
Direct Square Law:
Used to Determine New mAs when at a New SID, when a Constant Radiographic Density is Desired
Step UP transformer is used to increase what?
Used to increase the volts to kilovolts (kVp)
chest lateral decubitus evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S shows change in fluid position and reveals any previously obscured pulmonary areas or presence of pneumothorax such as free air E.C affected side in its entirety from apex to costo. angle no rotation (sternal ends of clavicles equidistant from the spine) patients arms not in area of interest proper identification to indicate decub. was performed
chest AP supine evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S shows image similar to PA image heart and greater vessels mag. and engorged due to being farther from IR lung fields appear shorter because abdominal compression moves diaphragm higher clavicles projected higher ribs are more horizontal E.C entire lung field from apices to costo. angles no rotation (ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column, trachea seen in midline, equal distance from vert. column to lateral borders of ribs) clavicles lying more horiz. and obscuring more of the apices than the PA projection faint shadows of ribs and thoracic vert. through heart shadow pleural vascular markings visible from the hilar regions to the periphery of lungs
Optimum kVp:
Using the highest kVp setting that will produce sufficient contrast for acceptable image quality.
A CCD may be used in the television system instead of what device(s)?
Vidicon and Plumbicon tubes
The concept that although x-ray photons exist as waves, they exhibit properties of particles is known as:
WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY
Electromagnetic radiation travels:
WAVES ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE
For low-ratio grids, the grid radius is:
WIDE
Compared with conventional radiography, computed radiography exhibits:
WIDER EXPOSURE LATITUDE
Radiographic contrast in computed radiography may be adjusted by changing the:
WINDOW WIDTH Rationale: Adjusting the window width on the display monitor varies the range of densities visible on the image, thus changing the grayscale of contrast. Window level affects image brightness, not contrast.
Force applied on an object over a distance defines:
WORK
chest AP upright evaluation criteria and structures shown
S.S shows image similar to PA image heart and greater vessels mag. and engorged due to being farther from IR lung fields appear shorter because abdominal compression moves diaphragm higher clavicles projected higher ribs are more horizontal E.C entire lung field from apices to costo. angles no rotation (ends of clavicles equidistant from vert. column, trachea seen in midline, equal distance from vert. column to lateral borders of ribs) clavicles lying more horiz. and obscuring more of the apices than the PA projection faint shadows of ribs and thoracic vert. through heart shadow pleural vascular markings visible from the hilar regions to the periphery of lungs
tibia and fibula AP structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S tibia fibula adjacent joints E.C ankle and knee joint in one or more images entire leg without rotation (proximal and distal articulations of the tibia and fibula moderately overlapped, fibular midshaft free of tibial superimposed)
foot AP axial weight bearing structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. all bones of foot outline of foot projected fee of the leg E.C. toes to heel shadow of leg not overlapping tarsals foot not rotated
ankle AP structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. ankle joint distal ends of tibia and fibula proximal portions of talus E.C. ankle joint medial/lateral malleoli no rotation (anterior tubercle of tibia slightly over fibula, talus overlapping distal fibula, no overlap of medial talomalleolar joint tibiotalar joint space
foot lateral (mediolateral) structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. entire foot in profile ankle joint distal ends of tibia and fibula E.C. entire foot and distal leg super imposed plantar surfaces of metatarsal heads fibula overlapping posterior tibia tibiotalar joint
ankle lateral (mediolateral) structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. lower 3rd of tibia and fibula ankle joint tarsals including 5th metatarsal base E.C. ankle joint distal tibia and fibula, talus, calcaneous and adjacent tarsals tibiotallar joint, medial and lateral domes superimposed fibula over posterior half of tibia 5th medatarsal base shold be seen to check for jones fracture
ankle oblique mortise structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. mortise joint E.C. mortise joint distal tibia fibula and talus 15 to 20 degree location talofibular articulation tibotallar articulation no overlap of tubricals
foot lateral weight bearing(lateromedial) structural shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. structural status of longitudinal arch right and left sides imaged for comparison E.C. entire foot and distal leg super imposed plantar surfaces of metatarsal heads fibula overlapping posterior tibia tibiotalar joint
calcaneus dorsoplantar axial structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. subtalar joint E.C. calcaneus subtalar joint sustentaculum tali no rotation (1st or 5th metatarsal not projected to side of foot) anterior portion of calcaneus has brightness similar to the posterior portion
foot lateral oblique structure shown and evaluation criteria
S.S. interspaces bet ween 1st and 2nd metatarsals and medial and intermediate cuneiforms E.C. toes to the tarsals; includes talus and calcaneus proper rotation (1st and 2nd metacarpal bases free of super imposition, minimal super imposition between medial and intermediate cuneiforms, navicular seen with less foreshortening than medial rotation AP oblique
When kVp is increased, which of the following happens
SCALE OF CONTRAST LENGTHENS
Autotransformers operate on the principle of:
SELF-INDUCTION
Opposing voltage created in a conductor by passing alternating current through it describes:
SELF-INDUCTION
A material that may act as an insulator or conductor under different conditions is called a:
SEMICONDUCTOR
As kVp increases, there is an increased production of:
SHORT WAVELENGTH Rationale: As kVp increases, there is an increased production of high-energy, short-wavelength radiation; the beam is more penetrating.
How does beam restriction affect contrast
SHORTER SCALE OF CONTRAST Rationale: Because it reduces the amount of scatter produced, beam restriction results in increased, not decreased, contrast.
Increasing the kVp of an x-ray beam will result in the photons having:
SHORTER WAVELENGTH
For optimum spatial resolution, OID should be the:
SHORTEST POSSIBLE
Sievert
SI Sytstem's unit of dose equivalent
Air Kerma:
SI unit term for EXPOSURE Gy-a [air]
A focused grid must be used with specific ranges of
SID
The distance from the x-ray tube to the image receptor is:
SID
Geometric factors that control the formation of the image:
SID OID Focal spot
left lateral position
lying down on left side (right lateral position requirements same for patient comfort) - aka Recumbant/Recovery - used for vomiting patient's - AIRWAY problem
decubitus
lying down with horizontal x-ray beam
prone
lying face downward
supine
lying on back
Best factor to change when compensating for part size
mAs
The quantity of x-rays produced is directly controlled by
mAs
When a grid is used, what technical factor must be increased to compensate for the loss of image-forming rays?
mAs
The amount of darkness on a radiograph is primarily controlled by:
mAs Rationale: Remember, mAs controls the number of x-rays produced. As mAs is increased, the number of x-rays reaching the image receptor increases, resulting in a higher optical density, or higher degree of blackening of the radiographic image.
Twice as many electrons strike the target in the x-ray tube when
mAs IS DOUBLED
Factors that affect Radiographic Density:
mAs, kVp, Distance, Imaging System Speed, Grids, Beam Restriction (Collimation), Anode Heel Effect, And Filtration
lateral projections of the chest are taken with the left side against the IR because
magnification of the cardiac silhouette is reduced with the left side neared the IR
where does the central ray enter the patient for the upright, PA projection of the chest?
midsagittal plane at the level of T7
Nucleus is made up of...
protons and neutrons
Proximal Humerus/Shoulder Transthoracic lateral Lawrence Method
SID: Position: raise uninjured arm, elevate uninjured arm place IR against injured arm CR: perp. to midcoronal plane, exiting surgical neck of affected humerus. If cannot elevate arm, angle 10-15 degrees cephalad Breathing: suspended
Lateral Nasal Bones
SID: 40 Position: IPL perp. IOML parallel with transverse axis of IR CR: perp. to bridge of nose ( 1/2 in distal to nasion)
Axial (Plantodorsal) Calcaneus
SID: 40 Position: leg extended, ankle in right angle dorsiflexion, ankle centered to IR CR: 40 degrees cephalic, entering plantar surface at base of third metatarsal
Second through Fifth digits (PA)
SID: 40 Position: palm against IR CR: Perp. entering PIP joint
PA oblique Thumb
SID: 40 Position: palm of hand on IR CR: Perp. entering MCP joint
Axial (Dorsoplantar) Calcaneus
SID: 40 Position: prone, ankle dorsiflexed to place long axis of foot perpendicular to tabletop IR: against plantar surface CR: 40 degrees caudad
AP Oblique Acetabulum (Judet)
SID: 40 in -Internal oblique used to demonstrate posterior rim of acetabulum and iliopubic column -external oblique used to demonstrate anterior rim of acetabulum and ilioschial column Position: internal-45 degree posterior oblique w/affected side up CR: 2 in inferior to ASIS of affected side Position: external- 45 degree posterior oblique w/affected side down CR: pubic symphysis
Second through Fifth digits (Lateral)
SID: 40 in CR: perp. entering PIP joint
AP Oblique Large Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: 35-45 degree LPO or RPO IR: centered to iliac crests CR: 1-2 in lateral to midline @ iliac crest
AP Oblique Foot (Lateral Rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: Knee flexed rotate leg & foot laterally 30 degrees CR: perp. to base of third metatarsal
Lateral Cranium
SID: 40 in Position: Lateral CR: 2 in above EAM
Lateral L5-S1
SID: 40 in Position: Lateral recumbent, knees & hips bent & superimposed, arms at right angle CR: 2 in posterior to ASIS & 1.5 in inferior to iliac crest (5 degrees caudad-men, 8 degrees caudad-women) Breathing: suspended
Lateral T-Spine
SID: 40 in Position: Left side against, flex knees, superimpose hips and knees, arm at right angle CR: at level of T7 Breathing: suspended after full expiration
Axiolateral Oblique (Modified Law Method) TMJs
SID: 40 in Position: MSP 15 degrees toward CR: angle 15 degrees caudad exits TMJ, 1 1/2 in superior to EAM
Tangental Zygomatic Arches
SID: 40 in Position: MSP 15 degrees toward affected side, top of head 15 degrees away, zygomatic arch to IR CR: 1 in below outer canthi
AP Axial L5-S1 (Ferguson)
SID: 40 in Position: MSP centered, limbs extended CR: enters 1.5 in superior to pubic symphysis or 2-2.5 in inferior to ASIS at 30-35 degrees cephalad Breathing: suspended
Axiolateral (Modified Schuller) TMJs
SID: 40 in Position: MSP parallel CR: 25-30 degrees caudad, 1/2 in anterior & 2 in superior to EAM
SMV Mandible
SID: 40 in Position: MSP perp. CR: through sella turcica, 3/4 in anterior to EAM
Lateral Sinuses
SID: 40 in Position: MSP perp., IPL and IOML perp. CR: enters 1/2 to 1 in posterior to outer canthus
PA Wrist
SID: 40 in Position: Make fist (against IR) CR: Perp. to midcarpal area
Lateral Hand
SID: 40 in Position: OK sign (fan out fingers) elbow flexed 90 degrees CR: Perp. to second MCP joint
Modified Parietoacanthial (Modified Waters) Orbits
SID: 40 in Position: OML 50 degrees CR: perp. through mid-orbits
AP/AP Axial Cranium
SID: 40 in Position: OML Perp. CR: 15 degrees cephalad entering nasion
AP Axial (Towne Method) Cranium
SID: 40 in Position: OML or IOML perp. CR: OML- 30 degrees caudad through foramen magnum IOML- 37 degrees caudad through foramen magnum
SMV Zygomatic Arches
SID: 40 in Position: OML parallel with IR CR: enters throat 1 in below outer canthi
AP Axial (Modified Towne) Zygomatic Arches
SID: 40 in Position: OML perp CR: 30 degrees caudad 1 in above nasion
AP Axial (Towne) Mandible
SID: 40 in Position: OML perp. CR: 30 degrees caudad midway between TMJs
AP Axial (Modified Towne) TMJs
SID: 40 in Position: OML perp. CR: 35 degrees caudad midway btw TMJs, 3 in above nasion
PA Hand
SID: 40 in Position: Palm against IR CR: Perp to third MCP joint
PA Axial Large Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: Prone IR: @ iliac crest CR: angled 30-40 degrees caudad @ ASIS
PA or AP Large Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: Prone or Supine IR: centered @ iliac crest CR: perp.
