Linux Certification CompTIA Group 4
Which task must the administrator perform to activate quotas on a filesystem once the additions have been made to /etc/fstab?
Unmount and remount the filesystem The filesystem on which quotas were enabled via the /etc/fstab entries has to be unmounted and remounted. Logging off users, restarting the SSH daemon, or restarting networking will have no effect.
When setting up quotas on a particular filesystem, /home for example, which file must the system administrator edit to add quota support for the /home filesystem?
/etc/fstab
Into which file does the administrator enter persistent mount information?
/etc/fstab The administrator enters persistent mount information into the /etc/fstab file. The /etc/mtab file contains currently mounted filesystem information. The /etc/motd file is the message of the day file. The /etc/exports file contains a list of Network File System (NFS) exported filesystems.
Which file does the system read when an administrator uses the mount command to see currently mounted filesystems?
/etc/mtab The mount command reads the /etc/mtab file. The /etc/fstab file contains a list of persistently mounted filesystem information. The /etc/motd file is the message of the day file. The /etc/exports file contains a list of Network File System (NFS) exported filesystems.
If an administrator mounts /dev/sdb2 onto /mnt, which file reflects that change?
/etc/mtab The mount is entered into the /etc/mtab file. The /etc/fstab file contains persistently mounted filesystem information and does not change for temporary mounts. The /etc/motd file is the message of the day file. The /etc/exports file contains a list of Network File System (NFS) exported filesystems.
In which file is the master system umask set?
/etc/profile The master system umask is defined in the /etc/profile file. The /etc/passwd file contains only user account information. There is no /etc/umask and no /etc/defaults file.
Onto which directory do administrators typically mount temporary and removable filesystems, such as compact disc/digital video disc read-only memory (CD/DVD-ROMs)?
/media Administrators typically mount removable and temporary media such as CD/DVD-ROMs onto /media. The /mnt directory is often for temporarily mounting local or remote filesystems. The /tmp and /usr directories are never used for mounting media because they are system directories that need to be accessed or written to in the case of /tmp.
Which directory commonly has the sticky bit set?
/tmp
Which of the following is NOT a standard subdirectory of /usr?
/usr/etc The /usr/etc (etc) is NOT a standard subdirectory of /usr.
What is the octal value of the sticky bit?
1
How many inodes are there associated with a file?
1 Every file has one inode.
What is the default setting for the <pass> section of /etc/fstab for the root filesystem (/)?
1 The default setting for the root filesystem (/) for the <pass> section of /etc/fstab is 1. 0 is for removable devices, and 2 is for other filesystems. There is no X entry in /etc/fstab for <pass>.
Which of the following is the numeric definition of a tebibyte expressed in bytes?
1,024^4 The expression of a tebibyte in bytes is 1,024^4, or 1,099,511,627,776.
Which of the following is NOT a standard Linux directory?
/data
Which of the following is NOT a standard Linux directory?
/data The /data directory, while common, is not a standard Linux directory of a default filesystem layout. It is a directory created by an administrator after installation.
How many partitions can a Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT) disk have?
128 GPT supports up to 128 partitions and makes no distinction as to primary or extended. Master Boot Record (MBR) has a four primary partition limitation.
What is the octal value of the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID)?
2
What is the octal value of the Set User ID (SUID)?
4 The octal value of the SUID is 4.
What is the octal value of the read permission?
4 The octal value of the read permission is 4.
Which of the following octal permissions is read only for a file?
444 444 is r-- r-- r--, which is read permission only. 666 is rw- rw- rw-. 777 is rwx rwx rwx. 222 is -w- -w- -w-.
If a user enters the umask 002 command and then creates a new file, what are the permissions for the new file?
664
What are the default permissions for newly created files?
664
From which starting octal permission does the umask subtract?
666
Why can the system administrator specify the mount point or the filesystem to mount, but is not required to specify both when mounting a filesystem?
If the entry is in /etc/fstab, the administrator can specify either the filesystem or the mount point, but does not have to specify both. If the filesystem has an entry in /etc/fstab, the administrator has to only specify either the filesystem or the device to mount the filesystem. The system does not know which filesystem the administrator has been working with in order to mount it. No option in /etc/fstab enable this feature other than the entry itself.
In the /etc/fstab file, what does the <type> category or heading mean?
It is the filesystem type. The <type> heading refers to the filesystem type, such as second extended filesystem (ext2), third extended filesystem (ext3), etc.
