Linux Commands

rpm install-options

--allfiles --badreloc --excludepath --excludedocs --force -h; --hash --ignoresize --ignorearch --ignoreos --includedocs --justdb --nocollections --nodeps --nodigest --nosignature --noplugins --noorder --noscripts --notriggers --oldpackage --percent --prefix --relocate --replacefiles --replacepkgs --test

rpm erase options

--allmatches --justdb --nodeps --noscripts --nopreun --notriggers --notriggerun --notriggerpostun --test

rpm query-options

--changelog -c; --configfiles --conflicts -d; --docfiles --dump --filesbypkg -i; --info --last -l; --list --obsoletes --provides --qf, --queryformat -R; --requires --scripts -s; --state --triggers --triggerscripts

rpm verify-options

--nodeps --nofiles --noscripts --nodigest --nosignature --nolinkto --nofiledigest --nosize --nouser --nogroup --nomtime --nomode --nordev --nocaps

apt-get -P

APT package handling utility --build-profiles; controls the activated build profiles for which a source package is built by apt-get source --compile and how build dependencies are satisfied

apt-get -b

APT package handling utility --compile, --build; compile source packages after downloading them

apt-get -c

APT package handling utility --config-file; specify a configuration file to use

apt-get -d

APT package handling utility --download-only; download package only

apt-get --diff-only

APT package handling utility --dsc-only, --tar-only; download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive

apt-get -f

APT package handling utility --fix-broken; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies

apt-get -a

APT package handling utility --host-architecture; controls the architecture packages are built for by apt-get source --compile and how cross-builddependencies are satisfied

apt-get -m

APT package handling utility --ignore-missing, --fix-missing; ignore missing packages

apt-get -o

APT package handling utility --option; set a configuration option

apt-get -q

APT package handling utility --quiet; produces quiet output

apt-get -u

APT package handling utility --show-upgraded; show a list of all packages that are to be upgraded

apt-get -s

APT package handling utility --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act; simulate events that would occur but do not actually change the system

apt-get -t

APT package handling utility --target-release, --default-release; lets you have simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved from

apt-get -y

APT package handling utility --yes, --assume-yes; automatic yes to prompts

apt-get --print-uris

APT package handling utility URIs are printed; each has path, destination file name, size, and the expected md5 hash

apt-get --assume-no

APT package handling utility automatic no to all prompts

apt-get --list-cleanup

APT package handling utility automatically manages the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased

apt-get autoclean

APT package handling utility clears out local repository and removes package files that can no longer be downloaded and/or are useless

apt-get clean

APT package handling utility clears out local repository of retrieved package files

apt-get --install-suggests

APT package handling utility consider suggested packages as a dependency for installing

apt-get check

APT package handling utility diagnostic tool; updates the package cache and checks for broken dependencies

apt-get --no-download

APT package handling utility disables downloading of packages

apt-get --no-install-recommends

APT package handling utility do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for installing

apt-get --no-upgrade

APT package handling utility do not upgrade packages

apt-get download

APT package handling utility download the given binary package into the current directory

apt-get changelog

APT package handling utility downloads and diplays the package changelog though sensible-pager

apt-get source

APT package handling utility fetch source packages

apt-get dselect-upgrade

APT package handling utility follows changes made by dselect to the status field of available packages and performs the necessary actions to realize that state

apt-get --force-yes

APT package handling utility force yes ; ****DANGEROUS****

apt-get --only-source

APT package handling utility given source names are not to be mapped through the binary table

apt-get --no-remove

APT package handling utility if any packages are to be removed, the command aborts without prompt

apt-get --allow-unauthenticated

APT package handling utility ignore if packages cannot be authenticated

apt-get --ignore-hold

APT package handling utility ignore package holds

apt-get install

APT package handling utility install specified packages

apt-get upgrade

APT package handling utility install the newest versions of all packages already installed on the system

apt-get --only-upgrade

APT package handling utility install upgrades for already installed packages only and ignore requests to install new packages

apt-get build-dep

APT package handling utility installs or removes packages in attempt to satisfy build dependencies for a source package specified

apt-get dist-upgrade

APT package handling utility intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages

apt-get --trivial-only

APT package handling utility only perform operations that are 'trivial'

apt-get --arch-only

APT package handling utility only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies

apt-get purge

APT package handling utility packages and related configuration files are deleted

apt-get --reinstall

APT package handling utility re-install packages that are already installed

apt-get update

APT package handling utility re-synchronize package index files from their sources fetched from the /etc/apt/sources.list file

apt-get remove

APT package handling utility remove a specified package

apt-get autoremove

APT package handling utility remove packages that were automatically installed to satisfy dependencies for other packages and are now no longer needed

apt-get --auto-remove

APT package handling utility removes unused dependency packages

apt-get --show-progress

APT package handling utility show user friendly progress information in the terminal window when packages are installed

apt-get --purge

APT package handling utility will remove anything

xfs_copy

Copy the contents of a file system

dpkg-deb -b

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --build directory; build a deb package

dpkg-deb -c

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --contents archive; lists the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the package archive

dpkg-deb -e

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --control <archive | directory>; extracts the control information files from a package archive into the specified directory

dpkg -x

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --extract <archive directory>; extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory

dpkg-deb -f

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --field archive; extracts control file information from a binary package archive

dpkg-deb -I

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --info archive; provides information about a binary package archive

dpkg-deb -R

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --raw-extract <archive directory>; extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into a specified directory, and the control information files into a DEBIAN subdirectory of the specified directory

dpkg-deb -W

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --show archive; provides information about a binary package archive

dpkg-deb -X

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --vextract <archive directory>; like --extract with -v which prints a listing of the files extracted as it goes

dpkg-deb --fsys-tarfile

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool <archive>; extracts the filesystem tree data from a binary package and sends it to stdout in tar format

dpkg-deb -fsys-tarfile

Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool display the filesystem tar-file contained by a debian package

free -b

Display amount of free and used memory --bytes; memory in the system bytes

free -c

Display amount of free and used memory --count #; specify number of iterations to run

free -g

Display amount of free and used memory --giga; memory in gigabytes

free -h

Display amount of free and used memory --human; human-readable: B, K, M, G, or T

free -k

Display amount of free and used memory --kilo; memory in the system kilobytes

free -l

Display amount of free and used memory --lohi; detailed low and high memory statistics

free -m

Display amount of free and used memory --mega; memory in the system megabytes

free -s

Display amount of free and used memory --seconds #; delay updates for specified number of seconds

free -t

Display amount of free and used memory --total; display line showing the column totals

free -w

Display amount of free and used memory --wide; switch to wide mode

free --tera

Display amount of free and used memory memory in terabytes

free --si

Display amount of free and used memory use power of 1000 and not 1024

type -a

Display information about command type --all; also show locations containing the specified command

type -p

Display information about command type returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed or nothing

type -P

Display information about command type shell does not follow symbolic links when executing commands

type -f

Display information about command type use only function names

fsck -y filesystem

Filesystem consistency check always attempt to fix any detected filesystem corruption automatically

fsck -a filesystem-specific

Filesystem consistency check automatically repair without any questions

fsck -n filesystem-specific

Filesystem consistency check can avoid attempting to repair any problems for some filesystem-specific checkers

fsck -A

Filesystem consistency check check all filesystems at once that are listed in /etc/fstab

fsck -C

Filesystem consistency check display completion/progress bars for those filesystem checkers which support them

fsck -M

Filesystem consistency check do not check mounted filesystems

fsck -T

Filesystem consistency check do not print the title

fsck -r filesystem-specific

Filesystem consistency check interactively repair the filesystem

fsck -l

Filesystem consistency check lock the whole-disk device

fsck -r

Filesystem consistency check report certain statistics for each fsck when it completes

fsck -s

Filesystem consistency check serialize fsck operations

fsck -t

Filesystem consistency check specifies types of filesystems to be checked

fsck -N

Filesystem consistency check suppress execution; just display what would be done

fsck -P

Filesystem consistency check when -A flag is set, check the root filesystem in parallel with the others

fsck -R

Filesystem consistency check with -A, skip checking the root filesystem

parted -a

GNU partition manipulation program --align alignment-type; set alignment for newly created partitions: none, cylinder, minimal, and optimal

parted -l

GNU partition manipulation program --list; list partition layout

parted -m

GNU partition manipulation program --machine; displays machine parseable output

parted -s

GNU partition manipulation program --script, never prompts user

gdisk c

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator change GPT name of a partition

gdisk t

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator change single partitions type code

gdisk o

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator clear out all partition data

gdisk n

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator create a new partition

gdisk d

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator delete a partition

gdisk p

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator display basic partition summary data

gdisk l

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator display summary of partition types

gdisk r

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator enter recovery and transformation menu

gdisk x

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator expert menu

gdisk -l

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator list partition table

gdisk ?

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator print the menu

gdisk q

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator quit from the program without saving changes

gdisk b

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator save partition table to backup file

gdisk i

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator show detailed partition information

gdisk s

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator sort partition entries

gdisk v

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator verify disk

gdisk w

Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator write data

fdisk -l

Partition table manipulator list partition tables for device

fdisk -s

Partition table manipulator size of each partition printed

fdisk -C

Partition table manipulator specify number of cylinders of the disk

fdisk -H

Partition table manipulator specify number of heads of the disk

fdisk -S

Partition table manipulator specify number of sectors per track of disk

fdisk -b

Partition table manipulator specify sector size (512, 1024, 2048, 4096)

fdisk -c

Partition table manipulator switch off DOS-compatible mode

fdisk -u

Partition table manipulator when listing partition tables, list sizes in sectors instead of cylinders

rpm -a

RPM package manager --all; query all installed packages

rpm -c

RPM package manager --configfiles; list only configuration files

rpm -D

RPM package manager --define=MACRO EXPR; defines MACRO with value EXPR

rpm -d

RPM package manager --docfiles; list only documentation files

rpm -e

RPM package manager --erase

rpm -E

RPM package manager --eval=EXPR; prints macro expansion of EXPR

rpm -f

RPM package manager --file FILE; query package owning the FILE

rpm -F

RPM package manager --freshen

rpm -g

RPM package manager --group GROUP; query packages with the group of GROUP

rpm -h

RPM package manager --hash; print 50 hash marks as the package archive is unpacked

rpm -i

RPM package manager --info; display package information including name, version, and description

rpm -i

RPM package manager --install

rpm -L

RPM package manager --licensefiles; list only license files

rpm -l

RPM package manager --list; list files in package

rpm -p

RPM package manager --package PACKAGE_FILE; query a package specified

rpm -q

RPM package manager --query

rpm -R

RPM package manager --requires; list capabilities on which this package depends

rpm -s

RPM package manager --state; display the states of files in the package

rpm --triggers

RPM package manager --triggerscripts; display the trigger scripts, if any, which are contained in the package

rpm -U

RPM package manager --upgrade

rpm -V

RPM package manager --verify

rpm --oldpackage

RPM package manager allow an upgrade to replace a newer package with an older one

rpm --ignorearch

RPM package manager allow installation or upgrading even if the architectures of the binary package and host don't match

