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in chapter 8, how many of the worlds languages does pinker claim are threatened with extinction in the next century
90%
what is the communicative approach
a method of learning foreign languages based on communicational neds
pidgins are
a non native language
according to pinker, in what environment is the past tense -ed suffix pronounced as /t/
after voiceless consonants
what two factors decrease the adaptability and flexibility for second language learners
age and social identity
grammatically pidgins
all the above
based on our discussion of phonological rules, in what environment do stops become aspirated in american english
at the beginning of the word
pitch is specified by which of the following
both air pressure and tenseness of the vocal folds
which of the following are theories that we discussed in class that are used to explain gender based variation in regards to women's use of non standard/standard forms
both deficit and dominance
a common example of a feature that is stereotypically found in mens language is
changing subjects more often than women
referring to a language variety, in its totality, characteristic of a particular regional or social group
dialect
how did the plural forms of words such as foot, mouse, and tooth come into existence
each plural form originally exhibited umlaut or the fronting of a back vowel in the vicinity of another front vowel
a linguistic repertoire is a list of all the worlds languages
false
a substrate language is a language of high prestige
false
according to the reading, phonetics is about how sounds interact and phonology is about the articulatory and acoustic properties of speech sounds
false
all men and women do gender the same way all the time without being affected by context
false
english is a tonal language
false
in the basic word orders of the world there is an overwhelming tendency to place the object before the subject
false
ones first language is always the same as the language his or her mother speaks
false
regional variation has to do with how people of varying ethnic cultural backgrounds speak a language
false
synchronic linguistics is the study of how languages change over time
false
the great vowel shift is a sound that targeted both consonants and vowels
false
the southern dialect region is one single, unified linguistic variety with no variation
false
through the great vowel shift, the long high vowels were raised
false
which middle english word does modern english geese come from
ge:s
which language families foes english belong to
germanic indo european
what type of competence allows children to generate novel utterances
grammatical competence
synthetic languages are characterized as
having free morphemes that combine to form an utterance
children acquire morphology and grammar...
in the same order but not the same speed
according to innateness hypothesis what in the brain enables children to acquire language
language acquisition device
which of the following is not a common outcome of language contact
language divergence
as an element of the speech situation, the notion of setting includes
mode topic and location
which of the following features is shared between african american english and southern american english
monophthongiztion
which of the following word orders is almost non existent in the worlds languages
osv
which language family is not part of the indo european language family
semitic
what is the uniformitarian principle
that all languages are the same, cognitively speaking
in the study of language acquisition what is meant by metaknowledge
the influence of ones native language in the process of second language acquistion
which of the following is not one of the regional dialects outlined in the atlas of north american english
the midwest
mark all the words that can form a minimal pair with the word beer
tier, near, gear, deer
according to the younger brother in the boston example from american tongues speaking with a local dialect not only helps him appear tough in front of men but also allows him to impress local women with his italianness
true
all languages have at least three vowels
true
allophones are surface structures of the sounds in the mind
true
grimms law describes a number of consonant shifts in the prehistory of germanic
true
in general, women use a higher frequency of standard forms than men
true
in many instances, english of other european languages supply the lexicon for pidgins
true
joseph greenberg conducted a survey of languages in the 1960s that found 45 universals
true
males typically have a larger larynx which results in a lower pitched voice. this is an example of a physiological sex based type of variation in english
true
many linguists consider a language doomed when it is only spoken by adults
true
no one speaks the same way all the time
true
phonological rules are applied in a specific order
true
symbolization and the ability to use told are crucial aspects of language acquisition
true
the critical period may affect the acquisition of both first and second languages
true
the english writing system is segmental
true
there are no languages whose writing system is purely logographic
true
which of the following is not one of the changes taking place in the northern cities shift
words like kids are being pronounced like key ids
which of the following are factors are thought to contribute to the disappearance of languages
-destruction of speakers habitats -forced assimilation -electronic media in other languages
which of the following are semantic universals
-if a language has a singular and dual distinction, then it will also have a plural -all languages have 1st and 2nd person pronouns
identify specific, actual reasons for language change
-languages become more similar to those languages around them -languages change because new concepts require new words
at what age have children acquired 80% of the grammatical structures of language
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