In the mount /dev/sda3 /test command, what is /test?
It is the mount point. In the mount /dev/sda3 /test command, the /test directory is the mount point. The mount point is always a local directory upon which some filesystem, local or remote, is mounted.
What is the disk quota soft limit?
It is the quota value beyond which disk space usage is allowed during the grace period.
What does setting the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) on a folder do? In other words, why do administrators set GUID on folders?
It makes it so that all files created in that folder are created with the group ID of the folder.
An administrator creates a script and then issues the following command: chmod a+x. What does this command do to the script?
It makes the script executable for everyone. The chmod a+x command makes the file executable for everyone, because the '+' adds permissions, the 'x' is executable, and the 'a' means all users or everyone.
An administrator attempts to unmount a filesystem but receives the message, "device is busy." What does this message mean?
It means that a user has the mounted filesystem as their current directory. The "device is busy" message means that someone on the system has the mounted filesystem as their current working directory. It is possible that the root user's current directory is the mounted filesystem.
What does setting the sticky bit on a folder, /tmp for example, do for the folder or its files?
It means that only the file owner or root can delete a file from /tmp.
What does the nouser mount option mean?
It means that only the root user can mount the device or filesystem. The nouser option means that only the root user can mount the filesystem or the device.
Since directories don't have anything to execute in the way of launching a program or script, what does the execute (x) permission mean on a directory?
It means that users can change directory (cd) into the directory.
What does the mount -a command do when issued by the root user?
It mounts all unmounted filesystems specified in /etc/fstab. The mount -a command mounts all unmounted filesystems specified in /etc/fstab.
Which of the following is a major feature of the Virtual File Allocation Table (VFAT) filesystem compared to the File Allocation Table (FAT) filesystem?
It supports long file names. The VFAT filesystem is a 32-bit filesystem that was introduced with Windows 95, and it supports long file names. It is not compatible with ext2, nor does it compare favorably with XFS.
Which filesystem is the default filesystem for Linux installations?
Fourth extended filesystem (ext4) The ext4 filesystem is the default Linux filesystem for installation. Previously, ext2 and then ext3 filesystems were the default. There is no ext5 filesystem.
Identify an advantage to changing the partitioning style from Master Boot Record (MBR) to Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT).
GPT can handle disks more than 2 terabytes (TB) in size. The primary advantage to GPT over MBR, although there are others, is that GPT can handle disks larger than 2 TB, while MBR cannot. Both GPT and MBR can boot multiple operating systems, work well with Linux and Windows, and can address multiple disks.
The gdisk utility is used to manipulate disk partitions, and its name is short for which of the following?
GPT fdisk The gdisk utility's name is short for GPT fdisk.
What does the acronym GPT stand for?
Globally Unique Identifier Partition Table The GPT acronym stands for Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT).
What does the following command do? chgrp -R users /data
Group ownership of the /data directory has changed to users, recursively. Group ownership of the /data directory is now the users group, and it has been changed recursively. The -R option does not mean 'read'; it means recursive.
Hard links have two significant limitations. What are they?
Hard links cannot cross filesystems or directories. Hard links cannot cross directories or filesystems—they must reside in the same directory on the same filesystem as their linked file. The other options are hard link features.
What is unique about the /var directory?
Its contents change often. The /var directory's contents change often. The /var directory is typically set up as its own filesystem because of this feature and sometimes has its own very fast disk because of its ever-changing contents requirement of writing to files.
Which filesystem feature makes it resilient to system crashes and power failures?
Journaling Journaling is the filesystem feature that makes it resilient to power failures and system crashes.
Which storage unit is used in setting quotas on a filesystem?
Kilobytes
Which filesystem is faster than either second extended filesystem (ext2) or third extended filesystem (ext3)?
ReiserFS ReiserFS is faster than either ext2 or ext3. ISO9660 is a compact disc/digital video disc (CD/DVD) filesystem and is not fast. Both VFAT and FAT32 filesystems have roughly the same speed benchmarks as ext2.
Which of the following is NOT typically a cause of filesystem errors?
Removing unnecessary files from /tmp Removing unnecessary files from /tmp is NOT a cause of filesystem errors.
The tune2fs utility can perform ALL but which of the following tasks?
Resize partitions
Which of the following is a feature of using symbolic links, but is not possible with hard links?