rpm --ignoreos

RPM package manager allow installation or upgrading even if the operating systems of the binary package and host don't match

rpm --changelog

RPM package manager display change information for the package

rpm --test

RPM package manager do not install, simply check for and report potential conflicts

rpm --noplugins

RPM package manager do not load and execute plugins

rpm --ignoresize

RPM package manager don't check mount file systems for sufficient disk space before installing this package

rpm --nodeps

RPM package manager don't do a dependency check before installing or upgrading a package

rpm --notriggerpostun

RPM package manager don't execute any trigger scriptlet of the named type

rpm --excludepath OLDPATH

RPM package manager don't install files whose name begins with OLDPATH

rpm --nomanifest

RPM package manager don't process non-package files as manifests

rpm --noorder

RPM package manager don't reorder the packages for an install

rpm --nodigest

RPM package manager don't verify package or header digests when reading

rpm --nosignature

RPM package manager don't verify package or header signatures when reading

rpm --dump

RPM package manager dump file information as: [path, size, mtime, digest, mode, owner, group, isconfig, isdoc, rdev, symlink]

rpm --rcfile

RPM package manager each file in the colon separated FILELIST is read sequentially by rpm for configuration information

rpm --prefix NEWPATH

RPM package manager for relocatable binary packages, translate all file paths that start with the installation prefix in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH

rpm --includedocs

RPM package manager install documentation files (DEFAULT)

rpm --allfiles

RPM package manager install or update all the missing ok files in the package regardless if they exist

rpm --replacepkgs

RPM package manager install the packages even if some of them are already installed on this system

rpm --replacefiles

RPM package manager install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed, packages

rpm --filesbypkg

RPM package manager list all the files in each selected package

rpm --conflicts

RPM package manager list capabilities this package conflicts with

rpm --provides

RPM package manager list capabilities this package provides

rpm --obsoletes

RPM package manager list packages this package obsoletes

rpm --scripts

RPM package manager list the package specific scriptlets that are used as part of the installation and uninstallation processes

rpm --last

RPM package manager orders the package listing by install time such that the latest are at top

rpm --specfile FILE

RPM package manager parse and query FILE as if it were a package

rpm --pipe CMD

RPM package manager pipes the output of rpm to the specified command

rpm --quiet

RPM package manager print as little as possible

rpm -vv

RPM package manager print lots of ugly debugging information

rpm --percent

RPM package manager print percentages as files are unpacked from the package archive

rpm --whatprovides

RPM package manager query all packages that provide a specified capability

rpm --whatrequires

RPM package manager query all packages that require the specified capability for proper functioning

rpm --hdrid SHA1

RPM package manager query package that contains a given header identifier

rpm --pkgid MD5

RPM package manager query package that contains a given package identifier

rpm --triggeredby NAME

RPM package manager query packages that are triggered by packages NAME

rpm --tid TID

RPM package manager query packages that have a given TID transaction identifier

rpm --querybynumber HDRNUM

RPM package manager query the HDRNUMth database entry directly; useful for debugging

rpm --allmatches

RPM package manager remove all versions of the package

rpm --force

RPM package manager same as --replacepkgs, --replacefiles, and --oldpackage

rpm --setperms

RPM package manager sets permissions of files in the given package

rpm --setugids

RPM package manager sets user/group ownership of files in the given package

rpm --showrc

RPM package manager shows the values rpm will use for all the options are currently set in rpmrc and macros configuration

rpm --relocate OLD=NEW

RPM package manager translate all file paths that start with OLDPATH in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH

rpm --undefine=MACRO

RPM package manager undefines MACRO

rpm --justdb

RPM package manager update only the database, not the filesystem

rpm --dbpath DIRECTORY

RPM package manager use the database in DIRECTORY rather than the default path

rpm --root DIRECTORY

RPM package manager use the filesystem tree rooted at DIRECTORY for all operations

rpm --badreloc

RPM package manager used with --relocate, permit relocations on all file paths

w -f

Show who is logged on and what they are doing --from; toggle printing the from field

w -i

Show who is logged on and what they are doing --ip-addr; display IP address instead of hostname

w -u

Show who is logged on and what they are doing --no-current; ignores username while figuring out the current process and cpu times

w -h

Show who is logged on and what they are doing --no-header; don't print the header

w -o

Show who is logged on and what they are doing --old-style; prints blank space for idle times less than one minute

w -s

Show who is logged on and what they are doing --short; use short format; don't print login time, JCPU or PCPU times

w user

Show who is logged on and what they are doing show information about the specified user

uptime -p

Tell how long the system has been running --pretty; show in pretty format

uptime -s

Tell how long the system has been running --since; system up since, specified date in yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS format

tar -r

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --append; append files to the end of an archive

tar -j

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --bzip2; compression

tar -A

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --catenate, --concatenate; append tar files to an archive

tar -l

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --check-links; print message if not all links are dumped

tar -c

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --create; create new archive

tar -d

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --diff, --compare; find differences between archive and file system

tar -C

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --directory=DIR; change to directory

tar -x

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --extract, --get; extract files from an archive

tar -f

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --file=ARCHIVE; use archive file

tar -z

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip; compression

tar -k

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --keep-old-files; don't replace existing files when extracting

tar -t

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --list; list the archive contents

tar -K

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --starting-file MEMBER-NAME; begin at specified member name when reading archive

tar -L

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --tape-length NUMBER; change tape after writing specified number x 1024 bytes

tar -u

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --update; only append files newer than copy in archive

tar -J

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --xz; compression

tar --add-file

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility add specified file to the archive

tar -a

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility auto compress

tar --backup

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility backup before removal, choose version CONTROL

tar -b

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility blocks x 512 bytes per record

tar --delete

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility delete from the archive

tar --no-acls

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility disable the POSIX ACLs support

tar --no-auto-compress

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility do not use archive suffix o determine the compression program

tar --keep-newer-files

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility don't replace existing files that are newer than the archive copies

tar --level=NUMBER

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility dump level for created listed-incremental archive

tar --acls

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility enable the POSIX ACLs support

tar --anchored

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility patterns match after any /

tar --atime-preserve

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility preserve access times on dumped files

tar --keep-directory-symlink

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility preserve existing symlinks to directories when extracting

tar -B

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility reblock as we read

tar --test-label

The GNU version of the tar archiving utility test the archive volume label and exit

yum --advisory=ADVS

Yellowdog Updater Modified --advisories=ADVS; packages corresponding to the advisory ID are included in updates

yum -x

Yellowdog Updater Modified --exclude=package; exclude a specific package by name or glob from all repositories

yum --sec-severity=SEVS

Yellowdog Updater Modified --secseverity=SEVS; includes in updates security relevant packages of the specified severity

yum -t

Yellowdog Updater Modified --tolerant; makes yum go slower, checking for things that shouldn't be possible

yum --disableexcludes=

Yellowdog Updater Modified [all | main | repoid] disable the excludes defined in your config files

yum --disableincludes=

Yellowdog Updater Modified [all | repoid] disables the includes defined in your config files

yum --color=

Yellowdog Updater Modified [always | auto | never] display colorized output automatically

yum check-update

Yellowdog Updater Modified can check for any updates that may be needed

yum check

Yellowdog Updater Modified check local rpmdb and produces information on any problems

yum clean

Yellowdog Updater Modified clear the cache directory

yum groups

Yellowdog Updater Modified collects all subcommands that act on groups together install update list remove info summary mark mark install mark remove mark packages mark packages-force mark blacklist mark convert-blacklist mark convert-whitelist mark convert unmark packages

yum updateinfo

Yellowdog Updater Modified contains subcommands to act in the repositories info [all | available | installed | updates] list [all | available | installed | updates] [summary] [all | available | installed | updates]

yum --disablerepo=repoidglob

Yellowdog Updater Modified disables specific repositories by id or glob

yum distro-sync

Yellowdog Updater Modified distribution-synchronization; sync the installed package set with the latest packages available. This will "normally" do the same thing as the upgrade command however if you have the package FOO installed at version 4, and the latest available is only version 3, then this command will downgrade FOO to version 3.

yum makecache

Yellowdog Updater Modified download and make usable all metadata for the currently enabled repos

yum --enablerepo=repoidglob

Yellowdog Updater Modified enables specific repositories by id or glob that have been disabled in the configuration file

yum remove

Yellowdog Updater Modified erase; will remove specified package and dependencies

yum search

Yellowdog Updater Modified find packages when you know something about the package but aren't sure of it's name

yum fssnapshot

Yellowdog Updater Modified fssnap; subcommands act on the LVM data of the host [summary] list have-space create delete <devices(s)>

yum downgrade

Yellowdog Updater Modified go to the previously highest version

yum --security

Yellowdog Updater Modified include packages that say they fix a security issue, in updates

yum --bz=BZS

Yellowdog Updater Modified includes in updates packages that say they fix a Bugzilla ID

yum --cve=CVES

Yellowdog Updater Modified includes in updates packages that say they fix a CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures ID)

yum --bugfix

Yellowdog Updater Modified includes in updates packages that say they fix a bugfix issue

yum install

Yellowdog Updater Modified install latest version of packages and ensure all dependencies are satisfied

yum info

Yellowdog Updater Modified list description and summary information about available packages

yum repolist

Yellowdog Updater Modified list of configured repositories

yum repoinfo

Yellowdog Updater Modified list repolist information; same as repolist -v

yum list

Yellowdog Updater Modified list various information about available packages

yum --downloadonly

Yellowdog Updater Modified only download, do not update

yum --obsoletes

Yellowdog Updater Modified only has affect for an update; enables obsoletes processing logic

yum --release=version

Yellowdog Updater Modified pretend the current release version is the given string

yum load-transaction

Yellowdog Updater Modified reload a saved transaction file, which allows you to run a transaction on one machine and then use it on another

yum swap

Yellowdog Updater Modified remove one set of packages and install another set without having to use the shell command

yum autoremove

Yellowdog Updater Modified remove packages that weren't installed explicitly by the user and which aren't required by anything

yum --skip-broken

Yellowdog Updater Modified resolve depsolve problems by removing packages that are causing problems from the transaction

yum --nogpgcheck

Yellowdog Updater Modified run with GPG signature checking disabled

yum --noplugins

Yellowdog Updater Modified run with all plugins disabled

yum --disableplugin=plugin

Yellowdog Updater Modified run with one or more plugins disabled

yum upgrade

Yellowdog Updater Modified same as update command with --obsoletes flag set

yum --setopt=option=value

Yellowdog Updater Modified set any config option in yum config or repo files

yum --downloaddir=directory

Yellowdog Updater Modified specify alternate directory to store packages

yum fs

Yellowdog Updater Modified subcommands act on the filesystem data of the host filters filter languages en:es filter documentation refilter [packages] refilter-cleanup [packages] du [path] status [path] diff [path]

yum repository-packages

Yellowdog Updater Modified treat a repo as a collection of packages allowing the user to install or remove a single entity

yum update

Yellowdog Updater Modified update currently installed packages

yum history

Yellowdog Updater Modified view what has happened in past transactions

yum provides

Yellowdog Updater Modified whatprovides; will find out which package provides some features or file

yum shell

Yellowdog Updater Modified when filename is specified the contents of the file is executed in yum shell mode