PA or AP Small Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: Prone or Supine, MSP centered IR: 30 min- center @ L2 delayed- center @ iliac crest CR: perp. Breathing: end of expiration
Lateral Stomach and Duodenum
SID: 40 in Position: RIGHT lat. demonstrated RIGHT retrogastric space. LEFT lat. demonstrates LEFT retrogastric space Align midway btw MCP and anterior surface IR: L1-L2, L3 for upright (1.5 in above crest)
PA Oblique Stomach and Duodenum
SID: 40 in Position: Recumbent RAO 40-70 degrees, align halfway btw vertebral column and left lat border of abdomen CR: to lower rib margin (L1-L2)
Lateral C-Spine (Cross-Table)
SID: 40 in Position: Supine IR: in vertical position & in contact with neck, centered to level of atlantoaxial articulation CR: perp. to 1 in distal to adjacent mastoid tip
AP Axial Sacrum
SID: 40 in Position: Supine, MSP in midline, support knees CR: 15 degrees cephalad, 2 in superior to pubic symphysis Breathing: suspended
Axiolateral Hip (Danelius-Miller)
SID: 40 in Position: Supine, flex knee and hip of unaffected limb to place thigh verticle, rotate affected limb 15-20 degrees medially IR: verticle with upper border in crease above iliac crest, lower border parallel w/femoral neck CR: horizontal and perp. to long axis of femoral neck
AP C1-C2, Open Mouth
SID: 40 in Position: Supine/Upright align edge of upper incisors and mastoid tip perp. to IR, mouth open CR: perp. to IR, midpoint of open mouth
AP Scapula
SID: 40 in Position: abduct arm to right angle CR: 2 in inferior to coracoid process
AP Humerus
SID: 40 in Position: adjust humerus with epicondyles parallel with IR CR: perp. to midpoint of humerus Breathing: suspended respiration
Lateral Patella
SID: 40 in Position: affected side against, flex knee 5-10 degrees CR: enters knee at midpatellofemoral joint
PA Axial (Holmblad)
SID: 40 in Position: anterior surface of knee on IR, knee flexed 70 degrees CR: perp. exiting level of patellar apex
AP Abdomen (Upright)
SID: 40 in Position: back against grid IR: centered 2 in above iliac crests, top at armpit CR: perp. to center of IR
AP Oblique Femoral Necks (Modified Cleaves) Unilateral
SID: 40 in Position: center ASIS, flex hip and knee, abduct thigh about 45 degrees laterally CR: perp. to femoral kneck
Lateral Humerus
SID: 40 in Position: center arm to IR Medially rotate shoulder until epicondyles are perp. to IR (internal rotation) CR: perp. to midpoint of humerus Breathing: suspended respiration
PA Clavicle
SID: 40 in Position: chest against board CR: perp to clavicle
Parietoacanthial (Waters) Zygomatic Arches
SID: 40 in Position: chin tip on IR, OML 37 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits acanthion
PA Axial Wrist (Stecher Method)
SID: 40 in Position: elevate IR 20 degrees or angle CR 20 degrees CR: Perp. entering scaphoid
AP Elbow
SID: 40 in Position: extend arm (limb and shoulder in same plane) CR: Perp. to elbow joint
AP oblique Elbow (lateral rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: extend arm, entire limb in same plane rotate arm laterally 45 degrees CR: perp. to elbow joint
AP oblique Elbow (medial rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: extend arm, entire limb in same plane rotate arm medially 45 degrees CR: perp. to elbow joint
Acanthioparietal (Reverse Waters) Facial Bones
SID: 40 in Position: extend chin-OML 37 degree angle CR: exits acanthion
Lateral Wrist
SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees Hand lateral (ulnar side down) CR: Perp. to wrist joint
PA oblique Wrist (lateral rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees rotate 45 degrees CR: entering midcarpal area
Lateral Elbow
SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees CR: perp. to elbow joint
Lateral Forearm
SID: 40 in Position: flex elbow 90 degrees, adjust hand in lateral position, include joints of interests CR: perp. to midpoint of forearm
AP Axial Foot
SID: 40 in Position: flex knee, rest bottom of foot on IR CR: angle 10 degrees toward heel, base of third metatarsal
Relationship between Grid Use and Radiographic Density:
Radiographic Density will Decrease when Grids are Used, and when Grid Ratio is Increased, if mAs are not Increased, Increased Amount of mAs is Determined by the Bucky Factor.
PA Axial Mandible
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 20-25 degrees cephalad exiting acanthion
PA Axial (Haas Method) Cranium
SID: 40 in Position: forehead and nose touching, OML perp. CR: 25 degrees cephalad, 1 1/2 in above nasion
AP thumb
SID: 40 in Position: hand in extreme internal rotation CR: Perp. entering MCP joint
SMV Sinuses
SID: 40 in Position: hyperextend neck, IOML parallel CR: enters 3/4 in anterior to EAM
AP Oblique Foot (Medial Rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed rotate leg & foot medially 30 degrees CR: perp. to base of third metatarsal
AP Toes (Forefoot)
SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed with sole of foot on IR CR: perp. to third MTP joint
AP or AP Axial Toes
SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed with sole of foot on IR (may use 15 degree wedge) CR: -AP perp to IR -AP Axial angle 15 degrees posteriorly Enters 3rd MTP joint
AP Oblique Toes (medial rotation)
SID: 40 in Position: knee flexed, rotate leg & foot 30-45 degrees CR: perp. to 3rd MTP joint
AP Knee
SID: 40 in Position: knee fully extended, femoral epicondyles parallel with IR CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex
Second through Fifth digits (PA oblique)
SID: 40 in Position: lateral position, ulnar side down Rotate 45 degrees CR: Perp. entering PIP joint
Lateral Hyperflexion & Hyperextension L-Spine
SID: 40 in Position: lateral recumbent Hyperflexion-lean forward Hyperextension-lean backward CR: perp. to spinal fusion of L3, 1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended
Lateral - Third to Fifth toes
SID: 40 in Position: lateral recumbent on affected side CR: perp. to PIP joint
Lateral-Great and Second Toe
SID: 40 in Position: lateral recumbent on unaffected side CR: great toe-perp. to MTP joint second toe-perp. to PIP joint
Lateral Esophagus
SID: 40 in Position: left lateral CR: MCP at T5-T6 12x17
AP Oblique Mortise Joint
SID: 40 in Position: leg extended, foot dorsiflexed to right angle, leg & foot rotated medially 15-20 degrees CR: perp. to ankle joint, entering midway between malleoli
AP Oblique Ankle
SID: 40 in Position: leg extended, foot dorsiflexed to right angle, leg and foot rotated 45 degrees CR: Perp. to ankle joint, midway between the malleoli
AP Ankle
SID: 40 in Position: leg extended, leg flexed CR: perp. through ankle midway between malleoli
PA (Modified Waters) Mandible
SID: 40 in Position: nose and chin touching CR: perp through lips
PA Patella
SID: 40 in Position: prone IR: centered to Patella CR: perp. exiting patella
PA Oblique SI Joints
SID: 40 in Position: prone, side of interest rotated 25-30 degrees toward IR CR: 1 in medial to ASIS closest to IR
AP/PA Oblique Esophagus
SID: 40 in Position: recumbent 35-40 degree (RAO) or (LPO) IR: 2 in lateral to MSP of elevated side CR: 2 in lateral to MSP at T5-T6 12x17
AP Oblique Stomach and Duodenum
SID: 40 in Position: recumbent LPO 30-60 degrees, align halfway btw vertebral column and left lat border of abdomen IR: midway btw xiphoid process and lower rib margin CR: perp. to IR
Lateral Sacrum
SID: 40 in Position: recumbent lateral, hips & knees flexed, arms at right angle CR: perp. to level of ASIS & 3.5 in posterior
PA Stomach and Duodenum
SID: 40 in Position: recumbent or upright, align halfway btw vertebral column and left lat border of abdomen CR: 1-2 in above lower rib margin upright- 3-6 in lower Breathing: suspended expiration (Air in Fundus BLACK)
AP Oblique Lumbar Spine
SID: 40 in Position: recumbent, 45 degree rotation CR: 2 in medial to elevated ASIS & 1-1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended after expiration
Lateral Hip (Hickey)
SID: 40 in Position: rotate slightly toward affected side, center hip to grid, flex knee &draw thigh at almost right angle to hip CR: angled 20 degrees cephalic
Lateral Hip (Lauenstein)
SID: 40 in Position: rotate slightly toward affected side, center hip to grid, flex knee &draw thigh at almost right angle to hip CR: perp. through hip, midway btw ASIS and pubic symphysis
Lateral Leg
SID: 40 in Position: rotate toward affected side to place patella perp. to IR, femoral condyles superimposed and perp. to IR CR: Perp. to midpoint of leg
Lateral Coccyx
SID: 40 in Position: same as sacrum CR: perp. to 3.5 in posterior and 2 in inferior to ASIS
AP Forearm
SID: 40 in Position: supine hand CR: perp. to midpoint of forearm wrist and elbow in collimation
AP/PA Coccyx
SID: 40 in Position: supine or Prone CR: angled 10 degrees caudad (down), enters MSP 2 in superior to pubic symphysis
Lateral Abdomen (Dorsal Decub)
SID: 40 in Position: supine with left side against IR IR: centered 2 in above iliac crest CR: perp. to IR
AP Oblique SI Joints
SID: 40 in Position: supine, 25-30 degree posterior oblique CR: 1 in medial to elevated ASIS ~SI joint farther from IR is demonstrated
AP T-Spine
SID: 40 in Position: supine, MSP centered IR: top at 1.5-2 in above shoulders CR: halfway btw jugular notch and xiphoid process Breathing: suspended after full expiration
AP Axial (Ferguson) SI Joints
SID: 40 in Position: supine, extend limbs CR: angle 30-35 degrees cephalad 1.5 in above pubic symphysis
AP Femur
SID: 40 in Position: supine, leg extended, internally rotated to place femoral epicondyles parallel with IR IR: (lower femur)- bottom of IR extends 2 in below knee (Upper femur)- top of IR at ASIS, rotated 10-15 degrees internal CR: perp. to IR
Modified Axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama)
SID: 40 in Position: supine, limbs in neutral or slighty external rotation IR: parallel to axis of femoral neck, tilt top back 15 degrees CR: 15 degrees posterior and aligned perp. to femoral neck
Right & Left Bending L-Spine
SID: 40 in Position: supine, max. right and left bending CR: 1.5 in above iliac crest Breathing: suspended
AP Hip
SID: 40 in Position: supine, medially rotate limb&foot 15-20 degrees CR: perp. to femoral neck (bend knee, crease is femoral neck centered)
AP Leg
SID: 40 in Position: supine, pelvis w/out rotation, femoral condyles parallel with IR, ankle flexed IR: 1-1/2 in beyond joints or use 2 images CR: perp. to center of leg
Superoinferior Axial Inlet (Bridgeman Method)
SID: 40 in Position: supine, same as AP CR: 40 degrees caudad at ASIS
AP Axial Outlet (Taylor Method)
SID: 40 in Position: supine, same as AP CR: Men-20-35 degrees cephalad, centered 2 in distal to superior border of pubic symphysis Women-30-45 degrees cephalad, centered 2 in distal to superior border of pubic symphysis
AP Stomach and Duodenum
SID: 40 in Position: supine, trendelenburg for hiatal hernia IR: btw MSP and left lat border, btw xiphoid process and lower rib margin CR: perp (Barium in Fundus WHITE)
AP Abdomen (Supine) KUB
SID: 40 in Position: supine, without rotation, support knees IR: centered to iliac crests CR: perp. to IR, MSP at level of iliac crests Breathing: after expiration
AP/PA Esophagus
SID: 40 in Position: supine/prone IR: top level with mouth CR: perp. to T-5/T-6 12x17
AP Dens (Fuchs)
SID: 40 in Position: supine/upright extend chin until tip is verticle CR: perp. entering just distal to chin tip
Axiolateral and Axiolateral Oblique Mandible
SID: 40 in Position: teeth together Ramus- lateral Body- 30 degrees toward IR Symphysis- 45 degrees toward IR CR: 25 degrees cephalad through region of interest
Parietocanthial (Waters) Nasal Bones
SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits midway between nasion and acanthion
Parietoacanthial (Waters) Method Sinuses
SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degrees (Open & Closed mouth) CR: exits acanthion
Parietoacanthial (Waters) Orbits
SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degrees. MML perp. CR: exits acanthion
Lateral Femur
SID: 40 in Position: turned toward affected side, flex knee 45 degrees IR: top of IR at ASIS to include hip, 2 in below for knee CR: perp. to midpoint of IR
Lateral Knee
SID: 40 in Position: turned toward affected side, knee flexed 20-30 degrees CR: angled 5-7 degrees cephalad entering 1 in distal to medial femoral epicondyle
Lateral Ankle
SID: 40 in Position: turned toward affected side, lateral CR: Perp. to ankle joint, enters malleolus
Lateral Weight-Bearing Foot
SID: 40 in Position: upright IR in grooves, one foot on each side, centered to base of third metatarsal CR: perp. right above base of third metatarsal
AP Pharynx and Larynx
SID: 40 in Position: upright IR: centered to or just below level of laryngeal prominence CR: perp. to laryngeal prominence Breathing: during inspiration
AP Clavicle
SID: 40 in Position: upright or supine Center clavicle to IR CR: center to midshaft of clavicle Breathing: suspended
AP Shoulder
SID: 40 in Position: upright or supine IR: centered 1 in inferior to coracoid process -Internal rotation & external rotation( rotate toward affected shoulder) CR: perp. 1 in inferior to coracoid process Breathing: suspended
AP Knee (Weight-Bearing)
SID: 40 in Position: upright, facing tube, center knees to IR, toes ahead CR: enters 1/2 in below patellar apex
AP Axial C-Spine
SID: 40 in Position: upright/supine extend chin up, C4 centered to IR CR: 15-20 degrees cephalad through C4 (adams apple)
Tangential Patella (Settegast)
SID: 40 in Positon: Bend knee IR: against femur, centered to joint space CR: angled 15-20 degrees cephalad, to patella
Lateral Weight-Bearing Ankle
SID: 40 in? Position: upright, IR in grooves IR centered 1/2 in superior to lateral malleolus
AP Weight-Bearing Ankle
SID: 40 in? Position: upright, place IR in grooves, heels pushed against IR CR: perp. to center of IR
Lateral Thumb
SID: 40in Position: palm of hand on IR, thumb in lateral position CR: Perp. entering MCP joint
Lateral C-Spine (Hyperflexion & Hyperextension)
SID: 60-72 in Position: upright hyperflextion: have patient put chin as close to chest as possible hyperextension: have patient relax head as far back as possible IR: top at top of ear CR: horizontal and perp. to C4
Lateral C-Spine (Grandy)
SID: 60-72 in ~demonstrates zygapophyseal joints~ Position: upright/seating/standing, chin elevated & mandible protruded CR: horizontal and perp. to C4