Linking files across different filesystems Symbolic links can link across different filesystems, but hard links cannot. Hard links can link to more than one file, have persistent links to files that change names, and share inodes—symbolic links do none of those.
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How long is the default grace period for a disk quota?
Seven days
How many major field categories or headings are there in the /etc/fstab file?
Six There are six categories or headings in the /etc/fstab file: file system, mount point, type, options, dump, and pass.
Why is it important to have a standard location for files on Linux systems?
So that administrators and software vendors can have consistency among Linux distributions The primary reasons are that administrators often have to work with multiple distributions and some consistency among distributions is essential to prevent mistakes and misconfigurations. Software vendors also need to have consistent locations in which to install software and to gain access to libraries. New user consideration, Windows users, and mergers are not seriously considered for this standard.
What, historically, was the purpose of setting the sticky bit on a program?
So that it would remain in memory after execution
What is another name for a symbolic link?
Soft link Soft link is another name for symbolic link.
Why does an administrator set special permissions on files?
Special permissions are set so that non-privileged users can execute the files.
Which situation makes ReiserFS more efficient than either second extended filesystem (ext2) or third extended filesystem (ext3)?
Storing data files that are smaller than 1 kilobyte (KB) in size The ReiserFS is more efficient than ext2 or ext3 at storing small files (< 1 KB). ReiserFS is not more efficient at storing very large files. The type of file (binary, text) doesn't matter to the filesystem. No file requires more maintenance than any other.
What is the difference between terabyte and tebibyte?
Terabyte is a decimal reference and tebibyte is its binary equivalent. The terabyte is a decimal reference for the same amount of information as a tebibyte, but the terabyte is expressed in decimal notation and the tebibyte is expressed in binary notation. Both terms refer to either quantity of storage or memory. Both a terabyte and a tebibyte represent a trillion bytes.
Consider the following entry from the ls -la command: drwxr-xr-x 1 bob users 170 Jan 5 2015 files What does the 'd' in the first column mean?
The 'd' means directory.
What happens after the disk quota grace period expires?
The soft limit becomes the hard limit. After the grace period, the disk quota soft limit becomes the hard limit and the user cannot exceed this limit. No files are deleted and no account restrictions are incurred.
What does the following ls -l listing tell you about the directory shown? drwxr-xr-t 2 bsmith bsmith 4096 2015-05-03 19:34 files
The sticky bit has been set on the files folder. The sticky bit, t, has been set on the files folder. SUID = drwsr-xr-x. GUID = drwxr-sr-x. SUID and GUID = drwsr-sr-x.
How does the system administrator mount the swap partition for use?
The swap partition is not mounted on a mount point. The swap partition is not mounted in the traditional sense in that it has no mount point and it can be neither mounted by the root user nor unmounted.
If a user creates a symbolic link from file1.txt to storage.txt, then renames storage.txt to inventory.txt, the symbolic link from file1.txt to storage.txt is broken. What happens if the user creates a new file named storage.txt?
The symbolic link is re-established from file1.txt to storage.txt. The symbolic link is restored from file1.txt to storage.txt.
Which of the following filesystems CANNOT be created using the mke2fs utility?
XFS The mke2fs utility CANNOT create XFS filesystems. It can create ext2, ext3, and ext4 filesystems only.
Which of the following filesystems handles large files efficiently?
XFS XFS handles large files efficiently. ReiserFS handles small files efficiently. The ext3 and ext4 filesystems are filesystems that attempt to handle files of varying sizes efficiently, but are not optimized for small files or for large files.
Which command changes the permissions for a file or a directory?
chmod The chmod command changes the permissions for a file or a directory. The chown command changes file or directory ownership. The chgrp command changes group ownership of a file or a directory. The chdir command changes directory and is more commonly issued as 'cd'.
What is the name of the locate database?
mlocate.db
The mke2fs utility is a more specific version of which other utility?
mkfs
Which utility does a system administrator use to partition a 4 terabyte (TB) disk as a single partition for a database server's data storage?
parted The parted utility can partition filesystems larger than 2 TB in size. The fdisk utility will partition them, but it has a 2 TB limitation. The mkfs utility creates filesystems, but does not partition disks.
Which command creates the XFS filesystem?
mkfs.xfs The mkfs.xfs command creates XFS filesystems. The mkfs.ext4 command creates fourth extended (ext4) filesystems. The xfscreate and createfs commands do not exist.