yum reinstall

Yellowdog Updater Modified will reinstall identically versioned package as is currently installed

yum update-to

Yellowdog Updater Modified works like update, but always specifies the version we want

yum update-minimal

Yellowdog Updater Modified works like update, but updates to the minimal version

yum upgrade-to

Yellowdog Updater Modified works like upgrade, but specifies the version of packages we want

yum -y

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --assumeyes; assume yes to prompts

yum -C

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --cacheonly; run entirely from system cache

yum -c

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --config=file; specify a config file location; ftp, http, and local file paths

yum -d

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --debuglevel=number; specify debugging level; 0 - 10

yum -e

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --errorlevel=number; specify the error level; 0 - 10

yum -q

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --quiet; run without output

yum -R

Yellowdog Updater Modifier --randomwait=minutes; sets maximum amount of time to wait before performing a command

yum clean options

Yellowdog Updater Modifier OPTIONS: expire-cache packages headers metadata dbcache rpmdb plugins all

yum list options

Yellowdog Updater Modifier OPTIONS: available updates installed extras distro-extras obsoletes recent

yum --assumeno

Yellowdog Updater Modifier assume no

yum --showduplicates

Yellowdog Updater Modifier doesn't limit packages to their latest versions in the info

yum localinstall

Yellowdog Updater Modifier install a set of local rpm files

yum deplist

Yellowdog Updater Modifier list of all dependencies and what packages provide them

yum resolvedep

Yellowdog Updater Modifier list packages providing the specified dependencies

yum --rpmverbosity=name

Yellowdog Updater Modifier sets debug level to specified name for rpm scriptlets

yum --installroot=root

Yellowdog Updater Modifier specifies an alternative installroot, relative to which all packages will be installed

yum localupdate

Yellowdog Updater Modifier update the system by specifying local rpm files

bzip2 -z

a block-sorting file compressor --compress; forces compression

bzip2 -d

a block-sorting file compressor --decompress; force decompression

bzip2 -1 to -9

a block-sorting file compressor --fast, --best -1 is fast -9 is best

bzip2 -f

a block-sorting file compressor --force; force overwrite of output files

bzip2 -k

a block-sorting file compressor --keep; keep input files (don't delete) during compression or decompression

bzip2 -L -V

a block-sorting file compressor --license, --version; display license and version

bzip2 -q

a block-sorting file compressor --quiet; suppress non-essential warning messages

bzip2 -s

a block-sorting file compressor --small; reduce memory usage for compression, decompression and testing

bzip2 -c

a block-sorting file compressor --stdout; compress or decompress to stdout

bzip2 -t

a block-sorting file compressor --test; check integrity of specified file(s)

xfs_quota

ability to manage limits on disk space

tune2fs -j

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems add ext3 journal to the filesystem

tune2fs -e

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems change the behavior of the kernel when errors are detected

tune2fs -f

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems force operation to complete

tune2fs -l

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems list contents of the filesystem superblock

tune2fs -J

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems override the default ext3 journal parameters

tune2fs -E

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set extended options for the filesystem

tune2fs -o

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set or clear indicated default mount options in the filesystem

tune2fs -O

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set or clear the indicated filesystem features

tune2fs -m

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set percentage of filesystem that may be allocated

tune2fs -U

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the UUID of the filesystem clear random time

tune2fs -p

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the desired MMP check interval in seconds

tune2fs -g

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the group which can use the reserved filesystem blocks

tune2fs -i

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the interval between checks [d|m|w]

tune2fs -M

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the last mounted directory for the filesystem

tune2fs -C

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the mount count

tune2fs -c

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the number of mounts after which the filesystem will be checked

tune2fs -r

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the number of reversed filesystem blocks

tune2fs -T

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the time the filesystem was last checked

tune2fs -u

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the user who can use the reserved filesystem blocks

tune2fs -L

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set volume label of the filesystem

tune2fs -Q

adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems sets 'quota' feature on the superblock

\a

alert (BEL)

renice -g

alter priority of running processes --pgrd ID; process group ID

renice -p

alter priority of running processes --pid ID; interpret as process IDs

renice -n

alter priority of running processes --priority N; specify scheduling priority to be used

renice -u

alter priority of running processes --user name_or_uid; interpreted as usernames or UIDs

\\

backslash

\b

backspace

mkfs -t

build a filesystem --type type; specify type of filesystem to build

mkfs fs-options

build a filesystem fs-specific options may be passed to the real filesystem builder

\xHH

byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)

\0NNN

byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)

\r

carriage return

chattr -R

change file attributes on a Linux file system recursively change attributes of directories and their contents

chattr -f

change file attributes on a Linux file system suppress most error messages

chmod -c

change file mode bits --changes; report when change is made

chmod -R

change file mode bits --recursive; change files and directories recursively

chmod -f

change file mode bits --silent, --quiet; suppress most error messages

chmod --no-preserve-root

change file mode bits do not treat '/' specially

chmod --preserve-root

change file mode bits fail to operate recursively on '/'

chmod --reference=RFILE

change file mode bits specify RFILE to use instead of MODE values

touch -d

change file time stamps --date=STRING; specify and use alternate time

touch -c

change file time stamps --no-create; do not create a file

touch -h

change file time stamps --no-dereference; affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file

touch --time=WORD

change file time stamps WORD is access, atime, or use mtime

touch -a

change file time stamps access time

touch -m

change file time stamps modification time

touch -r

change file timestamps --reference=FILE; use an alternate file's timestamps

touch -t

change file timestamps specify time [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss]

xfs_admin

change parameters of the filesystem

gzip -a

compress or expand files --ascii; text mode

gzip -d

compress or expand files --decompress, --uncompress; decompress

gzip -#

compress or expand files --fast, --best; regulate speed of compression -1 or --fast = fastest ; less compression -9 or --best = slowest ; best compression

gzip -f

compress or expand files --force; force compression or decompression

gzip -L

compress or expand files --license; display the gzip license and quit

gzip -l

compress or expand files --list; for each compressed file, list fields; compressed and uncompressed size, ratio and name

gzip -N

compress or expand files --name; use to the original file name and time stamp; this is the default

gzip -n

compress or expand files --no-name; do not use the original file name and time stamp by default

gzip -q

compress or expand files --quiet; suppress all warnings

gzip -r

compress or expand files --recursive; travel directory structure recursively

gzip -c

compress or expand files --stdout, --to-stdout; write output on stdout ; keep original file unchanged

gzip -S

compress or expand files --suffix .suf; use suffix .suf instead of .gz

gzip -t

compress or expand files --test; check the compressed file integrity

cat -b

concatenate files and print on the standard output --number-nonblank

cat -n

concatenate files and print on the standard output --number; number all output

cat -A

concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-all

cat -E

concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-ends; display $ at the end of each line

cat -v

concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-nonprinting

cat -T

concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-tabs

cat -s

concatenate files and print on the standard output --squeeze-blank

dd cbs=BYTES

convert and copy a file convert BYTES at a time

dd conv=CONVS

convert and copy a file convert the file as per comma separated symbol list

dd count=N

convert and copy a file copy only N input blocks

dd bs=BYTES

convert and copy a file read and write BYTES at a time

dd iflag=FLAGS

convert and copy a file read as per comma separated symbol list

dd if=FILE

convert and copy a file read from FILE instead of stdin

dd ibs=BYTES

convert and copy a file read up to BYTES bytes at a time

dd skip=N

convert and copy a file skip N ibs-sized blocks at start of input

dd seek=N

convert and copy a file skip N obs-sized blocks at start of output

dd status=LEVEL

convert and copy a file the LEVEL of information to print to stderr: none, noxfer, or progress

dd obs=BYTES

convert and copy a file write BYTES bytes at a time

dd oflag=FLAGS

convert and copy a file write as per comma separated symbol list

dd of=FILE

convert and copy a file write to FILE instead of stdout

unexpand -a

convert spaces to tabs --all; convert all blanks instead of just initial blanks

unexpand -t

convert spaces to tabs --tabs=N; specify number of tabs apart instead of 8 --tabs=LIST; specify comma separated list of tab positions

unexpand --first-only

convert spaces to tabs convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a)

expand -i

convert tabs to spaces --initial; do not convert tabs after non blanks

expand -t

convert tabs to spaces --tabs=NUMBER; have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8

pr -a

convert text files for printing --across; print across rather than down

pr -COLUMN

convert text files for printing --columns=COLUMN

pr -D

convert text files for printing --date-format=FORMAT; specify date FORMAT for the header

pr -d

convert text files for printing --double-space; double space output

pr -e

convert text files for printing --expand-tabs=CHAR[WIDTH]; expand input CHAR (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)

pr -N

convert text files for printing --first-line-number=NUMBER; start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed

pr -f

convert text files for printing --form-feed; use form feeds instead of new lines to separate pages

pr -h

convert text files for printing --header=HEADER; use centered HEADER instead of filename in page header

pr -o

convert text files for printing --indent=MARGIN; offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces

pr -J

convert text files for printing --join-lines; merge full lines

pr -l

convert text files for printing --length=PAGE_LENGTH; set the page length

pr -m

convert text files for printing --merge; print all files in parallel

pr -r

convert text files for printing --no-file-warnings; omit warning when a file cannot be opened

pr -n

convert text files for printing --number-lines=SEP[DIGITS]; number lines

pr -t

convert text files for printing --omit-header; omit page headers and trailers

pr -T

convert text files for printing --omit-pagination; omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files

pr -i

convert text files for printing --output-tabs-CHAR[WIDTH]; replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)

pr -W

convert text files for printing --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH; set page width, truncate lines

pr -S

convert text files for printing --sep-string=STRING; separate columns by STRING

pr -s

convert text files for printing --separator=CHAR; separate columns by a single character

pr -c

convert text files for printing --show-control-chars; use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation

pr -v

convert text files for printing --show-nonprinting; use octal backslash notation

pr -w

convert text files for printing --width=PAGE_WIDTH; set page width

xfs_rtcp

copies a file to the real-time partition on a filesystem

cp -a

copy files and directories --archive; same as -dR --preserve=all

cp -L

copy files and directories --dereference; always follow symbolic links in SOURCE

cp -f

copy files and directories --force

cp -i

copy files and directories --interactive

cp -l

copy files and directories --link; hard link files instead of copying

cp -n

copy files and directories --no-clobber ; do not overwrite existing file

cp -P

copy files and directories --no-dereference; never follow symbolic links in SOURCE

cp -T

copy files and directories --no-target-directory; treat DEST as a normal file

cp -x

copy files and directories --one-file-system; stay on this file system

cp -R

copy files and directories --recursive; copy directories recursively

cp -S

copy files and directories --suffix=SUFFIX; override usual backup suffix

cp -s

copy files and directories --symbolic-link; make symbolic links instead of copying

cp -t

copy files and directories --target-directory=DIRECTORY; copy all source arguments into DIRECTORY

cp -u

copy files and directories --update; copy only when the source file is newer than the destination file

