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in chapter 8, how many of the worlds languages does pinker claim are threatened with extinction in the next century

90%

what is the communicative approach

a method of learning foreign languages based on communicational neds

pidgins are

a non native language

according to pinker, in what environment is the past tense -ed suffix pronounced as /t/

after voiceless consonants

what two factors decrease the adaptability and flexibility for second language learners

age and social identity

grammatically pidgins

all the above

based on our discussion of phonological rules, in what environment do stops become aspirated in american english

at the beginning of the word

pitch is specified by which of the following

both air pressure and tenseness of the vocal folds

which of the following are theories that we discussed in class that are used to explain gender based variation in regards to women's use of non standard/standard forms

both deficit and dominance

a common example of a feature that is stereotypically found in mens language is

changing subjects more often than women

referring to a language variety, in its totality, characteristic of a particular regional or social group

dialect

how did the plural forms of words such as foot, mouse, and tooth come into existence

each plural form originally exhibited umlaut or the fronting of a back vowel in the vicinity of another front vowel

a linguistic repertoire is a list of all the worlds languages

false

a substrate language is a language of high prestige

false

according to the reading, phonetics is about how sounds interact and phonology is about the articulatory and acoustic properties of speech sounds

false

all men and women do gender the same way all the time without being affected by context

false

english is a tonal language

false

in the basic word orders of the world there is an overwhelming tendency to place the object before the subject

false

ones first language is always the same as the language his or her mother speaks

false

regional variation has to do with how people of varying ethnic cultural backgrounds speak a language

false

synchronic linguistics is the study of how languages change over time

false

the great vowel shift is a sound that targeted both consonants and vowels

false

the southern dialect region is one single, unified linguistic variety with no variation

false

through the great vowel shift, the long high vowels were raised

false

which middle english word does modern english geese come from

ge:s

which language families foes english belong to

germanic indo european

what type of competence allows children to generate novel utterances

grammatical competence

synthetic languages are characterized as

having free morphemes that combine to form an utterance

children acquire morphology and grammar...

in the same order but not the same speed

according to innateness hypothesis what in the brain enables children to acquire language

language acquisition device

which of the following is not a common outcome of language contact

language divergence

as an element of the speech situation, the notion of setting includes

mode topic and location

which of the following features is shared between african american english and southern american english

monophthongiztion

which of the following word orders is almost non existent in the worlds languages

osv

which language family is not part of the indo european language family

semitic

what is the uniformitarian principle

that all languages are the same, cognitively speaking

in the study of language acquisition what is meant by metaknowledge

the influence of ones native language in the process of second language acquistion

which of the following is not one of the regional dialects outlined in the atlas of north american english

the midwest

mark all the words that can form a minimal pair with the word beer

tier, near, gear, deer

according to the younger brother in the boston example from american tongues speaking with a local dialect not only helps him appear tough in front of men but also allows him to impress local women with his italianness

true

all languages have at least three vowels

true

allophones are surface structures of the sounds in the mind

true

grimms law describes a number of consonant shifts in the prehistory of germanic

true

in general, women use a higher frequency of standard forms than men

true

in many instances, english of other european languages supply the lexicon for pidgins

true

joseph greenberg conducted a survey of languages in the 1960s that found 45 universals

true

males typically have a larger larynx which results in a lower pitched voice. this is an example of a physiological sex based type of variation in english

true

many linguists consider a language doomed when it is only spoken by adults

true

no one speaks the same way all the time

true

phonological rules are applied in a specific order

true

symbolization and the ability to use told are crucial aspects of language acquisition

true

the critical period may affect the acquisition of both first and second languages

true

the english writing system is segmental

true

there are no languages whose writing system is purely logographic

true

which of the following is not one of the changes taking place in the northern cities shift

words like kids are being pronounced like key ids

which of the following are factors are thought to contribute to the disappearance of languages

-destruction of speakers habitats -forced assimilation -electronic media in other languages

which of the following are semantic universals

-if a language has a singular and dual distinction, then it will also have a plural -all languages have 1st and 2nd person pronouns

identify specific, actual reasons for language change

-languages become more similar to those languages around them -languages change because new concepts require new words

at what age have children acquired 80% of the grammatical structures of language

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