AP Ribs
SID: 72 in Above diaphragm: top of IR 1.5 above shoulders Below diaphragm: bottom of IR at iliac crests Breathing: above-full inspiration below-full expiration CR: perp. to center of IR
PA Ribs
SID: 72 in POSITION: Chest against board IR: 1.5 in above shoulders BREATHING: after full inspiration CR: T7
Lateral Chest
SID: 72 in POSITION: Left side against board, arms up IR: 1.5-2 in above shoulders BREATHING: after second inspiration CR: T7
PA Chest
SID: 72 in POSITION: chest against board IR: 1.5-2 in above shoulders BREATHING: after second inspiration CR: T7
AP Chest
SID: 72 in Position: back against IR: top is 1.5-2 in above shoulders CR: 3 in below jugular notch
AP Axial Chest (Lordotic)
SID: 72 in Position: back against, step about 1 foot in front of grid, lean back IR: top 3 in above shoulders CR: enters at midsternum
Lateral Sternum
SID: 72 in Position: left side against, arms behind IR: top 1.5 in above jugular notch Breathing: after inspiration CR: Perp. Lateral border of sternum
AP Oblique Ribs (RPO or LPO)
SID: 72 in Position: rotate patients body 45 degrees toward affected side IR: above- 1.5 in above shoulders below- bottom of IR at iliac crest Breathing: above-full inspiration below- full expiration CR: Perp. to IR
Lateral Pharynx and Larynx
SID: 72 in Position: upright, left side against IR: centered 1 in below level of EAMs CR: perp. to IR Breathing: during inhalation
PA Axial (Camp-Coventry)
SID: ? Position: prone, knee flexed 40 or 50 degrees CR: perp. to long axis of leg, angle 40 or 50 degrees caudad depending on flextion of knee
Lateral Cervicothoracic Swimmer's
SID: ? Position: upright/seating/standing, left side CR: perp. to C7-T1 interspace if shoulder away from IR is depressed if cannot be depressed angle 3-5 degrees
AP (Stress) Ankle
SIDL 40 in Position: same as AP, use extreme inversion and eversion positions
The waves of electromagnetic radiation are called:
SINE WAVES
The simplest type of current, this voltage (and accompanying current) flows as a sine wave, begins at zero, peaks at full value at the crest of the wave, returns to zero, reverses, and again peaks on the inverse portion of the cycle at the trough. This describes:
SINGLE-PHASE, TWO-PULSE ALTERNATING CURRENT
For optimum spatial resolution, focal-spot size should be
SMALL
The sharpness with which anatomic structures are displayed in an image defines
SPATIAL RESOULUTION
Relationship between Beam Restriction (Collimation) and Radiographic Density:
Radiographic Density will Decrease with Greater Beam Restriction Due to a Decrease in Scatter Radiation Production; Results in Less Radiographic Density Caused by Fog
Subject Contrast
Range of Exposure Intensity Differences in the Remnant Beam. Affected by the Mass Density of Tissue that is Imaged
Dynamic Range:
Range of Exposures that can be Captured or Detected by the Image Receptor Dynamic Range is much Greater for Digital Systems than Film Systems
Acceleration
Rate of change of speed per unit of time
Power
Rate of doing work (measured in Watts)
Grid ratio is expressed as
Rationale: Grid ratio is the height of the lead strips divided by the distance between them
Ensures Developer Solution Agitation:
Recirculation System
Spatial Resolution:
Recorded detail [Sharpness of an image] AKA- resolution, sharpness,definition or simply detail
Any Lying Down Position:
Recumbent
The patient is position with the coronal plane of the body perpendicular to the IR, the midsagittal plane parallel to the IR, and the arm closest to the IR raised over the head. The central ray is perpendicular and centered to the level of c7-T1 interspace. what projection and anatomy will be demonstrated in this image?
a lateral projection of the cervicothroacic
The following would be a violation of patient confidentiality
a limited operator talks to his or her friend during lunch about a patients imaging procedure
Modulation Transfer Function (MTF)
a measure of the ability of the system to preserve signal contrast as a function of spatial resolution and describe the fraction of each component that will preserve the captured image
Linear Energy Transfer (LET)
a measure of the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue
What device(s) may be used to improve visualization of the spinous processes of the throacic spine on the lateral projection?
a piece of lead placed behind the shadow of the patients back.
What is anaphylaxis
a severe allergic reaction
what positioning accessory can be used to assist the patient in holding the correct position for an ap axial projection of the skull?
a wedge sponge
describe the potential risk of radiation exposure when...
asked
The standard control limit for the field light to radiation field alignment test
+-2% of SID
The accuracy of collimation at a 60-inch SID must be:
+/- 1.2 INCHES
Ionizing Radiation
Electromagnetic radiation that is able to remove an electron from an atom
JRCERT
Joint Review Committee on Education in Radiologic Technology; Accrediting agency
What is the name given to the distal end of the fibula
Lateral malleolus
The least toxic contrast medium listed below is (A) barium sulfate. (B) metrizamide. (C) ethiodized oil. (D) meglumine diatrizoate.
(A) barium sulfate.
A radiographer who discloses confidential information to unauthorized individuals may be found guilty of (A) invasion of privacy. (B) slander. (C) libel. (D) defamation.
(A) invasion of privacy.
An ambulatory patient is one who (A) is able to walk. (B) is unable to walk. (C) has difficulty breathing. (D) arrives by ambulance.
(A) is able to walk.
Blood pressure is measured in units of (A) mmHg. (B) beats per minute. (C) ºF. (D) L/min.
(A) mmHg.
Material that Comprises Radiographic Film:
Polyester
Oblique:
Position between Supine and Lateral
PA Oblique Large Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: 35-45 degree RAO or LAO IR: iliac crest CR: 1-2 in lateral to midline of elevated side
Lateral Large Intestine
SID: 40 in Position: left lateral IR: centered to ASIS CR: Perp.
The type of shock associated with pooling of blood in the peripheral vessels is classified as (A) neurogenic. (B) cardiogenic. (C) hypovolemic. (D) septic.
(A) neurogenic.
In classifying intravenous contrast agents, the total number of dissolved particles in solution per kilogram of water defines (A) osmolality. (B) toxicity. (C) viscosity. (D) miscibility.
(A) osmolality.
A patient who is diaphoretic has (A) pale, cool, clammy skin. (B) hot, dry skin. (C) dilated pupils. (D) warm, moist skin.
(A) pale, cool, clammy skin.
AP Abdomen (Left Lateral Decub)
SID: 40 in Position: left side down, arms above head IR: centered to iliac crest CR: horizontal and perp. to IR
You have encountered a person who is apparently unconscious. Although you open his airway, there is no rise and fall of the chest, and you can hear no breath sounds. You should (A) begin mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, giving two full breaths. (B) proceed with the Heimlich maneuver. (C) begin external chest compressions at a rate of 80 to 100 per minute. (D) begin external chest compressions at a rate of at least 100 per minute.
(A) begin mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing, giving two full breaths.
The mechanical device used to correct an ineffectual cardiac rhythm is a (A) defibrillator. (B) cardiac monitor. (C) crash cart. (D) resuscitation bag.
(A) defibrillator.
Abnormal accumulation of air in pulmonary tissues, resulting in overdistention of the alveolar spaces, is (A) emphysema. (B) empyema. (C) pneumothorax. (D) pneumoconiosis.
(A) emphysema.
A drug's chemical name is called its (A) generic name. (B) trade name. (C) brand name. (D) proprietary name.
(A) generic name.
Which of the following statements are true regarding a two-member team performing mobile radiography on a patient with MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus) precautions? 1. One radiographer remains "clean"¾that is, he or she has no physical contact with the patient. 2. The radiographer who positions the mobile unit also makes the exposure. 3. The radiographer who positions the cassette also retrieves the cassette and removes it from its plastic protective cover. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(A) 1 and 2 only
Chemical substances that inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms without necessarily killing them are called 1. antiseptics. 2. germicides. 3. disinfectants. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(A) 1 only
For which of the following radiographic examinations is a consent form usually required? 1. Angiogram 2. GI series 3. Skeletal survey (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(A) 1 only
The usual patient preparation for an upper GI exam is (A) NPO 8 h before the exam. (B) light breakfast only on the morning of the exam. (C) clear fluids only on the morning of the exam. (D) 2 oz castor oil and enemas until clear.
(A) NPO 8 h before the exam.
Which of the following blood pressure measurements indicates shock? (A) Systolic pressure lower than 60 mmHg (B) Systolic pressure higher than 140 mmHg (C) Diastolic pressure higher than 140 mmHg (D) Diastolic pressure lower than 90 mmHg
(A) Systolic pressure lower than 60 mmHg
A patient in a recumbent position with the head lower than the feet is said to be in which of the following positions? (A) Trendelenburg (B) Fowler's (C) Sims (D) Stenver's
(A) Trendelenburg
Which of the following may be used to effectively reduce the viscosity of contrast media? (A) Warming (B) Refrigeration (C) Storage at normal room temperature (D) Storage in a cool, dry place
(A) Warming
A small bottle containing a single dose of medication is termed (A) an ampule. (B) a vial. (C) a bolus. (D) a carafe.
(A) an ampule.
A vasodilator would most likely be used for (A) angina. (B) cardiac arrest. (C) bradycardia. (D) antihistamine.
(A) angina.
The chemical agent alcohol can be used effectively as a(n) (A) antiseptic. (B) germicide. (C) disinfectant. (D) antibiotic.
(A) antiseptic.
Tungsten:
(W) 74 electrons in orbit High melting point
Compton Scattering:
**MOST COMMON** Energy levels throughout the X-ray range of 40-125kVp. Incoming X-ray photon interacts with an outer orbital electron of an atom, removing it from the atom and then proceeds in a different direction. *kVp increase=Compton interactions increase.*
When performing a quality control test to ensure that the penetrating ability of the x-ray beam is accurate, the result must be within this amount of the control panel setting:
+/- 4% KVP
Short term effects of radiation:
-Predictable -Appear within 3 mo. -Associated w/ high radiation greater than 500 mGy-t -Erythema,Blood changes, GI changes
kVp controls what?
-Quality -Penetration -Contrast **Use higher kVp on denser/larger body parts**
mA controls what?
-Quantity [of electron going to the target] -Volume -Density **Use higher mA on larger body parts**
4 prime factors of exposure:
-mA -time -kVp -SID
The NCRP recommended monthly effective (or equivalent) dose limit to the fetus for a pregnant worker
0.05 rem (0.0005 Sv)
The diagnostic useful range of x-rays is from:
0.1 to 0.5 angstrom.
Minimum standard lead equivalency for gloves?
0.25 mm
Where should the central ray enter the patient for the AP projection of the knee?
0.5 inch below the apex of the patella
Recommended EqD limit for pregnant worker per month?
0.5 mSv
Minimum standard lead equivalency for aprons?
0.5 mm
The NCRP (report #102) recommendation for lead equivalency of aprons used for personnel protection
0.5 mm
High-frequency full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?
1%
Four essential things for production of xrays
1) A vacuum 2) A source of electrons 3) A target 4) A high potential difference
Which of the following are true regarding the correct position for an AP projection of the lower leg?
1)The leg should be extended and resting on the IR 2)The ankle should be dorsiflexed so that the foot forms a 90-degree angle with the lower leg
Characteristics of computed radiography include which of the following?
1. Accurate positioning is critical 2. Radiographer selects exposure factors as in conventional radiography 3. Film-screen system is replaced by an imaging plate (IP) Rationale: The first three are characteristics of computed radiography. The film-screen system is replaced by an imaging plate, but the radiographer is still the vital link in the process. CR and DR plates are very sensitive to scatter radiation.
Postprocessing image manipulation in computed radiography allows for which of the following?
1. Black/white reversal 2. Contrast and edge enhancement 3. Subtraction
Artifacts in computed radiography may be caused by which of the following?
1. Scatter radiation 2. Improper use of grids causing a moiré pattern 3. Dust on the imaging plate (IP)
4 Classifications of Radiation Effects:
1. Short term effects 2. Long term effects 3. Somatic effects 4. Genetic effects
Condition(s) necessary for the production of x-rays:
1. Source of electrons 2. Acceleration of electrons 3. Sudden stoppage of electrons against target material
Which of the following statements are true regarding the function of kVp? As kVp is increased:
1. Speed of electrons will increase. 2. Percentage of electrons converting their energy to x-ray photons will increase. 3. Frequency of the x-ray wavelength will increase.
4 Primary factors that affect scatter radiation:
1. Volume of tissue 2. kVp 3.Density of absorbing matter 4. Field size
ankle AP weight bearing
10 x 12 CW SID 40" upright position, never stand patient on xray table, cassette in cassette groove behind feet, toes facing forward shield gonads CR perp to enter the cassette
foot AP axial
10 x 12 LW SID 40" Flex the knee to rest of the sole of the foot on the table Shield gonads Central ray 10° toward the heel entering the base of the third metatarsal or palpating the prominent base of the fifth metatarsal assistance in finding the third metatarsal Collimation 1 inch on the sides and 1 inch beyond the calcaneus and distal tips of the toes (Compensating filter used because of a difference in thickness between the areas)
mA linearity must be recalibrated when a difference greater than:
10% is noted throughout the mA range of the equipment being tested.