cp --reflink=WHEN

copy files and directories control clone/CoW copies

cp --sparse=WHEN

copy files and directories control creation of sparse files

cp -c

copy files and directories deprecated, same as --preserve=context

cp --attributes-only

copy files and directories don't copy the file data, just attributes

cp --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST

copy files and directories don't preserve the specified attributes

cp -H

copy files and directories follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE

cp -b

copy files and directories like --backup but does NOT accept an argument

cp --backup=CONTROL

copy files and directories make a backup of each existing destination file

cp --preserve=ATTR_LIST

copy files and directories preserve the specified attributes

cp --strip-trailing-slashes

copy files and directories remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

cp --remove-destination

copy files and directories remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it

cp -d

copy files and directories same as --no-dereference --preserve=links

cp -p

copy files and directories same as --preserve=mode, ownership, timestamps

cp -Z

copy files and directories set SELinux security context of destination file to default type

cp --parents

copy files and directories use fill source file name under DIRECTORY

cpio -A

copy files to and from archives --append; append to an existing archive; only works in copy-out mode

cpio -o

copy files to and from archives --create; run in copy-out mode

cpio -L

copy files to and from archives --dereference; copy the file that a symbolic link points to

cpio -V

copy files to and from archives --dot; print a '.' for each file processed

cpio -i

copy files to and from archives --extract; run in copy-in mode

cpio -F

copy files to and from archives --file=archive; archive filename to use instead of standard input and output

cpio -H

copy files to and from archives --format=FORMAT; use a specified archive format; bin, odc, newc, crc, tar, ustar, hpbin, hpodc

cpio -C IO-SIZE

copy files to and from archives --io-size=IO-SIZE; set the I/O block size specified in bytes

cpio -l

copy files to and from archives --link; link files instead of copying them when possible

cpio -t

copy files to and from archives --list; print a table of contents of the input

cpio -d

copy files to and from archives --make-directories; create leading directories where needed

cpio -M

copy files to and from archives --message=MESSAGE; print specified message when the end of a volume of the backup media is reached, to prompt the user to insert a new volume

cpio -f

copy files to and from archives --nonmatching; only copy files that do not match any of the given patterns

cpio -0

copy files to and from archives --null; read a list of filenames terminated by a null character, instead of a newline, so that files whose names contain newlines can be archived

cpio -n

copy files to and from archives --numeric-uid-gid; show numeric UID and GID instead of translating them into names

cpio -p

copy files to and from archives --pass-through; run in copy-pass mode

cpio -E

copy files to and from archives --pattern-file=FILE; read additional patterns specifying filenames to extract or list from FILE

cpio -m

copy files to and from archives --preserve-modification-time; retain previous file modification times when creating files

cpio -r

copy files to and from archives --rename; interactively rename files

cpio -a

copy files to and from archives --reset-access-time; reset the access times of files after reading them

cpio -s

copy files to and from archives --swap-bytes; swap the bytes of each halfword(pair of bytes) in the files

cpio -S

copy files to and from archives --swap-halfwords; swap the halfwords of each word (4 bytes) in the files

cpio -b

copy files to and from archives --swap; swap both halfwords of words and bytes of halfwords in the data

cpio -u

copy files to and from archives --unconditional; replace all files, without asking

cpio -W

copy files to and from archives --warning; control warning display

cpio -I

copy files to and from archives archive filename to use instead of standard input

cpio -O

copy files to and from archives archive filename to use instead of standard output

cpio --no-absolute-filenames

copy files to and from archives create all files relative to the current directory in copy-in mode

cpio --no-preserve-owner

copy files to and from archives do not change the ownership of the files

cpio --quiet

copy files to and from archives do not print the number of blocks copied

cpio --absolute-filenames

copy files to and from archives do not strip leading file name components that contain ".." and leading slashes from file names in copy-in mode

cpio --to-stdout

copy files to and from archives extract files to stdout

cpio --usage

copy files to and from archives give a short usage message

cpio -k

copy files to and from archives ignored

cpio --rsh-command=COMMAND

copy files to and from archives notifies cpio that it should use COMMAND to communicate with remote devices

cpio --license

copy files to and from archives print license and exit

cpio -R

copy files to and from archives set ownership of all files created to the specified user and/or group in copy-out and copy-pass modes.

cpio -B

copy files to and from archives set the I/O block size to 5120 bytes. Initial block size is 512 bytes

cpio --block-size=BLOCK-SIZE

copy files to and from archives set the I/O to BLOCK-SIZE * 512 bytes

cpio --only-verify-crc

copy files to and from archives verify the sum32 checksum's of each file in the archive, when reading a crc format archive

cpio --force-local

copy files to and from archives with -F, -I, or -O, take the archive file name to be a local file even if it contains a colon

cpio --sparse

copy files to and from archives write files with large blocks of zeros as sparse files

vi yy

copy lines

xfs_mkfile

create a file

groupadd -f

create a new group --force; causes command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists

groupadd -g

create a new group --gid GID; specify unique GID

groupadd -K

create a new group --key KEY=VALUE; overrides /etc/login.defs defaults

groupadd -o

create a new group --non-unique; permits to add group with non-unique GID

groupadd -p

create a new group --password PASSWORD; specify password

groupadd -R

create a new group --root CHROOT_DIR; apply changes in the specified directory and use its configuration files

groupadd -r

create a new group --system; create a system group

useradd -k

create a new user or update default --skel SKEL_DIR; contains files and directories to be copied in the user's home directory

useradd -b

create a new user or update default new user information --base-dir BASE_DIR; concatenated with the account name to define the home directory

useradd -c

create a new user or update default new user information --comment COMMENT; add comment

useradd -m

create a new user or update default new user information --create-home; create user's home directory

useradd -D

create a new user or update default new user information --defaults; change default value

useradd -e

create a new user or update default new user information --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE; set expire date: YYYY-MM-DD

useradd -g

create a new user or update default new user information --gid GROUP; group name or number of the user's initial login group

useradd -G

create a new user or update default new user information --groups G1, G2, etc; comma-separated list of groups

useradd -d

create a new user or update default new user information --home-dir HOME_DIR; new user will be created using HOME_DIR as the value for the user's login directory

useradd -f

create a new user or update default new user information --inactive number; number of days after the password has expired before becoming permanently disabled

useradd -K

create a new user or update default new user information --key KEY=VALUE; overrides /etc/login.defs defaults

useradd -M

create a new user or update default new user information --no-create-home; do not create user home directory

useradd -l

create a new user or update default new user information --no-log-init; do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases

useradd -N

create a new user or update default new user information --no-user-group; do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add user to the group specified by the -g option

useradd -o

create a new user or update default new user information --non-unique; create user account with duplicate UID

useradd -p

create a new user or update default new user information --password PSWD; set user password

useradd -R

create a new user or update default new user information --root CHROOT_DIR; apply changes in the directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR directory

useradd -Z

create a new user or update default new user information --selinux-user SEUSER; SELinux user for the user's login

useradd -s

create a new user or update default new user information --shell SHELL; the name of the user login shell

useradd -r

create a new user or update default new user information --system; create a system account

useradd -u

create a new user or update default new user information --uid UID; specify unique UUID

useradd -U

create a new user or update default new user information --user-group; create group with same name as user

mkfs.xfs /<device location>

create a xfs filesystem

mke2fs -j

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem add ext3 journal

mke2fs -E resize

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem allow block group descriptor table to grow

mke2fs -J device

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem attach filesystem to the journal block device located on the specified external journal

mke2fs -c

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem check for bad blocks before creating

mke2fs -E stride

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem configure filesystem for a RAID array with specified stride-size filesystem blocks

mke2fs -E stripe-width

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem configure the filesystem for a RAID array with specified stripe-width filesystem blocks per stripe

mke2fs -J

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem create ext3 journal using options specified on the command-line

mke2fs -J size

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem create internal journal of specified size in MB

mke2fs -E discard

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem discard blocks

mke2fs -E nodiscard

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem do not attempt to discard blocks

mke2fs -O journal_dev

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem external journal; must have been created with same block size as the new filesystem

mke2fs -F

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem force filesystem creation

mke2fs -E lazy_itable_init

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem inode table will not be fully initialized. speds up filesystem initialization noticeably

mke2fs -n

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem no filesystem is created, but displays its simulation

mke2fs -N

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem override the default calculation of the number of inodes that should be reserved for the filesystem

mke2fs -q

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem quiet execution

mke2fs -l

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem read bad blocks list from specified filename

mke2fs -E test_fs

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set a flag in the filesystem superblock

mke2fs -o

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set creator operating system field

mke2fs -E

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set extended options for the filesystem

mke2fs -r

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set filesystem revision

mke2fs -M

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set the last mounted directory for the filesystem

mke2fs -L

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set volume label

mke2fs -U

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify UUID

mke2fs -t

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify a filesystem type

mke2fs -b

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify block size in bytes

mke2fs -i

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify bytes/inode ratio

mke2fs -O

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify features

mke2fs -T

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify how filesystem is going to be used

mke2fs -G

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify number of block groups that will be packed together to create a larger virtual block group in an ext4 filesystem

mke2fs -g

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify number of blocks in a block group

mke2fs -m

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify reserved blocks percentage for superuser

mke2fs -I

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify size of each inode in bytes

mke2fs -f

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify size of fragments in bytes

mke2fs -C

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify size of the cluster in bytes for filesystems using the bigalloc feature

mke2fs -D

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem use direct I/O when writing to the disk

mke2fs -S

create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem write superblock and group descriptors only

xfs_db

debug a filesystem

xfs_io

debugging tool aimed at examining regular file I/O paths rather than the raw volume

xfs_metadump

debugging tool that copies XFS filesystem metadata to a file

xfs_fsr

defragment mounted file system

vi d

delete all line characters after current position

vi dd

delete one or many lines

file -b

determine file type --brief; do no prepend filenames to output

file -c

determine file type --checking-printout; cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file

file -C

determine file type --compile; write a magic.mgc output file that contains pre-parsed version of the magic file or directory

file -L

determine file type --dereference; causes symlinks to be followed

file -e

determine file type --exclude testname; exclude the test named in testname from the list of tests made to determine the file type

file -f

determine file type --files-from namefile; read the names of the files to be examined from namefile before the argument list

file -k

determine file type --keep-going; don't stop at first match

file -l

determine file type --list; print information about the strength of each magic pattern

file -m

determine file type --magic-file magicfiles; specify an alternative list of files and directories containing magic

file -i

determine file type --mime; output mime type strings rather than human readable

file -n

determine file type --no-buffer; force stdout to be flushed after checking each file

file -h

determine file type --no-dereference; causes symlinks not to be followed

file -N

determine file type --no-pad; don't pad filenames so that they align in the output

file -p

determine file type --preserve-date; preserve access time of the files analyzed to pretend that file never read them

file -0

determine file type --print0; output a null character '\0' after the end of the filename

file -r

determine file type --raw; don't translate unprintable characters to \ooo. normally this command translates unprintable characters to their octal representation

file -F

determine file type --separator separator; use specified string as the separator between the filename and the file

file -s

determine file type --special-files; read argument files which are block or character special files