Which command creates a filesystem suitable as swap space?
mkswap The mkswap command creates swap space. There is no mkfs.swap command. The swapon command activates the swap space after it has been created with mkswap. The swaplabel command changes the Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) of swap space.
Which of the following commands performs a new quota scan and then saves the report to disk?
quotacheck -c The quotacheck -c command performs a new scan and then saves it to disk. The setquota -u bsmith command sets quotas for the specified user. The quota -uv bsmith command displays a verbose quota report for the specified user. The repquota -a command displays reports for all filesystems indicated as read/write in the /etc/mtab file.
Which command enables quotas for a filesystem?
quotaon -a
What are the three basic permissions for Linux files and directories?
read, write, and execute
Which of the following is the default option for mounting a filesystem?
rw The default mount option is read/write, or rw.
To use a mounted filesystem as storage, which option must be enabled?
rw To use a mounted filesystem as storage, the rw (read/write) option must be enabled. The ro (read only) option only allows read access, but no write. The noexec option means that no executables can be run from this filesystem. The auto option means that the filesystem will be mounted automatically.
Which mount options would be appropriate for a filesystem to be used securely as file storage that users may write to, but not run applications from?
rw,noexec,async Use rw,noexec,async. The more secure setting for a storage filesystem that users can write to is noexec, but also requires rw and should be set to async so that multiple users can read and write to the filesystem with the best performance. A noexec setting means that executable programs cannot be run from this filesystem. A read-only filesystem is not useful as a user storage location. The exec setting lowers the security on a filesystem. The user setting also lowers security in that users can mount or unmount a filesystem.
What are the resulting permissions on a new file if a user enters umask 000 just prior to creating the file?
rw- rw- rw- A umask of 000 yields a new file with permissions of rw- rw- rw-, or 666.
The original permission on a file is rwx rwx r-x. If an administrator issues the chmod o-x command, what is the new permission for the file?
rwx rwx r--
Which of the following utilities allows a system administrator to convert an existing filesystem to third extended filesystem (ext3)?
tune2fs
What is the correct syntax of the tune2fs utility?
tune2fs [options] {device name}
Which command unmounts the /dev/sdb2 filesystem from /data?
umount /data The umount command followed by the mounted filesystem or the mount point unmounts the filesystem: umount /data.
What is the term generally used for describing permissions for other?
world
Which utility allows an administrator to manage the parameters of an XFS filesystem?
xfs_admin
Which XFS utility extends the filesystem to fill the disk?
xfs_grow
Which of the following utilities does NOT require that the administrator first unmount the filesystem?
xfs_info
Which XFS utility copies the metadata information to a file?
xfs_metadump
Which of the following is NOT a find command condition?
-inode
Which find option does an administrator use if they are looking for all files with permissions of 777?
-perm The -perm option allows an administrator to search through files and locate which ones have a particular permission set. There is no -mod option. The -type option searches for a particular file type, such as block, character, and device. The -iname option matches by name, ignoring case.
What is the octal value of rwx rw- r--?
764
What are the default permissions for newly created directories?
775 The default permissions for newly created directories are 775.
What are the starting octal permissions on directories from which the umask is subtracted?
777
Which of the following are the maximum permissions that a file or directory can have?
777 777 is rwx rwx rwx, which are the maximum permissions for a file.
What is the difference between a copy and a hard link?
A copy has its own inode, and a hard linked file shares the inode with the original. A copy is an independent file with its own inode. A hard linked file shares an inode with the original. A copy and a hard link are not the same.
For system administrators who manage Linux systems that use second extended filesystem (ext2) or third extended filesystem (ext3), what does tune2fs add to those filesystems?
A journal
Which information does The Master Partition Table contain?
A list of partitions on the hard disk The Master Partition Table contains the list of partitions on the disk. There are no separate disk structures that keep metadata, a database of all files, or the disk's geometry—other than the number of cylinders occupied by a partition, which is kept by the Master Partition Table.
Why is a tebibyte significantly larger than a terabyte?
A terabyte is the decimal version, based on 10, of the binary tebibyte, which is based on 2. The terabyte is based on 10 or decimal, which means that it is one trillion bytes, whereas the tebibyte is one kilobyte (1,024 bytes) multiplied by 1,024 bytes by 1,024 bytes by 1,024 bytes (or 1,099,511,627,776 bytes).
What does btrfs stand for?
B-tree filesystem The acronym btrfs stands for b-tree filesystem.