A lateral radiograph of the paranasal sinuses was taken at 36 inches source-to-image distance (SID) using 25 mAs. To obtain preoperative measurements, the radiologist requested another lateral radiograph be obtained at 72 inches SID. What new mAs must be employed to maintain overall IR exposure?
100 mAs Rationale: Using inverse square law, doubling the SID necessitates quadrupling the mAs.
Single-phase full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?
100%
kilovolt
1000 volts
foot lateral (mediolateral)
10x12 LW SID 40 inches patient turns towards affected side, opposite leg behind affected leg, heel should not touch IR, medial surface of foot parallel with plane of IR, planter surface of forefoot perp. to IR dorsiflex foot to form 90 degree angle with lower leg shield gonads CR perp. to base of 3rd metatarsal collimation 1 inch on all sides of shadow 1 inch above medial malleolus (used most for patient comfort)
foot medial oblique
10x12 LW SID 40" IR under foot so its parallel with its long axis rotate leg medially until plantar surface forms a 30 degree angle to the plane of the IR (if over 30 the lat. cuneiform is thrown over other cuneiforms CR perp. to the base of the third metatarsal shield gonads collimation 1 inch on all sides and 1 inch behind calcaneous and in front of distal tips (compensating wedge filter helps with the difference in thickness)
foot lateral oblique
10x12 LW SID 40 inches IR under patients foot parallel with its long axis rotate leg laterally planter surface of foot forms 30 degree angle shield gonads CR perp. to base of 3rd metatarsal
foot lateral weight bearing(lateromedial)
10x12 LW SID 40 inches patient standing, one foot on each side of IR, medial surface against IR shield gonads
foot AP axial weight bearing
10x12 LW (CW for both feet on plate) SID 48 inches (reduce mag. and improve spatial resolution) standing upright position pants up, identification markers, weight distributed equally shield gonads CR 15 degree posterior angulation enter base of 3rd metatarsal
Parietoacanthial (Waters) Facial Bones
SID: 40 in Position: tip of chin touching, OML 37 degree angle, MML perp. CR: exits acanthion
How many vertebrae comprise of the throacic
12
As a general rule, a grid should be employed when the part thickness is greater than
12 cm
The x-ray machine receives what type of current from the incoming line?
120 HZ AC
Following single-phase full-wave rectification, the waveform contains two pulses per cycle, or:
120 PULSES PER SECOND
Voltage in a normal house outlet
120 V
The poorest spatial resolution would be produced by which of the following sets of exposure factors?
120 mAs, 92 kVp, 20-inch SID, 4-inch OID Rationale: Source-to-image distance (SID), rather than mAs or kVp, is a controlling factor in recorded detail.
Three-phase, six-pulse, full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?
13%
Transformer
Changes electrical voltage and current into higher or lower values; the transformer operates on the principle of mutual induction, so it requires alternating current
chest AP supine
14x17 LW SID 72" (60' recommended if can be attained by equip. used) back against grid IR superior border above relaxed shoulders 1.5-2" shield gonads CR perp. to long axis of sternum and center of IR, should enter about 3 inches below jugular notch collimate 14x17 EXPOSE ON SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (max expansion of lungs) (supine position used when patient is too ill to be prone also sometimes used to investigate pulmonary lesions)
When going from single-phase to three-phase or high-frequency machines, kVp values may be:
DECREASED 12% TO 16%
tibia fibula AP
14x 17 LW (turning cassette diagonal to get both joints) SID 48" (reduces divergence of beam to include both joints) when cassette is used LW must follow this rule (IR must extend 1-1.5" beyond joints) pelvis not rotated, femoral condyles parallel with IR, foot is vertical shield gonads CR perp. to center of leg collimate 1 inch on sides and 1.5" beyond ankle and knee joint
chest AP upright
14x17 LW SID 72" (60' recommended if can be attained by equip. used) back against grid IR superior border above relaxed shoulders 1.5-2" shield gonads CR perp. to long axis of sternum and center of IR, should enter about 3 inches below jugular notch collimate 14x17 EXPOSE ON SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (max expansion of lungs) (supine position used when patient is too ill to be prone also sometimes used to investigate pulmonary lesions)
chest posterior oblique RPO LPO
14x17 LW SID 72" (decrease mag. of heart and increase detail of thoracic vert.) facing xray tube IR about 1.5-2" above vert. prominens or about 5" above jug. notch 45 degree angle of body, thorax centered to IR if recumbent support hip and arm with sponge arm closer to IR raised arm farthest on hip forward rotation of shoulders shield gonads CR: perp. to center of IR at level 3" below jug. notch (exits T7) EXPOSE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (used when patient is too ill to be prone, side of interest is generally side closest to IR)
chest anterior oblique RAO LAO
14x17 LW SID 72" (decrease mag. of heart and increase detail of thoracic vert.) standing or seated upright turn 45 degrees towards left side for LAO and 45 degrees towards right side for RAO side of interest is generally side farther from IR even though lung closer to IR is still in image IR about 1.5-2" above vert. prominens because top of shoulders may not be in same plane thorax centered to IR, right and left side of body on IR LAO: left hand on hip palm outward raise right arm and grasp top of grid device RAO: reverse above info ^^^^ shield gonads collimate 14x14 CR perp. to center of IR at level of T7 EXPOSE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION
chest AP lordotic
14x17 LW SID 72" (recommended to decrease mag. of heart and increase recorded details of thoracic vert. upright position patient facing xray tube standing approx. 1 foot in front of bucky IR about 3" above upper border of the shoulders when in lordotic position position: coronal plane of the throax 15-20 degrees from vertical and MSP centered to midline of grid CR perp. to enter center of IR at level of midsternum collimate 10x12 or 14x17 (protocol) shield gonads EXPOSE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (max expansion of lungs)
chest lateral decubitus
14x17 LW patient lying on either affected side or unaffected side (fluid in pleural cavity is best shown lying on affected side, a small amount of free air in pleural cavity such as pneumothorax is best shown on unaffected side best image attained when patient lays there for 5 min. before exposure (fluid settles/air rises) extends arms well above head, place body against grid, if patient is lying on affected side elevate with firm pad IR extends 1.5-2" above shoulders shield gonads CR horizon. and perp. to center of IR at level 3" below jug. notch for AP and T7 for PA collimate 14x17 EXPOSURE SECOND FULL INSPIRATION
chest PA
14x17 LW (CW for large or hypersthenic patient) 72" SID (recommended to decrease mag. of heart) Upright Bucky (standing/sitting recommended to see diaphragm at its lowest position and air fluid levels) CR perpendicular CR at center of IR, level of T-7 (inferior angle of scapula) (IR is about 1.5-2 inches above relaxed shoulders then rotate them forward and depress to move clavicles below apices) Shield gonads collimate 14x17 EXPOSE ON SECOND FULL INSPIRATION (lungs expand transversely, anteroposteriorly, and vertically, with vertical being the greatest expansion)
how much should the central ray be angled cephalad for an AP axial projection of the chest if the patient cannot assume the lordotic position?
15 degrees
when taking a posteroanterior (pa) axial projection (caldwell method) of the skull the central ray is directed:
15 degrees caudad
What is the proper central ray angle and direction for the AP oblique projections of the cervical spine?
15 degrees cephalad
when taking anteriorposterior (AP) axial projection of the cervical spine, the central ray is directed
15 degrees cephaled
The relationship between kVp and IR exposure is governed by what rule or law?
15% RULE
The rule or law that governs changing technique using kVp is the:
15% RULE Rationale: Changes in kVp are governed by the 15% rule. A 15% increase in kVp will double the receptor exposure, and 15% decrease in kVp will halve the receptor exposure.
An image is produced using 70 kVp and 10 mAs. If the kVp is increased to 80 kVp, how much mAs is required to maintain exposure?
15% rule: ~ 5 mAs
An image is produced using 70 kVp and 10 mAs. If the mAs is changed to 20 mAs, how much kVp is needed to maintain exposure?
15% rule: ~ 60 kVp
In digital fluoroscopy and computed radiography, the energy must be changed to a digital format by a(n):
AC TO DC CONVERTER
Which of the following statements concerning alternating current, direct current, and the x-ray circuit is true? Transformers require:
AC, but x-ray tubes work more efficiently with DC.
What device may be used to ensure consistency of radiographic quality from one exposure to the next?
AEC
when a patient in a cardiac arrest presents with a rapid, weak, and ineffective heartbeat, what device is used to return the heart to a normal rhythm
AED
Using an increased OID that allows scatter to miss the IR is called:
AIR GAP TECHNIQUE
The guiding philosophy of radiation protection
ALARA--as low as reasonably achievable
Radiation may also exist as particles, such as:
ALPHA AND BETA PARTICLES
Electrical generating stations produce what type of current?
ALTERNATING
Current that flows back and forth is called:
ALTERNATING CURRENT
Grids are made up of lead strips alternated with what type of interspacers?
ALUMINUM
The unit of electric current is the:
AMPERE
The height of a sine wave is called:
AMPLITUDE
As kVp increases, a greater potential difference exists between:
ANODE AND CATHODE
the speed of electromagnetic energy
186,000 miles per second
The variation of x-ray intensity along the longitudinal axis of the x-ray beam describes:
ANODE HEEL EFFECT Rationale: IR exposure is greater near the cathode end of the x-ray beam and less near the anode end because of absorption of x-rays into the "heel" of the anode. This is seldom visible but must be taken into account.
Indirect Conversion:
2 step process in which X-ray energy is first converted into light and then converted into an electric signal.
When a quality control test is performed to ensure that the same exposure factors produce consistent x-ray output, successive exposures must be within this amount of one another:
2% OF SID
How much filtration is required?
2.5mm
Radiation dose that causes blood changes:
250 mSv
Radiation dose that causes temporary sterility:
2500 mSv
What side of the X-ray tube controls kVp?
Anode side
How many lobes does the R lung have?
3
Three-phase, 12-pulse, full-wave rectification produces what percentage of ripple?
4%
Three-phase, six-pulse equipment produces how much higher average photon energy?
35%
which of the following body positions will demonstrate the left zygapophyseal joints of the lumbar spine?
45 degrees LPO
Front of the Body
Anterior
Total recommended EqD limit for 9 mo. pregnant worker?
5.0 mSv
Which surface of the hand should be in contact with the IR for the posteroanterior (PA) projection?
Anterior(palmer)
Grid conversion factor #s and formula used
5:1 = 2 6:1 = 3 8:1 = 4 12:1 = 5 16:1 = 6 mAs (1) = 1 -------- ---- mAs (2) GF
Skeletal System that Includes the Upper and Lower Extremities:
Appendicular Skeleton
Radiation dose that causes death:
6000 mSv
Store and handle image receptor in a manner which will reduce the possibility of...
Artifact production
Isotopes
Atoms with the same number of protons but with a different number of neutrons
select radio graphic exposure factors..
Automatic exposure control (AEC) kVp and mAs (manual)
Binding energy of a k-shell?
69.5 takes at least 70 kVp exposure to eject an electron.
How many vertebral are located in the cervical region of the spine
7
Sthenic body type:
Average 50% of population Organs normal location/shape
How many kilovolts equal 70,000 volts?
70 - Kilo means "thousands."
when taking a PA projection of the chest, the recommended SID is:
72 inches
which of the following projections is best for demonstration of the apices of the lungs without bony superimpostion?