file -z

determine file type try to look inside a compressed file

top -b

display Linux tasks batch mode

top -c

display Linux tasks command or program name toggle

top -S

display Linux tasks cumulative time mode

top -d

display Linux tasks delay time between screen updates

top -i

display Linux tasks idle processes

top -n

display Linux tasks number of iterations

top -s

display Linux tasks secure mode

top -u

display Linux tasks specify user

top -U

display Linux tasks specify user; matches real, effective, saved, and filesystem UIDs

top -p

display Linux tasks state specific process IDs (max of 20)

top -H

display Linux tasks threads toggle

echo -E

display line of text disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)

echo -n

display line of text do not output the trailing newline

echo -e

display line of text enable interpretation of backslash escapes

ps -G grplist

display the status of current processes --Group grplist; select by real group ID (RGID) or name

ps -g grplist

display the status of current processes --group grplist; select by session or group name

ps -s sesslist

display the status of current processes --sid sesslist; select by session ID

ps -t

display the status of current processes --tty ttylist; associated with terminal

ps S

display the status of current processes accumulated CPU time by process and all it's children

ps -x

display the status of current processes includes processes with no controlling terminal

ps x

display the status of current processes lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction

ps -p pidlist

display the status of current processes p pidlist, --pid pidlist; select by process ID

ps -l

display the status of current processes prints long listing

ps r

display the status of current processes restrict the selection to only running processes

ps -A

display the status of current processes same as -e, select all processes

ps -T

display the status of current processes select all processes associated with this terminal

ps T

display the status of current processes select all processes associated with this terminal

ps -a

display the status of current processes select all processes except both session leaders and processes not associated with a terminal

ps -d

display the status of current processes select all processes except for session leaders

ps --deselect

display the status of current processes select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions

ps -N

display the status of current processes select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions; identical to --deselect

ps -C cmdlist

display the status of current processes select by command name

ps --ppid pidlist

display the status of current processes select by parent process ID

ps -t ttylist

display the status of current processes t ttylist, -tty ttylist; select by terminal

ps -u

display the status of current processes user specified

ps -w

display the status of current processes wide output format

quota -A

displays users' disk usage and limits --all-nfs; report on all NFS filesystems even if they report to be on the same device

quota -f

displays users' disk usage and limits --filesystem-list; report only for filesystems specified on command line

quota -F

displays users' disk usage and limits --format=name; show for specified format

quota -g

displays users' disk usage and limits --group; print group quotas for the user's group

quota -s

displays users' disk usage and limits --human-readable; option will make quota try to choose units for showing limits, used space and used inodes

quota -l

displays users' disk usage and limits --local-only; report only on local filesystems

quota -i

displays users' disk usage and limits --no-autofs; ignore mount points mounted by automounter

quota -m

displays users' disk usage and limits --no-mixed-pathnames; always send paths with leading slash

quota -w

displays users' disk usage and limits --no-wrap; do not wrap the line if device name is too long

quota -Q

displays users' disk usage and limits --quiet-refuse; do not print error message if connection is refused

quota -q

displays users' disk usage and limits --quiet; print a more terse message, only information on filesystems where usage is high

quota -p

displays users' disk usage and limits --raw-grace; when user in grace period report time in seconds since epoch when his grace time runs out

quota -u

displays users' disk usage and limits --user; specify users

quota --hide-device

displays users' disk usage and limits do not show device name in filesystem ID

quota --show-mntpoint

displays users' disk usage and limits show mount point as a filesystem ID

quota --always-resolve

displays users' disk usage and limits try to translate user / group name to UID / GID

edquota -t

edit user quotas --edit-period; edit soft time limits for each filesystem

edquota -T

edit user quotas --edit-times; edit time for the user/group when softlimit is enforced

edquota -f

edit user quotas --filesystem name; perform specified operations for a given filesystem

edquota -F

edit user quotas --format=name; edit for a specified format

edquota -g

edit user quotas --group; edit group quota

edquota -m

edit user quotas --no-mixed-pathnames; trailing slash added to paths

edquota -p

edit user quotas --prototype=protoname; duplicate quota of the prototypical user

edquota -r

edit user quotas --remote; edit non-local quotas

edquota -u

edit user quotas --user; specify user (DEFAULT)

edquota --always-resolve

edit user quotas try and translate user / group name to UID/GID

\e

escape

du -a

estimate file space usage --all; write counts for all files

du -B

estimate file space usage --block-size=SIZE; scale size before printing them

du -b

estimate file space usage --bytes; equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'

du -l

estimate file space usage --count-links; count sizes many times if hard linked

du -D

estimate file space usage --dereference-args; dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line

du -L

estimate file space usage --dereference; dereference all symbolic links

du -X

estimate file space usage --exclude-from=FILE; exclude files that match any pattern in FILE

du -h

estimate file space usage --human-readable; print sizes in human readable format

du -d

estimate file space usage --max-depth=N; print the total for a directory only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument

du -P

estimate file space usage --no-dereference; don't follow any symbolic links

du -0

estimate file space usage --null; end each output line with 0-byte rather than newline

du -x

estimate file space usage --one-file-system; skip directories on different file systems

du -S

estimate file space usage --separate-dirs; for directories do not include size of subdirectories

du -s

estimate file space usage --summarize; display only total for each argument

du -t

estimate file space usage --threshold=SIZE; exclude entries smaller than SIZE if possible

du -c

estimate file space usage --total; produce a grand total

du --exclude=PATTERN

estimate file space usage exclude files that match PATTERN

du -k

estimate file space usage like --block-size=1K

du -m

estimate file space usage like --block-size=1M

du --si

estimate file space usage like -h, but uses powers of 1000, not 1024

du --inodes

estimate file space usage list inode usage information instead of block usage

du --apparent-size

estimate file space usage print apparent sizes rather than disk usage

du --time

estimate file space usage show time of the last modification of any file in the directory or it's subdirectories

du --time-style=STYLE

estimate file space usage show time using STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT

du --time=WORD

estimate file space usage specify time to show: atime, access, use, ctime, or status

du --files0-from=F

estimate file space usage summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in the file F; if F is -, read names from stdin

xfs_estimate

estimate the amount of space that a filesystem will take

debugfs -i

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger device represents an ext2 image file

debugfs -b

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger forces the use of a given block size

debugfs -c

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger open in catastrophic mode

debugfs -w

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger open in read/write mode

debugfs -f

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger read-in commands from a file and then execute them

debugfs -R

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger single command request

debugfs -d

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger specifies data source device with the -i option

debugfs -s

ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger superblock to be read from the given block number

xfs_growfs

extend the filesystem

locate -A

find files by name --all; print only entries that match all patterns

locate -b

find files by name --basename; match only base name

locate -c

find files by name --count; write number of matching entries only

locate -d

find files by name --database DBPATH; replace the default database with the specified

locate -e

find files by name --existing; print only entries of files existing at the time the command was run

locate -L

find files by name --follow; follow trailing symbolic links

locate -i

find files by name --ignore-case; ignore case

locate -l

find files by name --limit, -n LIMIT; exit after finding LIMIT entries

locate -P

find files by name --nofollow, -H; do not follow trailing symbolic links

locate -0

find files by name --null; separate entries using the NUL character

locate -q

find files by name --quiet; write no messages or errors

locate -r

find files by name --regexp REGEXP; search basic regexp

locate -S

find files by name --statistics; write stats about each read database to stdout

locate -w

find files by name --wholename; match whole path name

locate --regex

find files by name interpret all patterns as extended regexps

vi :q!

force quit

\f

form feed

xfs_ncheck

generate a list of inode numbers alogn with path names

\t

horizontal tab

xfsdump

incremental dump utility; backs up files and their attributes

vi p

insert last deleted text after current character

vi a

insert mode after character

vi o

insert mode before current line

vi i

insert mode before current position

vi c

insert mode, change current character

dpkg package selection states

install hold deinstall purge

join -i

join lines of two files on a common field --ignore-case; ignore case when comparing fields

join -z

join lines of two files on a common field --zero-terminated; end line with 0 byte, not newline

join -a

join lines of two files on a common field also print unpairable lines from specified file

join --check-order

join lines of two files on a common field check that input is correctly sorted

join --nocheck-order

join lines of two files on a common field do NOT check that input is correctly sorted

join -j

join lines of two files on a common field equivalent to '-1 FIELD -2 FIELD'

join -1

join lines of two files on a common field join on field of file 1

join -2

join lines of two files on a common field join on this field of file2

join -v

join lines of two files on a common field like -a, but suppress joined output lines

join -o

join lines of two files on a common field obey FORMAT while constructing output line

join -e

join lines of two files on a common field replace missing input fields with EMPTY

join --header

join lines of two files on a common field treat first line of file as field headers, print without trying to pair

join -t

join lines of two files on a common field user CHAR as input and output field seperator

ls -a

list directory contents --all

ls -A

list directory contents --almost-all ; do not list . and .. for current and parent directory

ls -F

list directory contents --classify; append indicator to entries

ls -H

list directory contents --dereference-command-line; follow symbolic links listed on the command line

ls -L

list directory contents --dereference; when showing file info for sym link, show info for the file the link references rather that the link itself

ls -d

list directory contents --directory; list directories only

ls -D

list directory contents --dired; generate output designed for emacs' dired mode

ls -b

list directory contents --escape; print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters

ls -q

list directory contents --hide-control-chars; print ? instead of non-graphic characters

ls -h

list directory contents --human-readable; with -l, print sizes in human readable format

ls -B

list directory contents --ignore-backups; do not list implied entries ending with ~

ls -I

list directory contents --ignore=PATTERN; do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

ls -p

list directory contents --indicator-style=slash; append indicator to entries

ls -i

list directory contents --inode; print the index number of each file

ls -k

list directory contents --kibibytes; show 1024-byte blocks for disk usage

ls -N

list directory contents --literal; print raw entry names

ls -G

list directory contents --no-group ; do not display group names

ls -n

list directory contents --numeric-uid-gid; list numeric UIDs and GIDs

ls -Q

list directory contents --quote-name; enclose entry names in double quotes

ls -R

list directory contents --recursive; list directories recursively

ls -r

list directory contents --reverse; sort in reverse order

ls -s

list directory contents --size; print size of each file in blocks

ls -T

list directory contents --tabsize=COLS; specify tab size

ls -w

list directory contents --width=COLS; assume screen width

ls --format=WORD

list directory contents across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C

ls --indicator-style=WORD

list directory contents append indicator with style WORD to entry names

ls --color=WHEN

list directory contents colorize the output; never, auto, or always for WHEN

ls --hide=PATTERN

list directory contents do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

ls -g

list directory contents do not list owner

ls -U

list directory contents do not sort

ls -f

list directory contents do not sort

ls -C

list directory contents entries by columns

ls -m

list directory contents fill width with comma separated list of entries

ls --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir

list directory contents follow each command line symbolic link

ls --group-directories-first

list directory contents group directories before files

ls -o

list directory contents like -l, but do not list group information

ls -x

list directory contents list entries by lines instead of columns

ls -1

list directory contents list one file per line

ls -l

list directory contents long listing format

ls --block-size=SIZE

list directory contents scale by SIZE before printing

ls --show-control-chars

list directory contents show non-graphic characters as-is

ls -X

list directory contents sort alphabetically by entry extentions

ls --sort=WORD

list directory contents sort by WORD instead of name

ls -S

list directory contents sort by file size

ls -t

list directory contents sort by modification time

ls -v

list directory contents sort by version

ls --quoting-style=WORD

list directory contents use quoting style WORD for entry names; literal, locale, shell-always, d, escape