Bob Smith (bsmith) sets the Set User ID (SUID) for his renew.sh script, and its permissions are 755. What do these settings mean?
Anyone can run renew.sh, and when they do, it runs as bsmith.
Why is the locate utility so much faster than the equivalent find command?
Because locate searches only its own database for files
If a user edits a file that is hard linked to another file, what happens to its linked file?
Both files are changed. If a user edits a file that is hard linked to another file, both files are edited because they both point to the same inode.
An administrator installed an application that requires special permissions on a top-level directory and hundreds of files and subdirectories. How does the administrator change all of those file permissions without doing so on an individual basis?
By using chmod -R at the top-level directory
Which types of files are found under the /etc directory?
Configuration The /etc directory contains the system's configuration files. This directory should always be backed up.
An administrator needs to set quotas for more than one user for a particular resource. What is the most efficient method of setting the quota for the list of users?
Create a group and then edit the quota for the group. The most efficient method of setting up a quota for several users is to edit the quota for a group. Editing the quota for individual users is time consuming and unnecessary. A generic account should never be used for any resource—it is a serious security violation.
On which type of file is the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) usually used?
Directory
What does the df command's name stand for or mean?
Disk free
The df and du commands are which type of commands?
Disk space tracking The df and du commands are disk space tracking commands.
Generally speaking, on which types of files do administrators use Set User ID (SUID)?
Executable
Why is the second extended filesystem (ext2) still supported in contemporary Linux filesystems?
Ext2 is supported for backward compatibility. The ext2 filesystem is still supported for backward compatibility. Ext2 is not compatible with VFAT or NTFS.
Which information is NOT stored in the inode?
File name The file name is NOT stored in the inode. Files can be hard linked and have different names, but have the same inode. The inode stores file metadata.
Which of the following is another term for creating a filesystem?
Formatting Creating a filesystem is more commonly referred to as formatting a filesystem. Debugging is attempting to correct errors. Integrity checking locates and repairs errors. There is no superblocking action.
When using fsck to check and repair a filesystem for errors, what is the function of the -r option?
Interactively repair the filesystem
The find command not only searches for and locates files, but also possesses features that allow a user to do what with the find command?
It allows a user to perform actions on the found files.
What does the 'auto' option grant or provide when entered into the <options> column in /etc/fstab?
It allows the system to automount the filesystem. The 'auto' option under <options> in /etc/fstab means that the system may automatically mount the filesystem upon boot.
What can setting a limit on the number of inodes cause on a filesystem?
It can cause the filesystem to fill up.
What does the following command do? chown -R www:www /var/html/htdocs
It changes the ownership of the files to the www user and to the www group recursively on the specified directory.
What does quotacheck -a do?
It checks all mounted non-Network File System (NFS) filesystems in /etc/mtab.
Why would an administrator run the warnquota -u command on a regular basis?
It checks if users are not exceeding the allotted quota limit. The warnquota -u command checks if users are not exceeding the allotted quota limit.
When using the quotacheck utility, what does the -b option do?
It creates a backup of the quota file before editing.
What is the function of the following command for a system administrator in setting up quotas on the /opt/data filesystem? quotacheck -cug /opt/data
It creates the user and group quota files on /opt/data. The quotacheck -cug /opt/data command sets up new user and group quota files on the /opt/data filesystem. There is no quota compatibility check. A quota report is generated by using the repquota utility. Quotacheck does not scan for permissions.
What does the repquota utility display if an administrator issues it at the command with no options, as shown below?
It displays all users who have files and quotas on the specified filesystem.
Which information does the quota -uv bsmith command display?
It displays the quota report for the bsmith user with verbose output.
What does the repquota -u bsmith command do?
It displays the quota report for the bsmith user.
What does the dumpe2fs utility do?
It dumps the status of an extended filesystem to standard output (stdout).
What does the following typical administrative find command do? find / -atime +90 -print
It finds all files that have not been accessed in the last 90 days. The command finds all files that have not been accessed in the last 90 days. The -atime option is accessed time, and +90 is 90 days.
What does the following find command do? find / mlocate.db
It gives an error: No such file or directory.
What is a mount point?
It is a directory upon which a device or a filesystem is accessed. The mount point is a directory location where users are able to access a device or a filesystem.
Which of the following is NOT a feature of the fourth extended filesystem (ext4)?
It is compatible with New Technology File System (NTFS). The correct answer is that it is NOT compatible with NTFS.
What is a disk quota?