AP axial lordotic position
Which foot projection and position will demonstrate the entire foot in near anatomic position
AP axial projection with the plantar surface of the foot in contact with the IR
Atomic number of tungsten
74
Which foot projection and position will demonstrate the medial and intermediate cuneiforms without superimposition
AP oblique projection in 30-degree lateral rotation
Which foot projection and position will demonstrate the cuboid, navicular, and lateral cuneiforms without superimposition
AP oblique projection in 30-degree medial rotation
Which foot projection will demonstrate the metatarsals(third-fifth) without superimposition
AP oblique projection in 30-degree medial rotation
Central Ray is Angled Along the Long Axis of the Body:
Axial
toe lateral
8 x 10 or 10 x 12 LW S ID 40 inches, patient laying in lateral recumbent position, tape the toes above the one being examined Great toe and second toe: patient on unaffected side, IR on the medial side of foot Third, fourth, fifth toes: patient on affected side, and IR under lateral side of foot Shield gonads Central ray perpendicular to the plane of the IR entering the IP joint of the great toe or the proximal IP joint of the lesser toes Collimation 1 inch on all sides
toes sesamoids, tangential Lewis and Holly
8 x 10 or 10 x 12 LW SID 40 inches, patient in prone position for the Lewis method and patient in sitting position for Holly method, rest of the great toe on the table in a position of dorsiflexion and adjusted it to place the ball of the foot perpendicular to the horizontal plane, Central ray perpendicular and tangential to the first MTP joint
toe oblique
8 x 10 or 10 x 12 lengthwise SID 40 inches medial rotation of lower leg and foot, plantar surface of foot 30 to 45° angle, shield gonads, central ray perpendicular entering third MTP joint, collimation 1 inch on all sides (Individual oblique toes Center affected toe to the IR and collimate closely, medial rotation for first and second toes and lateral rotation for fourth and fifth toes, either rotation is OK for third toe)
The voltage actually used in three-phase, six-pulse units is about:
87% of the kVp set on the control panel.
ankle AP
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches doriflextion, long axis of foot in vertical position shield gonads colimation 1 inch on the sides of the ankle 8 inches LW to include the heel CR perp. through ankle joint midway between malleoli (tibofibular and talofibular joints not open)
calcaneus plantodorsal axial
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches legs fully extended, IR under ankle, long strip of gauze strapped around patients ball of foot for dorsiflexion shield gonads CR to midpoint of the IR, cephalic angle entering planter surface of 40 degrees to long axis of foot enters near the base of the 3rd metatarsal collimation 1 inch on all 3 sides of shadow (compensating filter used because of increased density through midportion of foot)
calcaneus dorsoplantar, axial
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches patient prone, ankle on sandbags, dorsiflex ankle so long axis of foot is perp. to table top, IR against planter surface shield gonads CR caudal angle enters posterior to the heel of 40 degrees to long axis of foot enters dorsal (back) surface of ankle (comensating filter used because of increased density through foot)
toe AP or AP axial toes
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40" 15 degree angle on tube or use sponge under foot 3rd MTP joint center of IR shield gonads CR perp. through 3rd MTP joint (CR same for perp. and axial projection only the angle changes) collimate 1 inch on all 4 sides
ankle medial oblique
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40" dorsiflex foot, gauze may be used for immobilization, leg primarily is rotated for all oblique ankles, rotate 45 degrees shield gonads CR perp. to the ankle joint, midway between malleoli collimate 1 inch on sides, 8 inches LW
calcaneus lateral (mediolateral)
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40" turn toward affected side, adjust as you would lateral foot, IR so long axis is parallel to plantar surface of heel shield gonads collimation 1 inch past the posterior and inferior shadow of heel (include medial malleolus and base of fifth metatarsal)
ankle lateral (mediolateral)
8x10 or 10x12 LW SID 40 inches long axis of IR parallel to long axis of leg, dorsiflex shield gonads CR perp. to ankle joint entering medial malleoli collimation 1 inch on sides 8 inches LW including heel and 5th metatarsal base.
which chest projection and position are needed to demonstrate free pleural fluid along the dependent chest wall?
AP, lateral decubitus
The voltage actually used in three-phase, 12-pulse units is about
96% of the kVp set on the control panel
The voltage actually used in high frequency is about
99% of the kVp set on the control panel
One of the functions of the vacuum created by the glass envelope surrounding the working components of the x-ray tube is to:
Allow free flow of electrons from cathode to anode.
Particulate Radiation
Alpha particles and Beta particles
Straight-line Portion of an H&D Curve:
Also Known as the Body of the Curve. Measures the Usable Densities on a Radiograph.
Density:
Amount of Blackness on a Radiograph
Autotransformer
A special single-coil transformer that corrects fluctuations in the current flowing through the x-ray machine.
What is the recommendation for a hard-copy image that is mislabeled
A sticker with the correct information should be applied to the hard copy image
The four essentials elements required for x-ray production
A target, a vacuum, an electron source, and a high potential difference
The feature of the image intensifier that automatically adjusts kVp and mAs during fluoroscopy is the:
AUTOMATIC GAIN CONTROL
This type of transformer contains an iron core and a single winding of wire, it is used in the x-ray circuit to provide a small increase in voltage before the step-up transformer, and it is here that the kVp settings are made. This is the:
AUTOTRANSFORMER
What transformer operates on the principle of self-induction?
AUTOTRANSFORMER
Which of the following devices permits the radiographer to vary the kilovoltage in the x-ray circuit?
AUTOTRANSFORMER
Recorded Detail:
Ability to Distinguish between Adjacent Objects on a Radiographic Image
Energy
Ability to do work
Gy-t-
Absorbed dose (t for tissue) in the patient's body
Use radiopaque anatomical side markers at the time of image...
Acquisition
What is the name of the large, rounded projection that can be felt on the superior lateral surface of the shoulder
Acromion
Pneumothorax:
Air in the pleural cavity
The x-ray tube manufacturer's warm-up procedure should be followed to:
Allow for even expansion of the target.
When an AEC is used, where is the ionization chamber?
BETWEEN THE IR AND PT
Dose Area Product (DAP)
An actual measure of patient dose measured by a DAP meter embedded in the collimator. The value depends on the exposure factors and field size
Fixed kVp chart:
An optimum kVp value is established for each projection and the mAs is varied according to the pt/part thickness.
X-rays produced by the slowing (braking) of projectile electrons are a result of what interaction?
BREMS
The greatest portion of the x-ray beam is made up of
Bremsstrahlung radiation
The image on the output phosphor of the intensifier tube is:
Brighter than the input phosphor
Digital Term for Radiographic Density:
Brightness
Window Level:
Brightness in the viewing monitor is adjusted by the window level.
A device in which the x-ray tube and image intensifier are located on opposite cusps of a semicircular arch is called a
C-ARM
Radiation is more intense on which side of the x-ray tube?
CATHODE
The negative electrode of an x-ray tube is termed the:
CATHODE
Under what portion of the beam would you place the thicker part to be irradiated?
CATHODE
The filament and the focusing cup are part of the
CATHODE ASSEMBLY
An interaction that produces x-rays at the anode as a result of outer shell electrons filling holes in the K shell is called:
CHARACTERISTIC
Tangential projections:
CR skims the profile of the subject
Calcium =
Ca
In computed radiography, image brightness may be adjusted by:
Changing the window level Rationale: There is a direct relationship between window level and image brightness on the monitor: Increasing window level increases image brightness. Adjusting the window level is part of postprocessing.
Emphysema:
Chronic lung condition. Type of COPD. Destruction of the small airways and alveoli of the lungs which results in overinflation of the lungs and inability to exhale stale air effectively. *Barrel chested*
Colles Fracture:
Common fracture of the distal radius, accompanied by the posterior and medial displacement.
Operate electronic imaging and record keeping devices including:
Computed radiography CR with photostimulable storage phosphore plate PSP direct radiography DR picture archiving and communication system PACS hospital information system HIS radiology information system RIS electronic medical record EMR system
Dual focus tube
Contains 2 filaments in the cathode - one large and one small. Only one is used at a time
Atomic Nucleus
Contains protons and neutrons; contains most of the mass of an atom
What is the projection of the wrist for the PA oblique projection in lateral rotation
Coronal plane of the wrist at a 45-degree angle to the IR with the anteromedial surface on the IR
Identify image artifacts and make appropriate...
Corrections
Hard outer portion of most bones?
Cortex
SI radiation units that express intensity in the air
Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)
Which of the following is not a property of x-rays?
ELECTRICALLY NEGATIVE
The movement of electrons between objects is called:
ELECTRIFICATION
The process of causing an electric current to flow in a conductor when it is placed within the force field of another conductor describes:
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Movement of electrons in a conductor produces a magnetic field around the conductor; a coiled conductor (i.e., a wire), through which an electric current is flowing, will have overlapping magnetic fields and describes:
ELECTROMAGNETISM
Ionization is the removal of a(n):
ELECTRON
Electrons are held in orbit around the nucleus by a force called
ELECTRON BINDING ENERGY
The result of thermionic emission is a(n):
ELECTRON CLOUD
This type of timer is controlled by a microprocessor
ELECTRONIC
What is contained in the orbital shells of an atom?
ELECTRONS
The study of stationary electric charges is:
ELECTROSTATICS
The ability to do work defines:
ENERGY
What is the key to avoiding motion?
Effective communication with both adults and children.
What is the proper patient position for the AP projection of the forearm?
Elbow extended, wrist and elbow parallel to the IR, hand supinated
Speed of travel
Electromagnetic radiation travels at the speed of light; travel at the speed of light is constant, regardless of wavelength or frequency; wavelength and frequency of electromagnetic radiation are inversely proportional
Gamma Rays
Electromagnetic rays produced in the nucleus of radioactive atoms; x-rays and gamma rays differ only in their origin
Structures seen outside of the collimated area on a radiograph, produced by "off-focus" (extra focal) radiation, are the result of:
Electron interaction within the x-ray tube at a point other than the focal spot
Kinetic Energy
Energy of motion
Compensating Filtration:
Equalizes Radiographic Density when Imaging Body Parts with Wide Variations of Thickness; Thick Part of the Compensating Filter Corresponds to the Thin Portion of Anatomy.
Atomic Number of an atom
Equals the number of protons in the nucleus; represented by the letter Z; the atomic number determines the chemical element; all chemical elements are represented in the periodic table of elements
Systeme International [SI]:
Established by the International commission on Radiation Units in 1980, to measure radiation and radiation dose.
How often should a quality check ben performed on lead apron and gloves?
Every 6 months
Magnetic Poles
Every magnet has a north pole and south pole
The device that concentrates electrons boiling off the filaments into a narrow stream for travel toward the anode is the
FOCUSING CUP
The focusing cup is located at the:
FOCUSING CUP
Matter HAS:
FORM, SHAPE, AND OCCUPIES SPACE
Diarthrosis joint:
FREELY MOVEABLE
A change in wavelength will always correspond to a change in:
FREQUENCY
The number of x-ray waves passing a given point per unit time is called:
FREQUENCY
Examples of the Sutures of the Skull:
Fibrous; Synarthrodial Joints
American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)
Founded in Chicago in 1920 continuing education, professional journal, guidance for radiographic educators, and publishes a CODE OF ETHICS
Monteggia Fracture:
Fracture of the ulna and dislocation of the radial head.
Methods of electrification
Friction, contact and induction
Cranial/Facial Bone on which the Glabella is Located:
Frontal
What is the ratio of a grid if the height of the lead strips is 3 mm and the distance between them is 0.25 mm?
GR = h/d GR = 12:1
When the x-ray beam is attenuated, the IR receives:
GREAT NUMBER OF HIGH ENERGY PHOTONS
As the potential difference increases, electrons from the cathode strike the anode in greater numbers and with
GREATER ENERGY
Rotation of the target allows for:
GREATER HEAT DISSIPATION
A grid error in which there is normal exposure in the center of the image with cutoff visible on the sides is caused by:
GRID FOCUSING DECENTERING
The factor that is expressed as the ratio of primary radiation transmitted through the grid to secondary radiation transmitted through the grid is:
GRID SELECTIVITY
Select equipment and accessories for the exam requested examples:
Grid, compensating filter, shielding
The law that states that the intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of the x-rays and the object is:
INVERSE SQUARE LAW
Wavelength and frequency are:
INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL
The following will result in an image with excessive magnification of image structures
IR exposure at an OID greater than recommended for a particular body part
The following will result in a screen or film image with low contrast
IR exposure with a kVp higher than needed for the particular anatomic structures
The following will result in a screen or film image with low density
IR exposure with an mAs less than needed for the particular anatomic structures
Modify exposure factors for circumstances such as...
Involuntary motion, casts in splints, pathological conditions, or patience inability to cooperate
Contrast too high: [Too short scale]
Increase kVp by 15% and decrease mAs by 50% to maintain density
To maintain density when SID is increased?
Increase mAs
Relationship between Anatomy and Pathology on Image Contrast:
Indirectly Related Increase in Anatomic Thickness or Existence of an Additive Pathology Results in Decreased Contrast Due to More Scatter Radiation Production within Tissue
Relationship between Filtration and Image Contrast:
Indirectly Related: Increasing Filtration Increases Beam Hardness by Removing Low-Energy Photons from the Primary Beam which will Reduce Image Contrast
Tendonitis:
Inflammation of the tendon
Also Known as Reid's Baseline:
Infraorbitomeatal Line
Sprain:
Injury to the ligaments, tendons, and muscles that surround a joint.
What anatomic structures are best demonstrated by the posteroanterio (PA) oblique projection of the cervical spine?
Intervertebral formina closer to the IR
Relationship between Distance and Radiographic Density:
Inverse Square Law: X-ray Beam Intensity (Density) is Inversely Proportional to the Square of the Distance between the X-ray Tube and Image Receptor
Relationship between kVp and Image Contrast:
Inversely Related High kVp = Low Image Contrast = Long- Scale Contrast = Many Shades of Gray Low kVp = High Image Contrast = Short- cale Contrast - Few Shades of Gray
Relationship between Focal Spot Size and Recorded Detail:
Inversely Related As Focal Spot Size Decreases, Recorded Detail Increases
Relationship between SID and Size Distortion:
Inversely Related Increasing SID Results in Decreased Size Distortion (Magnification)
Relationship between Motion and Recorded Detail:
Inversely Related Motion Increases, Recorded Detail Decreases
Relationship between Image "Contrast" and Film "Latitude":
Inversely Related Wide Latitude Film will Result in a Low Contrast Image. Short Latitude Film will Result in a High Contrast Image.
Relationship between OID and Recorded Detail
Inversely Related: As OID Increases, Recorded Detail Decreases because Size Distortion (Magnification) Increases
What letters designate the first four inner shells of an atom?
K L M N
Most important electron shell in radiography
K shell
Mass
Kilogram
kVp:
Kilovoltage Peak: Energy of the X-ray Beam; Determines the Penetrability of the Beam
Which of the following does not occur when the first stage of a two-stage exposure switch is depressed?