ls --author

list directory contents with -l, print the author of files

ls --time=WORD

list directory contents with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time

ls --time-style=STYLE

list directory contents with -l, show times using STYLE

ls -u

list directory contents with -lt, sort by and show access time

ls -c

list directory contents with -lt, sort by and show ctime

lsattr -a

list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system list all files and directories

lsattr -d

list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system list directories like other files, rather than listing their contents

lsattr -R

list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system recursively list attributes of directories and their contents

whereis -b

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command binaries

whereis -B

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command limit where command searches for binaries

whereis -M

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command limit where command searches for manual sections

whereis -S

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command limit where command searches for sources

whereis -m

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command manual sections

whereis -u

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command search for unusual entries

whereis -s

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command sources

whereis -f

locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command terminate the directory list and signals the start of file names, must be used when any of the -B, -M, or -S options are used

mkdir -m

make directories --mode=MODE; set file mode

mkdir -p

make directories --parents; make parent directories as needed

mkdir -Z

make directories set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type

paste -d

merge lines of files --delimiters=LIST; use delimiters

paste -s

merge lines of files --serial; one file at a time instead of in parallel

mount -B

mount a file system --bind; remount a subtree somewhere else

mount -f

mount a file system --fake; causes everything to be done except for the system call

mount -F

mount a file system --fork; fork off a new mount for each device; mount in parallel

mount -T

mount a file system --fstab path; specify alternate fstab

mount -i

mount a file system --internal-only; don't call /sbin/mount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists

mount -L

mount a file system --label label; specified label

mount -M

mount a file system --move; move a subtree to some other place

mount -c

mount a file system --no-canonicalize; don't canonicalize paths

mount -n

mount a file system --no-mtab; mount without writing in /etc/mtab

mount -o

mount a file system --options opts; specify comma-separated options

mount -R

mount a file system --rbind; remount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else

mount -r

mount a file system --read-only; mount the filesystem as read-only

mount -w

mount a file system --rw, --read-write; mount the filesystem read/write (default)

mount -l

mount a file system --show-labels; add the labels in the mount output

mount -O

mount a file system --test-opts opts; used with -a to limit the set of filesystems for which -a is applied

mount -t

mount a file system --types vfstype; specify the filesystem type

mount -U

mount a file system --uuid number; mount the partition that has the specified uuid

mount -a

mount a file system -all; mount all filesystems mentioned in /etc/fstab

mount --source

mount a file system allows to explicitly define that the argument is mount source

mount --target dir

mount a file system allows you to define mount target

mount -s

mount a file system sloppy mount option

mv -Z

move files --context; set SELinux security context of destination file to default type

mv -f

move files --force; do not prompt before overwrite

mv -i

move files --interactive; prompt before overwrite

mv -n

move files --no-clobber; do not overwrite an existing file

mv -T

move files --no-target-directory; treat DEST as a normal file

mv -S

move files --suffix=SUFFIX; override the usual backup suffix

mv -t

move files --target-directory=DIRECTORY; move source argument into the DIRECTORY

mv -u

move files --update; move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file

mv -h

move files if target is symbolic link to a directory, do not follow it

mv -b

move files like --backup, but does not accept argument

mv --backup=CONTROL

move files make a backup of each existing destination file

mv --strip-trailing-slashes

move files remove any trailing slashes from each source argument

vi h, k, j, i

move left, right, down, up

\n

new line

dpkg package states

not-installed config-files half-installed unpacked half-configured triggers-awaited triggers-pending installed

nl -b

number lines of files --body-numbering=STYLE; uses STYLE for numbering body lines

nl -f

number lines of files --footer-numbering=STYLE; uses STYLE for numbering footer lines

nl -h

number lines of files --header-numbering=STYLE; use STYLE for numbering header lines

nl -l

number lines of files --join-blank-lines=NUMBER; count number of empty lines as one

nl -i

number lines of files --line-increment=NUMBER; line number increment at each line

nl -p

number lines of files --no-renumber; do NOT reset line numbers at logical pages

nl -n

number lines of files --number-format=FORMAT; insert line numbers according to FORMAT

nl -s

number lines of files --number-separator=STRING; add STRING after line number

nl -w

number lines of files --number-width=NUMBER; use number columns for line numbers

nl -d

number lines of files --section-delimiter=CC; use CC for separating logical pages

nl -v

number lines of files --starting-line-number=NUMBER; first line number on each logical page

head -c

output the first part of files --bytes=[-]K; print specified number of bytes of file

head -n

output the first part of files --lines=[-]K; number of lines to print

head -q

output the first part of files --quiet, --silent; never print headers giving file names

head -v

output the first part of files --verbose; always print headers giving file names

tail -c

output the last part of files --bytes=K; specify last number of bytes to display

tail -f

output the last part of files --follow=[name|descriptor]; show appended data as file grows

tail -n

output the last part of files --lines=NUM; show last NUM of lines, instead of 10

tail -q

output the last part of files --quiet, --silent; never output headers giving filenames

tail -s

output the last part of files --sleep-interval=N; set a sleep interval

tail --max-unchanged-stats=N

output the last part of files change size after specified number of iterations

tail --retry

output the last part of files keep trying to open a file

tail -F

output the last part of files same as --follow=name --retry

tail --pid=PID

output the last part of files with -f, terminate after specified PID dies

dpkg -C

package manager for Debian --audit; searches for packages that have been partially installed

dpkg -B

package manager for Debian --auto-deconfigure; When a package is removed, there is a possibility that another installed package depended on the removed package. Specifying this option will cause automatic deconfiguration of the package which depended on the removed package.

dpkg -Doctal

package manager for Debian --debug=octal; switch debugging on

dpkg --no-act

package manager for Debian --dry-run, --simulate; do everything which is supposed to be done, but don't write any changes

dpkg -i

package manager for Debian --install package-file; install a package

dpkg-query -p

package manager for Debian --print-avail <packagename>; display details about packagename

dpkg -A

package manager for Debian --record-avail package-file; update from the specified package file

dpkg -R

package manager for Debian --recursive; recursively handle all regular files matching pattern *.deb found at specified directories and all of its subdirectories

dpkg -r

package manager for Debian --remove, -P, --purge packagename; remove a package

dpkg-query -S

package manager for Debian --search <filename>; search for packages that own files corresponding to the given pattern

dpkg -O

package manager for Debian --selected-only; only process the packages that are selected for installation

dpkg -E

package manager for Debian --skip-same-version; don't install the package if the same version of the package is already installed

dpkg -V

package manager for Debian --verify packagename; verifies the integrity of the packagename or all packages

dpkg --add-architecture

package manager for Debian add architecture to the list of architectures for which packages can be installed

dpkg --triggers

package manager for Debian cancels a previous --no-triggers

dpkg --abort-after=number

package manager for Debian change after how many errors dpkg will abort

dpkg --admindir=dir

package manager for Debian change default administrative directory (default -- /var/lib/dpkg)

dpkg --instdir=dir

package manager for Debian change the default installation directory

dpkg --root=dir

package manager for Debian changing root changes instdir to dir and admindir to dir/var/lib/dpkg

dpkg --configure

package manager for Debian configure a package that has been unpacked but not yet configured

dpkg --no-force-things

package manager for Debian do not force

dpkg --no-triggers

package manager for Debian do not run any triggers in this run

dpkg --no-debsig

package manager for Debian do not try to verify package signature

dpkg -G

package manager for Debian don't install a package if a newer version of the same package is already installed

dpkg --clear-avail

package manager for Debian erase existing information about what packages are available

dpkg --path-exclude=glob-pattern

package manager for Debian exclude the pattern

dpkg --force-things

package manager for Debian force things

dpkg --get-selections

package manager for Debian get list of package selections and write it to stdout

dpkg --ignore-depends=package

package manager for Debian ignore dependency-checking for specified packages

dpkg --path-include=glob-pattern

package manager for Debian include the pattern

dpkg --pre-invoke=command

package manager for Debian invoke a command before

dpkg --log=filename

package manager for Debian log status change updates and actions to filename

dpkg --print-architecture

package manager for Debian print architecture of packages dpkg installs

dpkg --print-foreign-architectures

package manager for Debian print list of extra architectures dpkg is configured to allow packages to be installed for

dpkg --triggers-only

package manager for Debian processes only triggers

dpkg --refuse-things

package manager for Debian refuse

dpkg --remove-architecture

package manager for Debian remove architecture from the list of architectures for which packages can be installed

dpkg --post-invoke=command

package manager for Debian run a command after

dpkg --yet-to-unpack

package manager for Debian searches for packages selected for installation, but has not been installed yet

dpkg --status-fd n

package manager for Debian send machine readable package status and progress information to file descriptor n

dpkg --status-logger=command

package manager for Debian send machine readable package status and progress information to shell command's stdin

dpkg --clear-selections

package manager for Debian set requested state of every non-essential package to deinstall

dpkg --set-selections

package manager for Debian set selections using file read from stdin

dpkg --verify-format name

package manager for Debian sets the output format for the --verify command

dpkg --unpack

package manager for Debian unpack a package, but do NOT configure

dpkg --merge-avail

package manager for Debian update available packages old information is combined with information from the specified package file

dpkg --update-avail

package manager for Debian update available packages old information is replaced with the information in the specified packages file

dpkg --compare-versions

package manager for Debian ver1 op ver2; compare version numbers where op is a binary operator

jobs -l

print currently running jobs last job to be started is printed

jobs -p

print currently running jobs show process ID for each process

grep -G

print lines matching a pattern --basic-regex; default, interpret as a basic regular expression

grep -b

print lines matching a pattern --byte-offset; print the 0-based byte offset within the input file before each line of output

grep --color=WHEN

print lines matching a pattern --colour=WHEN; displayed the matched output in color on the terminal

grep -c

print lines matching a pattern --count; print a count of matching lines for each input file

grep -E

print lines matching a pattern --extended-regex; egrep, interpret as extended regular expression

grep -f

print lines matching a pattern --file=FILE; obtain pattern from specified file

grep -l

print lines matching a pattern --files-with-matches; print the name of each input file from which output would normally have been printed

grep -L

print lines matching a pattern --files-without-match; print the name of each input file from which no output would normally have been printed

grep -F

print lines matching a pattern --fixed-strings, --fixed-regexp; fgrep, interpret as list of fixed strings

grep -i

print lines matching a pattern --ignore-case; ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and input files

grep -T

print lines matching a pattern --initial-tab; first character of line content lies on a tab stop, so alignment of tabs looks normal

grep -v

print lines matching a pattern --invert-match; invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines

grep -n

print lines matching a pattern --line-number; prefix each line of output with line number

grep -x

print lines matching a pattern --line-regexp; select only matches that exactly match the whole line

grep -m

print lines matching a pattern --max-count=N; stop reading the file after specified number of lines

grep -h

print lines matching a pattern --no-filename; suppress the prefixing of file names on output

grep -s

print lines matching a pattern --no-messages; suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files