It is the disk space allotted to a user for file storage. A disk quota is the disk space that is allotted to a user for file storage on a computer. There are no minimum numbers or maximums for types of files per user.
What is the variable name of the filesystem exclusions for the locate command in /etc/updatedb.conf?
PRUNEFS
Which filesystem shortcomings does b-tree filesystem (btrfs) address?
Pooling, snapshots, checksums, and multi-device spanning The btrfs filesystem was created to address shortcomings of Linux filesystems such as pooling, snapshots, checksums, and multi-device spanning.
How does the locate command prevent updates from searching every directory from /?
The /etc/updatedb.conf file lists exclusions.
An administrator creates a new script inside the /opt/patches folder and then issues ls -l and observes the following: rwxr-xr-x 1 root patch 2048 2015-05-02 14:21 setup.sh Why does the new file have the patch Group ID, when it should have root as the Group ID?
The /opt/patches folder has the Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) set for the patch group. The /opt/patches folder has the GUID set and therefore, when the root user created the file, it has patch group ownership.
What is the name of the collaborative document that specifies a set of guidelines for the names of files and directories and their locations?
The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) The Filesystem Hierarchy Standard is the collaborative document that specifies a set of guidelines for the names of files and directories and their locations.
If you run ls -l at the command line and see the following entry, what does it mean? rwsr-xr-x 1 bsmith bsmith 1024 2015-05-01 12:33 script.sh
The Set User ID (SUID) has been set for this file.
Three weeks ago, a user requested for a digital video disc (DVD) to be mounted on a shared system, but noticed that the DVD is no longer mounted and the system has an uptime of two days. What happened?
The administrator did not make the mount persistent. The administrator did not make the DVD mount persistent. It is possible, but not likely, that the administrator unmounted the DVD. A user typically cannot unmount a filesystem. The DVD was not damaged during a reboot.
A user creates several files in a group-owned directory under /opt, but later during a search with locate, does not find the files. What is the problem?
The administrator has not run updatedb since the user created the files.
A user attempts to compile and create an executable in their home directory, but it doesn't work. What has the administrator done to prevent this user action?
The administrator has set the noexec option for the filesystem in /etc/fstab. The administrator has mounted the /home filesystem with the noexec option.
If the gdisk utility supports only one command line option, how can a system administrator use gdisik to manipulate partitions?
The administrator manipulates partitions through an interactive gdisik dialog at the command line. The administrator uses gdisk at the command line in an interactive session, much like fdisk.
When would a system administrator mount a filesystem and prevent its entry into /etc/fstab?
The administrator mounts a filesystem without allowing the entry to be added to /etc/fstab when /etc/ is on a read-only filesystem. The primary reason that an administrator prevents an entry into /etc/mtab is because /etc is mounted on a read-only filesystem.
How does a system administrator allow a user to mount a filesystem?
The administrator specifies 'user' under the <options> heading in /etc/fstab. The administrator adds the 'user' option under the <options> heading in /etc/fstab. The administrator would never grant temporary root or sudo access to a regular user for any reason. The administrator would also never change permissions on an entire filesystem to 777.
What does the command df -h display?
The amounts of used and free disk space in human readable format
What happens if a user enters the command, type rm?
The command displays aliases for the rm command. The type rm command displays aliases to the rm command. The rm -rf command will remove all files in the user's home directory. The file command responds with the type of file (text, executable, data). The ls -li command displays links to a file.
What function does the following command have for the user Bob Smith? edquota -u bsmith
The command edits a quota for the user. The edquota -u bsmith command edits a quota for the user.
What is another name for umask?
The file creation mask
What is the danger of using Set User ID (SUID) on files?
The files execute as root, which has unlimited rights.
Which of the following is a major of advantage of using find over other file location utilities?
The find command can be used with regular expressions.
Other than the 2 terabyte (TB) disk size limitation, which other Master Boot Record (MBR) limitation does Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT) overcome?
The four primary partition limitation GPT overcomes the MBR limitation of four primary partitions. The other options are not MBR limitations.
What is the result of entering the following command for a file? chgrp staff file1.txt
The group ownership of file1.txt changes to staff.
If an administrator wants to set specific limits on the number of files or the amount of space users can consume on a filesystem, which parameter must the administrator set?
The hard limit The administrator must set the hard limit. The soft limit can be exceeded, but the hard limit cannot. There are no filesystem maximum limits, nor do filesystem permissions limit space or file storage.