Kilovoltage is applied.
Left Anterior Aspects of the Body Closest to the IR:
Left Anterior Oblique (LAO)
Lying on the Left Side; Horizontal Central Ray:
Left Lateral Decubitus
Voluntary motion:
Normal, controllable movements -breathing -motion
X-rays were discovered?
November 8, 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen at the University of Würzburg in Germany
bit depth
Number of bits that determines the precision with which the exit radiation is recorded and thus controls the exact pixel brightness (gray level) that can be specified.
By increasing the mA control on the operating console of the x-ray machine, the radiographer can increase the
Number of electrons boiled off the filament
Atomic number?
Number of protons in an element
Atomic Mass
Number of protons plus number of neutrons represented by the letter A
How is Frequency measured:
Number of times per second that a crest passes a given point.
Frequency
Number of wavelengths passing a given point per unit time; measured in hertz
Which of the following grid errors will result in an image that shows decreased IR exposure across the entire radiograph?
OFF LEVEL
grid error in which exposure is decreased across the entire radiograph is caused by:
OFF LEVEL GRID
Voltage in the circuit is equal to the current times resistance describes what law?
OHM'S LAW
The distance from the object being imaged to the image receptor is:
OID
Object Image receptor distance:
OID Distance between the subject and the IR
Inside the tube housing, what is the x-ray tube immersed in to assist with cooling and additional electrical insulation?
OIL
Factors that Influence Recorded Detail
Object-to-Image Receptor-Distance (OID), Source-to-Image Receptor-Distance (SID), Focal-Spot Size, Imaging System Speed, Motion
Increase kVp to?
Obtain a lower or longer scale of contrast
Decrease kVp to?
Obtain a shorter scale or higher contrast
Shoulder (Scapular Y) PA oblique
Position: Rotate 45-60 degrees toward affected side CR: perp. to shoulder joint at level of scapulohumeral joint Breathing: suspended
Which photon-tissue interaction is responsible for producing radiographic contrast?
PHOTOELECTRIC Rationale: Photoelectric interaction produces contrast as a result of the differential absorption of the incoming x-ray photons in the body's tissues. Rays are completely absorbed in some areas of the patient.
Marks on the anode resulting from bombardment by electrons are called:
PITTING
The charge on the atomic nucleus is:
POSITIVE
The energy of position is called:
POTENTIAL
This device is placed in the circuit between the autotransformer and the high-voltage transformer
PREREADING VOLTMETER
Type of x-ray photon interaction with the body is primarily responsible for the radiation dose absorbed by the patient
Photoelectric
The composition of the x-ray beam comes from which energy conversions?
Photoelectric and Compton, CHARATERISTIC, AND BREM
Density:
Photographic property- Overall blackness/darkness of the X-ray image.
What is the IR that is used for computed radiography
Photostimulable phosphor (PSP) plate
PACS:
Picture archival and communication system. extensive networked group of computers, servers, and archives.
Fluid within the Pleural Space
Pleural Effusion
Closer to the Point of Origin
Proximal
Decubitus position:
Pt. is recumbent with CR horizontal or parallel to floor.
2+-% +-1 min 2.5 AL equivalent +-10% 2.5 lp/mm
QC/A collimation kVp filtration mAs display resolution
This device is located between the step-up transformer and the x-ray tube
RECTIFIER
chest posterior oblique RPO LPO evaluation criteria and strucutres shown
RPO LPO S.S present image similar to AP oblique projection (RPO comparable to LAO) lung field appears shorter though due to mag. of diaphragm heart and great vessels also show mag. shadows because it is farther from IR RPO LPO E.C both lungs trachea filled with air visible identification markers mediastinal structures max left lung LPO max right lung RPO
What is the conventional (British system) radiation unit of absorbed dose
Rad
the most common site for palpation of a patients pulse
Radial artery at the wrist
What specific anatomy is demonstrated without superimposition in the AP oblique projection in 45-degree lateral rotation?
Radial head and capitulum
Air kerma (Gy-a)
Radiation exposure in the AIR
Ionizing Radiation:
Radiation that when passing through the body, produces positively and negatively charged particles.
Relationship between the Anode Heel Effect and Radiographic Density:
Radiographic Density is Less Toward the Anode End of the X-ray Beam Due to the Absorption of X-rays by the "Heel" of the Anode
Axial projections:
Radiographs taken with a longitudinal angulation of the CR 10 degrees or more.
radiographic position
Refers to a specific body position, such as supine, prone, recumbent, erect, or Trendelenburg. Restricted to the discussion of the patient's physical position
Ionization
Removal of an electron from an atom
Filtration:
Removes Low Energy, Non-diagnostic X-ray Photons from the Primary X-ray Beam
What specific anatomy is best demonstrated on the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine if the patient is positioned in a 45 degree RPO position?
Right zygapophyseal joints
PA Axial (Caldwell) Sinuses
SID: 40 in Position: (Angled Grid)-tilt verticle bucky down 15 degrees forehead & nose touching, MSP & OML perp. (Verticle Grid)- Patients OML 15 degree angle CR: exits nasion
Other Terms for Recorded Detail:
Sharpness, Image Resolution, Spatial Resolution
Portion of an H&D Curve that Measures Unusable, Overexposed Densities on a Radiograph
Shoulder Portion
Two Types of Distortion:
Size (Magnification) Shape (Elongation or Foreshortening)
below 85 kvp, an adjustment of 2 kvp/cm will compensate for small changes in what/
Size of the body part
What components of the x-ray circuit operate on the principle of mutual induction?
TRANSFORMERS
Which of the following is not a property of x-rays?
TRAVELS AT SPEED OF SOUND
Filaments are primarily made of ____________ because of its high melting point
TUNGSTEN
Radiation weighting factor:
TYPE OF RADIATION WEIGHT FACTOR xray photons 1 gamma photons 1 low-energy internal protons 2 fast neutrons 20 alpha particles 20
Tarsal bones:
Talus, Calcaneus, Navicular, Medial Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Lateral Cuneiform, Cuboid
Which of the following are the bones that articulate to form the ankle mortise
Talus, tibia, and fibula
Central Ray Skims between Body Parts or Skims the Surface of the Body:
Tangential
What is true regarding spine radiography to evaluate scoliosis
The IR should extend from the top of the patient's ear to the level of the greater trochanter
The following is true regarding the correct positioning of the ankle for a lateral projection
The central ray enters perpendicular to the medial malleolus
Reciprocity
The credential that is issued in one state is upheld in another
Density of Absorbing Matter and scatter radiation:
The denser the body part the less scatter.
Anode
The side of the tube that contains the rotating focal spot to dissapate heat
Volume of Tissue and scatter radiation:
The thicker/larger the body part the greater the scatter and fog *When there is a greater quantity of tissue in the path of the X-ray beam there will be greater absorption and more interaction that produces scatter radiation*
What is the rationale for using a 72 inch SID for the lateral cervical spine?
This SID helps to overcome the magnification caused by the increased OID of the position.
Step-down Transformer
Transformer that decreases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and increases current in the same proportion; a step-down transformer has more turns in the primary than in the secondary coil; a step-down transformer is used in the filament portion of the x-ray circuit to increase current flow to the cathode
Step-up Transformer
Transformer that increases voltage from the primary to the secondary coil and decreases current in the same proportion; a step-up transformer has more turns in the secondary than in the primary coil; a step-up transformer is used in the x-ray circuit to incase voltage to the kilovoltage level for x-ray production
Variable kVp:
Type of chart based on mAs value for each projections and varies the kVp by 2-3 kVp/cm
The laws of electrostatics state that:
UNLIKE CHARGES ATTRACT AND LIKE CHARGES REPEL
Which of the following grid errors will result in an image that shows normal IR exposure in the middle but decreased IR exposure on the sides and may follow removal and replacement of the grid?
UPSIDE DOWN GRID
Direct Current (DC)
Unidirectional flow of electrons in an electrical conductor
Laws of electrostatics
Unlike charges attract, and the charges repel' electrostatic charges reside on the outer surface of a conductor and are concentrated at the area of greatest curvature; only negative charges move
Fog:
Unwanted exposure the radiographic image
Sine waves
Waves of electromagnetic radiation; wave height is called amplitude; distance between the peaks of waves is called wavelength; as photon wavelength decrease, photon energy increases
When would you use a high kVp?
When x-raying something like an abdomen that has several organs, bone and other tissues. You need a longer scale of contrast to distinguish organs and things you are looking at.
When would you use low kVp?
When x-raying something like an humerus, because all that is there is skin and bone you don't need a long scale. bone is white, everything else is black.
When a lateral projection of the knee is taken, flexion of the knee joint should be limited to 10 degrees when there is suspicion of
a fracture of the patella
Measurement of Film-Screen Contact:
Wire Mesh Test
Line Voltage Compensation
X-ray circuit depends on a constant source of power; power coming into the radiology department may vary; line voltage compensator keeps incoming voltage adjusted to proper value; usually operates automatically but may be manually adjusted on older equipment
Which of the following correctly indicates the different forms of energy, in proper progression, that make up the fluoroscopic image as produced by an image intensifier?
X-ray photons, light photons, electrons, light photons
Characteristic radiation
X-rays produced as a result of an electron in the target replacing one ejected by a fast-moving incoming electron.
Age [Law of Bergonie & Tribondeau]
Youger cells are more sensitive than older ones.
Atomic number is represented by the letter:
Z
What anatomic structures of the cervical spine are best demonstrated by the lateral projection?
Zygapophyseal joints
Anteroposterior projections:
[AP] CR enters anterior exits posterior
EX. Inverse square problem
[Insert values] 100 = 80 (squared) x 40 (squared) [Square distances] 100 = 6400 x 1600 [Cross multiply] 1600 x 100= 160,000 [Divide by x] 160,000 / 6,400= 25 mR
Posteroanterior projections:
[PA] CR enters posterior exits anterior
Carpal bones:
[proximal row/thumb side] Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapazoid, Capitate, Hamate
Grid conversion factor (Bucky factor) is described as the:
amount of exposure increase necessary to compensate for the absorption of image-forming rays and scatter in the cleanup process. Rationale: Grid conversion factor (Bucky factor) is the amount of exposure increase necessary to compensate for the absorption of image-forming rays and scatter in the cleanup process. It is used to indicate the increase in mAs necessary when converting from nongrid to grid status. The height of the lead strips divided by the distance between the lead strips is the grid ratio
When the leg is extended in the supine position, the ankle is maximally dorsiflexed and the central ray is directed 40 degrees cephalad through the planter surface of the foot the resulting imagine will demonstrate
an axial projection of the calcaneus
Position patient to demonstrate the desired anatomy using ...
anatomical landmarks
which cranial projection best demonstrates the occipital bone?
anteroposterior (ap) axial (towne method)
the patient is positioned supine with the midsagittal plane and oml perpendicular to the ir. the central ray is angled 30 degrees caudad and enters the midsagittal plane at approximately 2.5 inches superior to the glabella. what projection will be imaged on the radiograph?
ap axial (towne method)
what is the proper placement of the arms for the upright lateral projection of the chest?
arms raised over head, hands grasping opposite elbows
Marks, exposures, or images on a radiograph that are not a part of the intended image are called
artifacts
the process of reducing the probability that infectious organisms will be transmitted to a susceptible individual is called
asepsis
Which bones are tarsal bones
cuneiforms and cuboid
perform routine maintenance on digital equipment including:
detector calibration, CR plate, erasure, equipment cleanliness, test images.
American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT)
establish standards and examinations to certify RTs published Rules of Ethics
When viewing a digital image on a monitor, how do you determine if the proper mAs was selected
evaluate the exposure index value
How often should lead aprons and gloves be checked for cracks or holes
every 6 months
When positioning maneuver is used to improve patient comfort and reduce the lordic curve of the lumbar spine when positioning a recumbent patient for an AP projection of the lumbar spine?
flexing the knees and using a support under them
what structure serves as the passageway for the spinal cord to exit the skull and pass into the spinal canal of the vertebral column?
foramen magnum
either upright or recumbent oblique extremity positions lateral (external) rotation
from either prone or supine, outward rotation of the extremity
which of the following bones contain paranasal sinuses?
frontal ethmoid
The penetrating power of the x-ray beam is controlled by varying the
kilovoltage (kVp)
Flat Panel Detector
large-area detector consisting of a film of scintillating crystals bonded to a matrix of silicon photosensors. rows and columns, used in DR converts x-ray photons directly into electrical signals
the patient is in a prone oblique position with the midsagittal plane of the head parallel to the ir and the interpupillary line perpendicular to the ir. the central ray is directed perpendicularly to enter 2 inches superior to the EAM. What projection of the cranium will be demonstrated on the radiograph?
lateral
which of the following projections will demonstrate the sphenoid sinus?
lateral
the term for radiation the escapes from the x-ray tube housing
leakage radiation
Grid frequency is described as the:
number of lead strips per inch or centimeter Rationale: Grid frequency is the number of lead strips per inch or centimeter, indicating the total amount of lead in the grid.