grep -Z

print lines matching a pattern --null; output a zero byte instead of character that normally follows a filename

grep -o

print lines matching a pattern --only-matching; print only matched parts of a matching line with each as separate output line

grep -P

print lines matching a pattern --perl-regexp; interpret as Perl regular expression

grep -q

print lines matching a pattern --quiet, --silent; do not write anything to stdout

grep -e

print lines matching a pattern --regexp=PATTERN; can be used to specify multiple search patterns

grep -u

print lines matching a pattern --unix-byte-offsets; report byte offsets as if the files were Unix-style text file

grep -H

print lines matching a pattern --with-filename; print the filename for each match

grep -w

print lines matching a pattern --word-regexp; select only lines containing matches that form whole words

grep --label=LABEL

print lines matching a pattern display input actually coming from stdin as input coming from specified file

pwd -L

print name of current working directory --logical; use command from environment, even if it contains symlinks

pwd -P

print name of current working directory --physical; avoid all symlinks

wc -c

print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --bytes; byte count

wc -m

print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --chars; character count

wc -l

print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --lines; line counts

wc -L

print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --max-line-length; print length of longest line

wc -w

print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --words; word count

wc --files0-from=F

print newline, word, and byte counts for each file read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F

uname -a

print system information --all; print all system information

uname -i

print system information --hardware-platform; print hardware platform

uname -s

print system information --kernel-name; print kernel name

uname -r

print system information --kernel-release; print kernel release

uname -v

print system information --kernel-version; print kernel version

uname -m

print system information --machine; print machine hardware name

uname -n

print system information --nodename; print network node hostname

uname -o

print system information --operating-system; print operating system

uname -p

print system information --processor; print processor type

groups

print the groups a user is in

xfs_logprint

prints log of the filesystem

xfs_bmap

prints the map of disk blocks used by files in an XFS filesystem

\c

produce no further output

rmdir -p

remove empty directories --parents; removes directory and parent directories

rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty

remove empty directories ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is not empty

rm -d

remove files or directories --dir; remove empty directories

rm -f

remove files or directories --force

rm -r

remove files or directories --recursive; remove directories and their contents

rm --preserve-root

remove files or directories do not remove '/'

rm --no-preserve-root

remove files or directories do not treat '/' specially

rm --interactive=WHEN

remove files or directories prompt according to WHEN; never, once (-I), always(-i); without WHEN, prompt always

rm -i

remove files or directories prompt before every removal

rm -I

remove files or directories prompt once before removing more that three files, or when removing recursively

rm --one-file-system

remove files or directories when removing recursively, skip any directory that is on a different file system

cut -b

remove sections from each line of files --bytes=LIST; select only these bytes

cut -c

remove sections from each line of files --characters=LIST; select only these characters

cut -d

remove sections from each line of files --delimiter=DELIM; specify a delimiter

cut -f

remove sections from each line of files --fields=LIST; select only these fields

cut -s

remove sections from each line of files --only-delimited; do not print lines not containing delimiters

cut --complement

remove sections from each line of files complement the set of selected bytes, characters, or fields

cut --output-delimiter=STRING

remove sections from each line of files use STRING as the output delimiter

cut -n

remove sections from each line of files with -b; don't split multibyte characters

df -a

report file system disk space usage --all; include dummy file systems

df -B

report file system disk space usage --block-size=SIZE; scale sizes by SIZE before printing them

df -x

report file system disk space usage --exclude-type=TYPE; limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE

df -h

report file system disk space usage --human-readable; print sizes in human readable format

df -i

report file system disk space usage --inodes; list inode information instead of block usage

df -l

report file system disk space usage --local; limit listing to local file systems

df -P

report file system disk space usage --portability; use POSIX output format

df -T

report file system disk space usage --print-type; print filesystem type

df -H

report file system disk space usage --si; use powers of 1000 instead of 1024

df -t

report file system disk space usage --type=TYPE; limit to file systems of specified TYPE

df --no-sync

report file system disk space usage do not invoke sync before getting usage info

df --sync

report file system disk space usage invoke sync before getting usage info

df --total

report file system disk space usage produce a grand total

df --direct

report file system disk space usage show statistics for a file instead of a mount point

df --output=FIELD_LIST

report file system disk space usage use the output format defined by FIELD_LIST or print all fields if no file is specified

uniq -D

report or omit repeated lines --all-repeated=METHOD; print all duplicate lines

uniq -w

report or omit repeated lines --check-chars=N; compare no more than N characters in lines

uniq -c

report or omit repeated lines --count; count number of occurrences

uniq -i

report or omit repeated lines --ignore-case; ignore differences in case when comparing

uniq -d

report or omit repeated lines --repeated; only print duplicate lines

uniq -s

report or omit repeated lines --skip-chars=N; skip the first N characters

uniq -f

report or omit repeated lines --skip-fields=N; avoid comparing the first N fields

uniq -u

report or omit repeated lines --unique; only print unique lines

uniq -z

report or omit repeated lines --zero-terminated; end lines with 0 byte, not newline

od -A

represents in octal format --address-radix=RADIX; output format for file offsets

od -t

represents in octal format --format=TYPE; select output format(s)

od -v

represents in octal format --output-duplicates; do not use * to mark line suppression

od -N

represents in octal format --read-bytes=BYTES; limit dump to BYTES input bytes

od -j

represents in octal format --skip-bytes=BYTES; skip BYTES input bytes first

od -S BYTES

represents in octal format --strings=[=BYTES]output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars

od -w

represents in octal format --width=BYTES; output BYTES bytes per output line

od --traditional

represents in octal format accept arguments in 3rd form above

od -b

represents in octal format byte offset

od -c

represents in octal format character format

od -d

represents in octal format displayed as 2-byte decimal units

od -o

represents in octal format displayed as 2-byte octal units

od -i

represents in octal format displayed as decimal integers

od -x

represents in octal format displayed as hexadecimal 2 byte units

od -a

represents in octal format named characters

od -s

represents in octal format select decimal 2-byte units

od -l

represents in octal format select decimal longs

od -f

represents in octal format select floats

xfsrestore

restore filesystems from dumps

xfs_mdrestore

restore metadump image to a filesystem image

nohup

run a command immune to hangups

fg

run a job in the foreground

nice -n

run a program with modified scheduling priority --adjustment=N; add integer N for adjustment to the niceness (Most favor: -20 to Least favor: 19)

bg

run jobs in the background can add & to end of command

xfs_repair

scans filesystem and corrects any problems encountered

find -noleaf

search for files in a directory hierarchy Do not optimize by assuming that directories contain 2 fewer subdirectories than their hard link count. This option is needed when searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix directory-link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount points.

find -perm -mode

search for files in a directory hierarchy all of the permission bits mode are set for the file

find -false

search for files in a directory hierarchy always false

find -true

search for files in a directory hierarchy always true

find -perm /mode

search for files in a directory hierarchy any of the permission bits are set for the file

find -perm +mode

search for files in a directory hierarchy any of the permission bits mode are set for the file

find -xtype c

search for files in a directory hierarchy checks the type of the file that -type does not check

find -newerXY reference

search for files in a directory hierarchy compares the timestamp of the current file with the reference

find -mmin n

search for files in a directory hierarchy data was last modified n minutes ago

find -mtime n

search for files in a directory hierarchy data was last modified n*24 hours ago

find -delete

search for files in a directory hierarchy delete files

find -maxdepth

search for files in a directory hierarchy descend at most levels of directories below the command line argument

find -mindepth

search for files in a directory hierarchy do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than specified

find -H

search for files in a directory hierarchy do not follow symbolic links except while processing the command line arguments

find -mount

search for files in a directory hierarchy don't descend directories on other filesystems. An alternate name for -xdev

find -exec command ;

search for files in a directory hierarchy execute a command

find -group gname

search for files in a directory hierarchy file belongs to group name

find -inum n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file has inode number of n

find -links n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file has n links

find -empty

search for files in a directory hierarchy file is empty and either a file or directory

find -type c

search for files in a directory hierarchy file is of type c: 'b' block 'c' character 'd' directory 'p' named pipe (FIFO) 'f' regular file 'l' symbolic link 's' socket 'D' door (Solaris)

find -fstype type

search for files in a directory hierarchy file is on a specified filesystem type

find -user uname

search for files in a directory hierarchy file is owned by specified user

find -lname pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy file is symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern specified

find -wholename pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy file name matches shell pattern specified

find -samefile name

search for files in a directory hierarchy file refers to the same inode as name

find -size n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file uses n units of space 'b' 512-byte blocks 'c' bytes 'w' 2-byte words 'k' kilobytes (1024 bytes) 'M' megabytes (1048576 bytes) 'G' gigabytes (1073741824 bytes)

find -anewer file

search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed more recently than file was modified

find -used n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed n days after its status was last changed

find -amin n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed n minutes ago

find -atime n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed n*24 hour ago

find -newer file

search for files in a directory hierarchy file was modified more recently than specified file

find -gid n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file's numeric gid is n

find -uid n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file's numeric user ID is n

find -cnewer file

search for files in a directory hierarchy file's status was changed more recently than file was modified

find -cmin n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file's status was last changed n minutes ago

find -ctime n

search for files in a directory hierarchy file's status was last changed n*24 hours ago

find -path pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy filename matches shell pattern

find -L

search for files in a directory hierarchy follow symbolic links

find -ok command ;

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -exec but ask the user first

find -execdir command {} +

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -exec, but the specified command is run from the subdirectory containing the matched file

find -okdir command ;

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -execdir but ask the user first in the same was as for -ok

find -ilname

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -lname, but match is case insensitive

find -fls file

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -ls but write to specified file like -fprint. output file is always created

find -iname

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -name, but match is case insensitive

find -ipath pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -path but match is case insensitive

find -fprint0 file

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -print0 but write to file like -fprint

find -fprintf file format

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -printf but write to file like -fprint. The output file is always created, even with no match

find -iregex pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy like -regex, but match is case insensitive

find -ls

search for files in a directory hierarchy list current file in ls -dils format on stdout

find -executable

search for files in a directory hierarchy matches executable files and directories

find -writable

search for files in a directory hierarchy matches files which are writable

find -readable

search for files in a directory hierarchy matches readable files

find -context pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy matches the specified glob pattern

find -daystart

search for files in a directory hierarchy measures times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin, ctime, -mmin, and -mtime) from beginning of today rather than 24 hours ago

find -P

search for files in a directory hierarchy never follow symbolic links (default behaviour)

find -ignore_readdir_race

search for files in a directory hierarchy no error message will be issued when command fails to stat a file

find -nogroup

search for files in a directory hierarchy no group corresponds to file's numeric group ID

find -nouser

search for files in a directory hierarchy no user corresponds to file's numeric user ID

find -printf format

search for files in a directory hierarchy print format on stdout interpreting '\' escapes and '%' directives

find -print

search for files in a directory hierarchy print full file name to stdout followed by a newline

find -print0

search for files in a directory hierarchy print full file name to stdout followed by null character

find -fprint file

search for files in a directory hierarchy print the full file name into the specified file

find -depth

search for files in a directory hierarchy process each directory's contents before the directory itself

find -exec command { } +

search for files in a directory hierarchy runs the command on the selected files, but the command line is built by appending each selected file name at the end

find -perm mode

search for files in a directory hierarchy specify exact permission bits of the file

find -name pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy specify name to search for

find -regex pattern

search for files in a directory hierarchy specify regular expression pattern to search

find -d

search for files in a directory hierarchy synonym for -depth

vi ?