What happens if a user changes the name of a file that has a symbolic link pointing to it? file1.txt -> testfile.txt mv testfile.txt newfile.txt
The link from file1.txt to testfile.txt is broken. The symbolic link is broken because testfile.txt no longer exists and symbolic links do not update.
If a system administrator mounts /dev/sdb1 on the /mnt directory, what happens to this mount after a system reboot?
The mount does not persist after the reboot. The mount will not persist after a reboot because the administrator did not create an /etc/fstab entry for the filesystem, which would make the mount permanent and persistent. No filesystem or directory will be removed or reset on the system.
What happens if a user has no soft inode limit and an inode hard limit of 100 is met, but a lot of space is still available for saving files?
The user cannot save new files. If the user's inode limit has been met, then the user cannot save new files.
A user has a soft block limit of 100 kilobytes (KB) and a hard limit of 1,000 KB (1 megabyte [MB]). What happens to the user's ability to save new files after the grace period if they have 150 KB of data on that filesystem?
The user cannot save new files. The user cannot save new files. Once the user passes the soft limit, the grace period begins, and after it expires, the user can write no more data. There is no new grace period and no files are ever deleted by the system.
What happens if there is no soft limit set and the user hits the hard limit?
The user receives no warning and cannot save more files. The user receives no warning, but cannot save any new files to the filesystem.
What happens to the files in the /opt directory if a system administrator mounts a filesystem on /opt?
They are hidden and inaccessible. The files and subdirectories that exist in /opt will be hidden and inaccessible if the administrator mounts another filesystem or device on /opt.
How does a user know if two files are hard linked to each other?
They both have the same inode. Hard linked files both have the same inode. There are no negatively numbered inodes.
Why does a Linux system run a filesystem check at startup?
To check for errors at boot time The fsck command runs anytime the system detects that there might be errors on the disk.
How many components comprise the Master Boot Record (MBR)?
Two The Master Boot Record is composed of two main components: The Master Partition Table and the Master Boot Code.
Which task should the system administrator perform prior to using the tune2fs utility on a filesystem?
Unmount the filesystem
Which task should the system administrator perform prior to using the tune2fs utility on a filesystem?
Unmount the filesystem Before performing filesystem checks or tuning, the administrator should unmount the filesystem. There is no need to reboot the computer, fsck the filesystem, or convert it to ext3 prior to using tune2fs.
What task should an administrator perform prior to running the fsck utility on a filesystem?
Unmount the filesystem to be checked
What are the three access categories in Linux?
User, Group, and Other
What is the possible result if a new administrator assigns a small space soft limit, but does not specify a hard limit?
Users can store as much data as they want until the grace period expires. The administrator who makes this mistake runs the risk of filling a filesystem, because users may store as much data as they want until the grace period expires.
Running quotacheck for the first time creates two files on the filesystem for which you want to set up quotas. What are the two files?
aquota.group and aquota.user The two files created the first time quotacheck is run are aquota.group and aquota.user.
How does an administrator set the sticky bit on a folder, named files, using the octal method?
chmod 1755 files/ Use chmod 1755 files/. 4755 is Set User ID (SUID). 2755 is Globally Unique Identifier (GUID), and 6755 sets both SUID and GUID.
Which command assigns the sticky bit to the apps folder?
chmod o+t apps/
Bob Smith, username bsmith, asked the administrator to copy a file, list.txt, to his home directory; however, Bob can't open the file. Which command does the administrator need to run to fix the problem?
chown bsmith:bsmith list.txt
Which message does the system return when there are no errors resulting from an fsck pass?
clean
Which utility opens an interactive shell allowing an administrator to examine and modify an extended filesystem?
debugfs The debugfs utility allows an administrator to examine and modify an extended (extX) filesystem. The tune2fs utility tunes a filesystem. The e2fsck utility performs a filesystem integrity check on extended filesystems. The dumpe2fs utility dumps the status of an extended filesystem to standard output (stdout).
If a new administrator is unsure of which specific options to specify under <options> in /etc/fstab, what should the administrator enter in that section for a filesystem?
defaults The administrator should use 'defaults' in the <options> section of /etc/fstab if unsure of which specific options to set for a filesystem. The defaults are: rw, suid, dev, exec, auto, nouser, async, and relatime. Placing 'auto' in this section means that the filesystem will be automounted. There are no standard or normal options.