The following are correct statements of proper body mechanics
use a broad stance carry heavy objects close to your body
the most effective and practical way to reduce scatter radiation fog on a radiograph is to
use a grid or Bucky
A radiographer wishes to provide more uniform image brightness when obtaining a dorsoplantar projection of a patient's foot. To accomplish this, the radiographer could
use a wedge filter placing the thick portion toward the toes and the thin portion toward the heel.
front back
ventral dorsal
contrast
visible differences between 2 selected areas of density levels within an image
Prevent all unnecessary persons from remaining in area during...
xray exposure
During a grand mal seizure, the patient should be (A) protected from injury. (B) placed in a semiupright position to prevent aspiration of vomitus. (C) allowed to thrash freely. (D) given a sedative to reduce jerky body movements and reduce the possibility of injury.
(A) protected from injury.
To reduce the back strain associated with transferring patients from stretcher to x-ray table, the radiographer should (A) pull the patient. (B) push the patient. (C) hold the patient away from his or her body and lift. (D) bend at the waist and pull.
(A) pull the patient.
The medical abbreviation meaning "three times a day" is (A) tid. (B) qid. (C) qh. (D) pc.
(A) tid.
Nitroglycerin is used (A) to relieve pain from angina pectoris. (B) to prevent a heart attack. (C) as a vasoconstrictor. (D) to increase blood pressure.
(A) to relieve pain from angina pectoris.
anteroposterior projection
(AP) Basic radiographic projection which has the patient positioned with the back parallel to the film. The x-ray beam travels from anterior (front) to posterior (back).
An esophagogram might be requested for patients with which of the following esophageal disorders/symptoms? 1. Varices 2. Achalasia 3. Dysphasia (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
An intravenous urogram requires the patient to remain in one position for an extended period of time. What can be done to make the patient as comfortable as possible? 1. Place a pillow under the patient's head. 2. Place a support cushion under the patient's knees to relieve back strain. 3. Place a radiopaque pad on the entire table prior to the start of the examination. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
Conditions in which there is a lack of normal bone calcification include 1. rickets. 2. osteomalacia. 3. osteoarthritis. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
In which of the following conditions is a double-contrast barium enema (BE) essential for demonstration of the condition? 1. Polyps 2. Colitis 3. Diverticulosis (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
Skin discoloration due to cyanosis may be observed in the 1. gums. 2. nailbeds. 3. thorax. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
The act of inspiration will cause elevation of the 1. sternum. 2. ribs. 3. diaphragm. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
Which of the following is (are) symptom(s) of shock? 1. Pallor and weakness 2. Increased pulse rate 3. Fever (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
You receive an ambulatory patient for a GI series. As the patient is seated on the x-ray table, he feels faint. You should 1. Lay the patient down on the x-ray table. 2. Elevate the patient's legs or place the table slightly Trendelenburg. 3. Leave quickly and call for help. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 2 only
A patient is usually required to drink a barium sulfate suspension in order to demonstrate which of the following structure(s)? 1. Pylorus 2. Sigmoid 3. Duodenum (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 3 only
(B) 1 and 3 only
When radiographing young children, it is helpful to 1. let them bring a toy. 2. tell them it will not hurt. 3. be cheerful and unhurried. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 3 only
Which of the following imaging procedures do not require the use of ionizing radiation to produce an image? 1. Ultrasound 2. Computed axial tomography 3. Magnetic resonance imaging (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 3 only
With a patient suffering abdominal pain, it is frequently helpful to 1. elevate the head slightly with a pillow. 2. perform the exam in the Trendelenburg position. 3. place a support under the knees. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(B) 1 and 3 only
Ingestion of a gas-producing powder or crystals is usually preliminary to which of the following examinations? 1. Oral cholecystogram 2. Double-contrast GI 3. Intravenous urogram (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 2 and 3 only
(B) 2 only
The radiographer must perform which of the following procedures prior to entering a contact isolation room with a mobile x-ray unit? 1. Put on gown and gloves only. 2. Put on gown, gloves, mask, and cap. 3. Clean the mobile x-ray unit. (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only
(B) 2 only
Which of the following patient rights is violated by discussing privileged patient information with an individual who is not involved with the patient's care? 1. The right to considerate and respectful care 2. The right to privacy 3. The right to continuity of care (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only
(B) 2 only
A patient developed hives several minutes after injection of an iodinated contrast medium. What type of drug should be readily available? (A) Analgesic (B) Antihistamine (C) Anti-inflammatory (D) Antibiotic
(B) Antihistamine
The pulse can be detected only by the use of a stethoscope in which of the following locations? (A) Wrist (B) Apex of the heart (C) Groin (D) Neck
(B) Apex of the heart
If the radiographer performed a lumbar spine examination on a patient who was supposed to have an elbow exam, which of the following charges may be brought against the radiographer? (A) Assault (B) Battery (C) False imprisonment (D) Defamation
(B) Battery
Which of the following legal phrases defines a circumstance in which both the health-care provider's and the patient's actions contributed to an injurious outcome? (A) Intentional misconduct (B) Contributory negligence (C) Gross negligence (D) None of the above
(B) Contributory negligence
A patient experiencing an episode of syncope should be placed in which of the following positions? (A) Dorsal recumbent with head elevated (B) Dorsal recumbent with feet elevated (C) Lateral recumbent (D) Seated with feet supported
(B) Dorsal recumbent with feet elevated
Which of the following is a vasopressor and may be used for an anaphylactic reaction or cardiac arrest? (A) Nitroglycerin (B) Epinephrine (C) Hydrocortisone (D) Digitoxin
(B) Epinephrine
Which of the following parenteral routes is most often used for administration of contrast agents in the radiology department? (A) Subcutaneous (B) Intravenous (C) Intramuscular (D) Intradermal
(B) Intravenous
Which of the following radiographic procedures requires an intrathecal injection? (A) Intravenous pyelogram (B) Myelogram (C) Lymphangiogram (D) Computed tomography (CT)
(B) Myelogram
All of the following statements regarding osteoarthritis are true except (A) Osteoarthritis is a progressive disorder. (B) Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disorder. (C) Osteoarthritis involves deterioration of the articular cartilage. (D) Osteoarthritis involves the formation of bony spurs.
(B) Osteoarthritis is an inflammatory disorder.
The legal doctrine res ipsa locquitur means which of the following? (A) Let the master answer. (B) The thing speaks for itself. (C) A thing or matter settled by justice. (D) A matter settled by precedent.
(B) The thing speaks for itself.
A quantity of medication introduced intravenously over a period of time is termed (A) an intravenous push. (B) an infusion. (C) a bolus. (D) parenteral.
(B) an infusion.
Rapid onset of severe respiratory or cardiovascular symptoms after ingestion or injection of a drug, vaccine, contrast agent, or food, or after an insect bite, best describes (A) asthma. (B) anaphylaxis. (C) myocardial infarction. (D) rhinitis.
(B) anaphylaxis.
An MRI procedure is contraindicated for a patient having (A) herniated disc. (B) aneurysm clips. (C) dental fillings. (D) subdural bleeding.
(B) aneurysm clips.
The Heimlich maneuver is used if a patient is (A) in cardiac arrest. (B) choking. (C) having a seizure. (D) suffering from hiccups.
(B) choking.
The medical term for nosebleed is (A) vertigo. (B) epistaxis. (C) urticaria. (D) aura.
(B) epistaxis.
An inanimate object that has been in contact with an infectious microorganism is termed a (A) vector. (B) fomite. (C) host. (D) reservoir.
(B) fomite.
The diameter of a needle is termed its (A) bevel. (B) gauge. (C) hub. (D) length.
(B) gauge.
A patient whose systolic blood pressure is less than 90 mmHg is usually considered (A) hypertensive. (B) hypotensive. (C) average / normal. (D) baseline.
(B) hypotensive.
The most effective method of sterilization is (A) dry heat. (B) moist heat. (C) pasteurization. (D) freezing.
(B) moist heat.
When a patient with an arm injury needs help in undressing, the radiographer should (A) remove clothing from the injured arm first. (B) remove clothing from the uninjured arm first. (C) always remove clothing from the left arm first. (D) always cut clothing away from the injured extremity.
(B) remove clothing from the uninjured arm first.
Log rolling is a method of moving patients with suspected (A) head injury. (B) spinal injury. (C) bowel obstruction. (D) extremity fracture.
(B) spinal injury.
Because of medicolegal considerations, radiographic images are required to include all the following information, except (A) the patient's name and/or identification number. (B) the patient's birth date. (C) a right or left side marker. (D) the date of the examination.
(B) the patient's birth date.
A diabetic patient who is prepared for a fasting radiographic exam is susceptible to a hypoglycemic reaction. This is characterized by 1. shaking and nervousness. 2. cold, clammy skin. 3. cyanosis (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 1 and 2 only
Forms of intentional misconduct include 1. slander. 2. invasion of privacy. 3. negligence. (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 2 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 1 and 2 only
Blood pressure may be expressed as 120/95. What does 95 represent? 1. The phase of relaxation of the cardiac muscle tissue 2. The phase of contraction of the cardiac muscle tissue 3. A higher-than-average diastolic pressure (A) 1 only (B) 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 and 3 only
Guidelines for cleaning contaminated objects or surfaces include 1. Clean from the most contaminated to the least contaminated area 2. Clean in a circular motion, starting from the center and working outward 3. Clean from the top down (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 1 and 3 only
Instruments required to assess vital signs include 1. a thermometer. 2. a tongue blade. 3. a watch with a second hand. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 1 and 3 only
Which of the following exams require(s) restriction of the patient's diet? 1. GI series 2. Abdominal survey 3. Pyelogram (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 2 and 3 only
(C) 1 and 3 only
Which statement(s) would be true regarding tracheostomy patients? 1. Tracheostomy patients have difficulty speaking. 2. A routine chest x-ray requires the tracheostomy tubing to be rotated out of view. 3. Audible rattling sounds indicate a need for suction. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 1 and 3 only
The normal average rate of respiration for a healthy adult patient is (A) 5 to 7 breaths/min. (B) 8 to 12 breaths/min. (C) 12 to 20 breaths/min. (D) 20 to 30 breaths/min.
(C) 12 to 20 breaths/min.
Chemical substances that are used to kill pathogenic bacteria are called 1. antiseptics. 2. germicides. 3. disinfectants. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
Examples of nasogastric tubes include 1. Swan-Ganz. 2. Salem-sump. 3. Levin. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
If extravasation occurs during an intravenous injection of contrast media, correct treatment includes which of the following? 1. Remove the needle and locate a sturdier vein immediately. 2. Apply pressure to the vein until bleeding stops. 3. Apply warm, moist heat. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
In which of the following situations should a radiographer wear protective eye gear (goggles)? 1. When performing an upper gastrointestinal radiography examination 2. When assisting the radiologist during an angiogram 3. When assisting the radiologist in a biopsy / aspiration procedure (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
Protective or "reverse" isolation is required in which of the following conditions? 1. Tuberculosis 2. Burns 3. Leukemia (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
Symptoms of shock include 1. rise in blood pressure. 2. increase in pulse rate. 3. restlessness and apprehension. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
The advantages of using nonionic, water-soluble contrast media include 1. cost-containment benefits. 2. low toxicity. 3. fewer adverse reactions. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
When radiographing the elderly, it is helpful to 1. move quickly. 2. address them by their full name. 3. give straightforward instructions. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
Which of the following medical equipment is used to determine blood pressure? 1. Pulse oximeter 2. Stethoscope 3. Sphygmomanometer (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(C) 2 and 3 only
In reviewing a patient's blood chemistry, which of the following blood urea nitrogen (BUN) ranges is considered normal? (A) 0.6 to 1.5 mg/100 mL (B) 4.5 to 6 mg/100 mL (C) 8 to 25 mg/100 mL (D) Up to 50 mg/100 mL
(C) 8 to 25 mg/100 mL
What type of precautions prevents the spread of infectious agents in aerosol form? (A) Strict isolation (B) Protective isolation (C) Airborne precautions (D) Contact precautions
(C) Airborne precautions
All of the following rules regarding proper handwashing technique are correct except (A) Keep hands and forearms lower than elbows. (B) Use paper towels to turn water on. (C) Avoid using hand lotions whenever possible. (D) Carefully wash all surfaces and between fingers.
(C) Avoid using hand lotions whenever possible.
Where is the "sterile corridor" located? (A) Just outside the surgical suite (B) Immediately inside each operating room door (C) Between the draped patient and the instrument table (D) At the foot end of the draped patient
(C) Between the draped patient and the instrument table
Of the four stages of infection, which is the stage during which the infection is most communicable? (A) Latent period (B) Incubation period (C) Disease phase (D) Convalescent phase
(C) Disease phase
While in your care for a radiologic procedure, a patient asks to see his chart. Which of the following is the appropriate response? (A) Inform the patient that the chart is for health-care providers to view, not the patient. (B) Inform the patient that you do not know where the chart is. (C) Inform the patient that he has the right to see his chart, but that he should request to view it with his physician, so that it is properly interpreted. (D) Give the patient the chart and leave him alone for a few minutes to review it.
(C) Inform the patient that he has the right to see his chart, but that he should request to view it with his physician, so that it is properly interpreted.