Which of the following options prints the bad blocks in an extended filesystem?
dumpe2fs -b /dev/sdb1
Which of the following e2fsck commands is the equivalent of fsck -t ext4 /dev/sdb1?
e2fsck /dev/sdb1
Which editor does an administrator use to edit the quota files?
edquota Since the quota files are binary and not directly editable, the administrator must use edquota to edit the files. No other listed editor can successfully edit the binary quota files.
Which of the following utilities allows an administrator to alter the partition type from Linux to New Technology File System (NTFS)?
fdisk The fdisk utility allows an administrator to alter the partition type from Linux to NTFS. The mkfs and the mkfs.ntfs utilities create filesystems, but cannot alter a partition type. VFAT is a filesystem type.
Which utility does an administrator use to create new partitions?
fdisk The fdisk utility is used to create new disk partitions. The mkfs utility is used to create a filesystem. The swapon and mksiwap utilities have to do with activating and creating swap partitions.
An administrator sets up a new disk on an existing system. Which utilities, and in which order, does the administrator use to set up the new disk for use?
fdisk, mkfs, mount The administrator first uses fdisk to set up the disk's partitions, then uses mkfs to create the filesystem(s), and finally uses mount to use the disk's partitions.
Which find command would an administrator use to find every file on the system from /?
find / The find / command will find every file on the system. There is no -all option for find. The find /*.* command will return an error that no such file as *.* exists. The find ~/ command finds every file under the root user's home directory, /root.
How does an administrator find all files owned by user bsmith?
find / -user bsmith The administrator uses find / -user bsmith. This command finds all files owned by bsmith. Locate will find files named bsmith only. Whereis bsmith attempts to find binaries, source, and man pages for a command. Which searches for executables in the PATH or in a specified directory.
Which of the following utilities do administrators use to check the integrity of a filesystem?
fsck The fsck, or filesystem check utility, is used to check filesystem integrity. The mkfs utility creates filesystems. Parted is the utility that sets up partitions. Gdisk is a special utility for setting up and working with Globally Unique Identifier (GUID) Partition Table (GPT) partitions.
Which of the following is the correct syntax for using fsck?
fsck -t {filesystem type} filesystem [options]
The gdisk utility supports a single command line option. Which of the following is the correct gdisk command line option?
gdisk -l /dev/sda The gdisk utility supports only one command line option for list, which is the (-l) option.
What is the full name for an inode?
index node The term inode means index node.
An administrator can limit the number of files a user can store on a system using quotas by changing which parameter?
inodes By limiting the number of inodes, the administrator also limits the number of files a user can store because for every file, there is one inode. Blocks limits the amount of space the user can consume. The hard and soft limits have to do with reaching space limits.
Which command does a user issue to create a hard link from file.txt to list.txt?
ln list.txt file.txt The user issues the ln list.txt file.txt command. The syntax is: ln {target} {link name}. ln -s creates a symbolic link. The ln -f command removes existing destination files.
Which utility would a user use to quickly find a file if they cannot remember the entire file name?
locate The locate command is very fast, but it searches on strings only. If a user wants to see all possibilities for a file of which they cannot remember the entire name, locate is a good choice. There are no mlocate or retrieve commands. The ls -lR is one method, but it is not fast and it has to search through every mounted filesystem, which can cause performance problems with other applications.
How does a user limit the number of search results from a locate search to 10 results?
locate *.txt -n 10
When a user searches for a command, ls for example, using whereis, which of the following is the response from the system?
ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz The whereis command returns: ls: /bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz. It returns the command location and the man page locations for the command.
Which command allows an administrator to view the mounted filesystems and their modes (rw, ro)?
mount The mount command with no options reads the /etc/mtab file, which displays all mounted filesystems and their respective options and modes. The mount -a option mounts all filesystems listed in /etc/fstab. The mount -V command displays the mount version. The mount auto command would have no effect on the system, and it would return an error.
Which mount option prevents an entry being made into the /etc/mtab file?
mount -n The mount -n option prevents an entry being made into the /etc/mtab file. The mount -a option mounts all filesystems. The mount -f option fakes a mounting of a filesystem. The mount -V option displays the version information for mount.
Which debugfs option displays filesystem information?
stats The debugfs stats option displays filesystem information. The open option opens the filesystem for interactive debugging. The close option closes the interactive debug session. The ffb option finds a free block during the interactive debug session.
Which utility do system administrators use to check and repair XFS filesystems?
xfs_repair