Which of the following should be used to disinfect the area after a blood spill? (A) Soap and water (B) Betadine solution (C) One part bleach to ten parts water (D) One part alcohol to ten parts water
(C) One part bleach to ten parts water
Which of the following conditions describes a patient who is unable to breathe easily while in the recumbent position? (A) Dyspnea (B) Apnea (C) Orthopnea (D) Oligopnea
(C) Orthopnea
According to the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), all of the following precaution guidelines are true, except (A) Airborne precautions require that the patient wear a mask. (B) Masks are indicated when caring for patients on MRSA precautions. (C) Patients under MRSA precautions require a negative-pressure room. (D) Gloves are indicated when caring for a patient on droplet precautions.
(C) Patients under MRSA precautions require a negative-pressure room.
Which of the following is a violation of correct sterile techniques? (A) Gowns are considered sterile in the front down to the waist, including the arms. (B) Sterile gloves must be kept above the waist level. (C) Persons in sterile dress should pass each other face to face. (D) A sterile field should not be left unattended.
(C) Persons in sterile dress should pass each other face to face.
When a radiographer is obtaining a patient history, both subjective and objective data should be obtained. An example of subjective data is (A) The patient appears to have a productive cough. (B) The patient has a blood pressure of 130/95. (C) The patient states that he experiences extreme pain in the upright position. (D) The patient has a palpable mass in the right upper quadrant of the left breast.
(C) The patient states that he experiences extreme pain in the upright position.
The pain experienced by an individual whose coronary arteries are not conveying sufficient blood to the heart is called (A) tachycardia. (B) bradycardia. (C) angina pectoris. (D) syncope.
(C) angina pectoris.
Chest drainage systems should always be kept (A) above the patient's chest. (B) at the level of the patient's chest. (C) below the level of the patient's chest. (D) none of the above; the position of the chest drainage system is not important.
(C) below the level of the patient's chest.
The condition in which pulmonary alveoli lose their elasticity and become permanently inflated, causing the patient to consciously exhale, is (A) bronchial asthma. (B) bronchitis. (C) emphysema. (D) tuberculosis.
(C) emphysema.
Radiographs are the property of the (A) radiologist. (B) patient. (C) health-care institution. (D) referring physician.
(C) health-care institution.
A nosocomial infection is a(n) (A) infection acquired at a large gathering. (B) upper respiratory infection. (C) infection acquired in a hospital. (D) type of rhinitis.
(C) infection acquired in a hospital.
Involuntary patient motion can be caused by 1. post-traumatic shock. 2. medication. 3. the temperature of the room. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 1 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Medication can be administered by which of the following routes? 1. Orally 2. Intravenously 3. Intramuscularly (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Symptoms associated with a respiratory reaction to contrast media include 1. sneezing. 2. dyspnea. 3. asthma attack. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Symptoms of impending diabetic coma include 1. increased urination. 2. sweet-smelling breath. 3. extreme thirst. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following body fluids is (are) potential carrier(s) of HIV? 1. Semen 2. Vaginal secretions 3. Blood (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following conditions must be met in order for patient consent to be valid? 1. The patient must sign the consent form before receiving sedation. 2. The physician named on the consent form must perform the procedure. 3. All the blanks on the consent form must be filled in before the patient signs the form. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following must be included in the patient's medical record or chart? 1. Diagnostic and therapeutic orders 2. Medical history 3. Informed consent (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following statements are true regarding the proper care of a patient with a tracheostomy? 1. Employ sterile technique if you must touch a tracheostomy for any reason. 2. Before you suction a tracheostomy, the patient should be well aerated. 3. Never suction for longer than 15 s, permitting the patient to rest in between. (A) 1 and 2 only (B) 1 and 3 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
You and a fellow radiographer have received an unconscious patient from a motor vehicle accident. As you perform the examination, it is important that you 1. refer to the patient by name. 2. make only those statements that you would make with a conscious patient. 3. reassure the patient about what you are doing. (A) 1 only (B) 1 and 2 only (C) 2 and 3 only (D) 1, 2, and 3
(D) 1, 2, and 3
Which of the following diastolic pressure readings might indicate hypertension? (A) 50 mmHg (B) 70 mmHg (C) 90 mmHg (D) 110 mmHg
(D) 110 mmHg
In what order should the following exams be performed? 1. Upper GI 2. Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) 3. Barium enema (A) 3, 1, 2 (B) 1, 3, 2 (C) 2, 1, 3 (D) 2, 3, 1
(D) 2, 3, 1
All of the following statements regarding handwashing and skin care are correct except (A) Hands should be washed after each patient examination. (B) Faucets should be opened and closed with paper towels. (C) Hands should be smooth and free from chapping. (D) Any cracks or abrasions should be left uncovered to facilitate healing.
(D) Any cracks or abrasions should be left uncovered to facilitate healing.
You receive a patient who is complaining of pain in the area of the left fourth and fifth metatarsals; however, the requisition asks for a left ankle exam. What should you do? (A) Perform a left foot exam. (B) Perform a left ankle exam. (C) Perform both a left foot and a left ankle exam. (D) Check with the referring physician.
(D) Check with the referring physician.
When disposing of contaminated needles, they are placed in a special container using what procedure? (A) Recap the needle, remove the syringe, and dispose of the needle. (B) Do not recap the needle, remove the syringe, and dispose of the needle. (C) Recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe. (D) Do not recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe.
(D) Do not recap the needle and dispose of the entire syringe.
A patient suffering from orthopnea would experience the least discomfort in which body position? (A) Fowler's (B) Trendelenburg (C) Recumbent (D) Erect
(D) Erect
Increased pain threshold, breakdown of skin, and atrophy of fat pads and sweat glands are all important considerations when working with which group of patients? (A) Infants (B) Children (C) Adolescents (D) Geriatric patients
(D) Geriatric patients
What is the most common means of spreading infection? (A) Improperly disposed of contaminated waste (B) Instruments that are improperly sterilized (C) Soiled linen (D) Human hands
(D) Human hands
The patient is placed in the lithotomy position for which of the following procedures? (A) Myelography (B) Venography (C) T-tube cholangiography (D) Hysterosalpingography
(D) Hysterosalpingography
All of the following statements regarding oxygen delivery are true, except (A) Oxygen is classified as a drug and must be prescribed by a physician. (B) Rate of delivery and mode of delivery must be part of a physician order for oxygen. (C) Oxygen may be ordered continuously or as needed by the patient. (D) None of the above; they are all true.
(D) None of the above; they are all true.
An informed consent is required before performing which of the following exams? (A) Upper GI (B) Lower GI (C) Sialogram (D) Renal arteriogram
(D) Renal arteriogram
All of the following statements are true regarding the administration of a barium enema to a patient with a colostomy, except (A) The dressing should be removed and disposed of. (B) The drainage pouch should be retained unless a fresh one can be provided. (C) The colostomy tip or catheter should be selected by the radiologist. (D) The patient should not be permitted to insert the colostomy tip.
(D) The patient should not be permitted to insert the colostomy tip.
Lyme disease is caused by bacteria carried by deer ticks. The tick bite may cause fever, fatigue, and other associated symptoms. This is an example of transmission of an infection by (A) droplet contact. (B) a vehicle. (C) the airborne route. (D) a vector.
(D) a vector.
Anaphylaxis is the term used to describe (A) an inflammatory reaction. (B) bronchial asthma. (C) acute chest pain. (D) allergic shock.
(D) allergic shock.
4 essentials to X-ray production:
1. Vacuum 2. Source of electrons 3. A target 4. High potential difference (voltage) between the source and the target
The overall exposure to the image receptor is affected by patient anatomy through its variation of:
1. atomic number. 2. tissue thickness. 3. tissue density.
A clinical history can be a significant factor in the formulation of an x-ray technique because:
1. centimeter measurements may be misleading. 2. pathology may affect the absorption of x radiation. 3. contrast and density limitations are often the result of pathologic conditions.
An image produced by using a horizontal beam is useful in the evaluation of
1. fluid-filled sinuses. 3. free air in the abdomen taken with the right side of the patient superior and the left side inferior.
When kilovoltage is increased:
1. intensity increases. 2. wavelengths become shorter.
Geometric sharpness:
1. is defined in terms of the distinct shadow evident on an image. 2. should ideally originate from a point source.
Shape distortion can be:
1. minimized with perpendicular beam projections. 2. elongated with tube-angled projections. 3. foreshortened with tube-angled projections
The density (mass per unit volume) of the patient or part under study can affect
1. radiographic density. 2. radiographic contrast. 3. differential absorption
Spatial resolution may also be known as:
1. sharpness. 2. definition. 3. image resolution.
Geometric unsharpness within the radiographic image can be minimized by using the:
1. smallest focal spot. 2. shortest OID. 3. longest SID.
A radiographic grid should be used when:
1. the body area to be radiographed measures more than 10 cm. 3. more than 60 kVp is required to penetrate a body part.
With automatic exposure control (AEC) techniques, the radiographer must consider:
1. the position of the part relative to the AEC sensor. 2. minimal response time of the AEC unit.
which of the following describe the importance of using an upright position for chest radiography?
1. the upright position demonstrates air-fluid levels 2. the upright position allows maximum lung expansion 3. the upright position minimizes magnification of the heart
Photons are:
BUNDLES OF ENERGY
Filters that provide a more uniform image of anatomic parts with significant differences in thickness are called:
COMPENSATING
Beam restrictors reduce the amount of scatter produced by reducing which of the following?
COMPTON INTERACTIONS
Differences in adjacent densities on a radiograph defines:
CONTRAST
what is the basic life support system used to ventilate the lungs and circulate the blood in the event of cardiac or respiratory arrest
CPR
mAs controls the number of electrons passing from:
CATHODE TO ANODE IN THE TUBE Rationale: mAs controls the number of electrons passing from cathode to anode in the x-ray tube; this is the tube current. Consequently, mAs also controls the number of x-ray photons striking the patient and the number of exit x-rays striking the image receptor.
X-rays produced by a cascade effect of outer shell electrons filling inner shell vacancies are a result of what interaction?
CHARACTERISTIC
The production of x-rays comes from two interactions with the anode:
CHARACTERISTIC AND BREMS
Electrons in motion in a conductor are called:
CURRENT
The volt is related to potential difference as the ampere is related to:
CURRENT
If SID is doubled, IR exposure is:
CUT TO ONE FORTH
Which of the following bones are in the hindfoot portion of the foot
Calcaneus and Talus
Spongy Bone Tissue:
Cancellous Bone
Factors that Influence Shape Distortion:
Central Ray, Part, Image Receptor Alignment
Toward the Head:
Cephalad(ic)
Bremsstrahlung radiation:
Created when an incoming electron slows suddenly near the nucleus of the tungsten atom and abruptly changes direction, resulting in an X-ray photon.
Rheumatoid Arthritis:
Crippling autoimmune disease that affects joints
Two Linear Parallel Grids Placed on Top and Perpendicular to Each Other:
Crossed (Crossed-Hatched) Grid
What effect does increasing filtration have on contrast?
DECREASE CONTRAST Rationale: Contrast decreases as filtration increases because the average photon striking the patient has a shorter wavelength. Remember that shorter-wavelength radiation = longer scale of contrast = lower contrast
When beam restriction is used, receptor exposure
DECREASES Rationale: The direct effect of beam restriction is a decrease in receptor exposure if no adjustments are made to technique.
The variation in how the x-ray beam interacts with the body is called:
DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION
The atomic number, tissue density, and tissue thickness of the part being imaged cause
DIFFERIENTAL ABSORPTION
A device used for most quality control testing is the:
DIGITAL DOSIMETER
The relationship between kVp and receptor exposure is:
DIRECT BUT NOT PROPORTIONAL
Current that flows in one direction only is called:
DIRECT CURRENT
Contrast too low: [Too long scale]
Decrease kVp by 15% and increase mAs by 100% to maintain density
Relationship between Imaging System Speed at Radiographic Density:
Direct Proportion: When Imaging System Speed is Increased (or Decreased) Radiographic Density will Correspondingly Increase (or Decrease)
Relationship between Beam Restriction and Image Contrast:
Directly Related: Increase Beam Restriction or Collimation (Make the Radiation Field Smaller) Results in Higher Image Contrast Due to Less Scatter Radiation Production
Source-Image Receptor Distance (SID):
Distance between the target and the IR.
How is a Wavelength measured:
Distance from one crest to the next
Which radiographic quality factor is most affected by angulation of the central ray, part, or IR
Distortion
Sesamoids (tangential)
Position: great toe rested on table CR: perp. tangential to first MTP joint (skims surface)
Inferosuperior axial Shoulder (Lawrence method)
Position: supine with shoulder elevated, arm in external rotation IR: above shoulder as close to neck as possible, turn head away from IR Breathing: Suspended CR: horizontally through axilla to exit region of acromioclavicular joint. 15-30 degrees medially
Rectification
Process of changing alternating current to direct current
Filtration:
Process of removing the long-wavelength photons from the X-ray beam.
Describes the Path or Direction of the X-ray Beam:
Projection
Add electronic annotations on digital images to indicate position or other relevant information examples:
Time, up right, decubitus, post void
Auto transformer
Transformer that contains an iron core and a single winding of wire; and autotransformer is used in the x-ray circuit to provide a small increase in voltage before step-up transformer; the kVp setting are made at the autotransformer
right anterior oblique position
the right anterior region is against the image receptor. PA oblique projection
spatial resolution
the sharpness of the structural edges recorded in the image
radiation field
the squared area of the xray beam that strikes the patient and x ray table
true shoulder, scapular or clavicle radiographs are prohibited unless
the tech has a limited permit to practice the shoulder category