searches backward in file

vi /

searches forward in file

kill 6

send a signal to a process SIGABRT; abort signal

kill 14

send a signal to a process SIGALRM; timer signal

kill 8

send a signal to a process SIGFPE; floating point exception

kill 1

send a signal to a process SIGHUP; hangup

kill 4

send a signal to a process SIGILL; illegal instruction

kill 2

send a signal to a process SIGINT ; Interrupt from keyboard

kill 13

send a signal to a process SIGPIPE; broken pipe

kill 3

send a signal to a process SIGQUIT; quit from keyboard

kill 11

send a signal to a process SIGSEGV; invalid memory reference

kill 15

send a signal to a process SIGTERM; termination signal

mkswap -c

set up a Linux swap area --check; check the device for bad blocks before creating swap area

mkswap -f

set up a Linux swap area --force; go ahead. allows creation of swap area larger than file or partition it resides on

mkswap -L

set up a Linux swap area --label label; specify a label for the device

mkswap -p

set up a Linux swap area --pagesize size; specify page size to use; usually unnecessary as command reads size from the kernel

mkswap -v0

set up a Linux swap area --swapversion 0; create old style swap area; NOT SUPPORTED

mkswap -v1

set up a Linux swap area --swapversion 1; create a new style swap area

mkswap -U

set up a Linux swap area --uuid UUID; specify UUID to use

which -a

shows the full path of (shell) commands --all; print all matching executables

which -i

shows the full path of (shell) commands --read-alias; read from stdin, reporting matching ones on stdout

which --skip-alias

shows the full path of (shell) commands ignore --read-alias option

which --skip-functions

shows the full path of (shell) commands ignore option --read-functions

which --show-dot

shows the full path of (shell) commands print paths that start with . where a matching executable is found

which --read-functions

shows the full path of (shell) commands read shell functions from stdin, reporting matches to stdout

which--show-tilde

shows the full path of (shell) commands show tilde when directory matches the HOME directory

which --skip-dot

shows the full path of (shell) commands skip directories in path that start with .

which --skip-tilde

shows the full path of (shell) commands skip paths that start with a tilde ~

which --tty-only

shows the full path of (shell) commands stop processing options if not tty

fmt -c

simple optimal text formatter --crown-margin; preserve indentation of first 2 lines

fmt -g

simple optimal text formatter --goal=WIDTH; goal width (default 93% of width)

fmt -p

simple optimal text formatter --prefix=STRING; reformat only lines beginning with STRING

fmt -s

simple optimal text formatter --split-only; split long lines, do not refill

fmt -t

simple optimal text formatter --tagged-paragraph; indentation of first line different from second

fmt -u

simple optimal text formatter --uniform-spacing; one space between words, 2 after sentences

fmt -w

simple optimal text formatter --width=WIDTH; maximum line width

sort -d

sort lines of text file --dictionary-order; consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters

sort -g

sort lines of text file --general-numeric-sort; compare according to generic numeric value

sort -f

sort lines of text file --ignore-case; fold lower case to upper case characters

sort -b

sort lines of text file --ignore-leading-blanks; ignore leading blanks

sort -i

sort lines of text file --ignore-nonprinting; consider only printing characters

sort -k

sort lines of text file --key; start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line)

sort -M

sort lines of text file --month-sort

sort -n

sort lines of text file --numeric-sort ; compare according to string numerical value

sort -R

sort lines of text file --random-sort; sort by random hash of keys

sort -r

sort lines of text file --reverse; reverse the result of comparisons

sort -V

sort lines of text file --version-sort; natural sort of version numbers within text

sort --random-source=FILE

sort lines of text file get random bytes from file

sort -h

sort lines of text file human-numeric-sort; compare human readable numbers

sort --sort=WORD

sort lines of text file sort according to a WORD

split -b

split a file into pieces --bytes=SIZE; specify bytes per output file

split -e

split a file into pieces --elide-empty-files; do not generate empty output files with -n

split -C

split a file into pieces --line-bytes=SIZE; put max SIZE bytes of lines per output

split -l

split a file into pieces --lines=NUMBER; specify NUMBER of lines per output file

split -n

split a file into pieces --number=CHUNKS; generate CHUNKS output files

split -d

split a file into pieces --numeric-suffixes=FROM; use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic; FROM changes the start value

split -a

split a file into pieces --suffix-length=N; use suffix length

split -u

split a file into pieces --unbuffered; immediately copy input to output with '-n r/...'

split --additional-suffix=SUFFIX

split a file into pieces append an additional suffix to filenames

split --filter=COMMAND

split a file into pieces write a shell command

sed -b

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --binary; does anything

sed -c

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --copy; use copy instead of rename when shuffling files in -i mode

sed -e

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --expression=script; add a script to the commands to be executed

sed -f

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --file=script-file; add contents of a script file to the commands to be executed

sed -i

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --in-place=SUFFIX; edit files in place

sed -l

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --line-length=N; specify the desired line-wrap length

sed -z

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --null-data; seperate lines by NUL characters

sed -n

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --quiet; --silent; suppress automatic printing of pattern space

sed -r

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --regex-extended; use extended regular expressions in the script

sed -s

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --separate; consider files as separate rather than continuous long stream

sed -u

stream editor for filtering and transforming text --unbuffered; load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush the output buffers more often

sed --posix

stream editor for filtering and transforming text disable all GNU extensions

sed --follow-symlinks

stream editor for filtering and transforming text follow symlinks when processing in place

repquota -a

summarize quotas for a filesystem --all; report on all filesystems indicated in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas

repquota -c

summarize quotas for a filesystem --cache; cache entries for UIDs/GIDs

repquota -F

summarize quotas for a filesystem --format=name; report for specified format

repquota -g

summarize quotas for a filesystem --group; report for groups

repquota - s

summarize quotas for a filesystem --human-readable; show used space, used inodes, and limits in easy reading format

repquota -i

summarize quotas for a filesystem --no-autofs; ignore mountpoints by automounter

repquota -C

summarize quotas for a filesystem --no-cache; translate individual entries

repquota -n

summarize quotas for a filesystem --no-names; don't resolve UIDs/GIDs

repquota -p

summarize quotas for a filesystem --raw-grace; report time in seconds since epoch when grace time runs out

repquota -t

summarize quotas for a filesystem --truncate-names; truncate user/group names longer than 9 characters

repquota -u

summarize quotas for a filesystem --user; report for users

xfs_freeze

suspend access or resume write activity to a file system

dpkg-query -c

tool to query the dpkg database --control-path <packagename control file>; list paths for control files installed to your system from the packagename

dpkg-query -l

tool to query the dpkg database --list <packagename>; list packages matching a given pattern

dpkg-query -L

tool to query the dpkg database --listfiles <packagenames>; list files installed on you system specify packagename

dpkg-query -W

tool to query the dpkg database --show <packagename>; list packages matching the given pattern. Output can be customized using the --showformat option

dpkg-query -s

tool to query the dpkg database --status <packagename>; report status of specified package

dpkg-query --control-show

tool to query the dpkg database <packagename control-file>; print the control-file installed to your system from packagename to the stdout

dpkg-query --control-list

tool to query the dpkg database <packagename>; list control files installed to your system from the specified package name

tr -c

translate or delete characters --complement; use complement SET1

tr -d

translate or delete characters --delete; delete characters in SET1

tr -s

translate or delete characters --squeeze-repeats; replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character

tr -t

translate or delete characters --truncate-set1; truncate SET1 to length of SET2

quotaoff -a

turn filesystem quotas off --all; force all filesystems in /etc/fstab to disable

quotaoff -F

turn filesystem quotas off --format=name; report for specified format

quotaoff -g

turn filesystem quotas off --group; manipulate group quotas

quotaoff -p

turn filesystem quotas off --print-state; only print the state of quotas

quotaoff -u

turn filesystem quotas off --user; manipulate user quotas

quotaoff -x

turn filesystem quotas off --xfs-command delete; free up space used to hold quota information in an XFS filesystem --xfs-command enforce; switch off limit enforcement for XFS --xfs-command account; disable quota accounting

quotaon -a

turn filesystem quotas on --all; automatically mounts contents of /etc/fstab

quotaon -F

turn filesystem quotas on --format=name; report for a specified format

quotaon -g

turn filesystem quotas on --group; manipulates group quotas

quotaon -f

turn filesystem quotas on --off; turn off

quotaon -p

turn filesystem quotas on --print-state; only print the state of quotas

quotaon -u

turn filesystem quotas on --user; manipulate user quotas (DEFAULT)

vi :e!

undo any changes

umount -A

unmount file systems --all-targets; umount all mountpoints in the current namespace for the specified filesystem

umount -a

unmount file systems --all; all filesystems are unmounted in /etc/mtab

umount -d

unmount file systems --detach-loop; free the loop device

umount -f

unmount file systems --force; force unmount

umount -i

unmount file systems --internal-only; don't call /sbin/umount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists

umount -l

unmount file systems --lazy; detach the filesystem from the filesystem hierarchy now, and cleanup all references to the filesystem as soon as it is not busy anymore

umount -c

unmount file systems --no-canonicalize; do not canonicalize paths

umount -n

unmount file systems --no-mtab; unmount without writing in /etc/mtab

umount -r

unmount file systems --read-only; in case unmounting fails, try to remount read-only

umount -R

unmount file systems --recursive; recursively unmount each directory specified

umount -O

unmount file systems --test-opts options, list; indicate actions should be taken on file systems with specific options in /etc/fstab

umount -t

unmount file systems --types vfstype, ext2, ext3; indicate actions should be taken only on file systems of the specified type

umount --fake

unmount file systems causes everything to be done except for the actual system call

updatedb -f

update the database for mlocate --add-prunefs FS; add entries in list FS to PRUNEFS

updatedb -n

update the database for mlocate --add-prunenames NAMES; add entries

updatedb -e

update the database for mlocate --add-prunepaths PATHS; add entries in white-space-separated list PATHS to PRUNEPATHS

updatedb -U

update the database for mlocate --database-root PATH; store only results of scanning the file system subtree rooted at PATH to the generated database

updatedb -o

update the database for mlocate --output FILE; write the database to FILE

updatedb -1

update the database for mlocate --require-visibility FLAG; set the "require file visibility before reporting it" flag

updatedb --prunefs FS

update the database for mlocate set PRUNEFS to FS, overriding the configuration file

updatedb --prunenames NAMES

update the database for mlocate set PRUNENAMES to NAMES, overriding the configuration file

updatedb --prunepaths PATHS

update the database for mlocate set PRUNEPATHS to PATHS, overriding the configuration file

updatedb --prune-bind-mounts FLAG

update the database for mlocate set PRUNE_BIND_MOUNTS to FLAG, overriding the configuration file

updatedb --debug-pruning

update the database for mlocate write debugging information about pruning decisions to stderr

\v

vertical tab

xfs_info

view filesystem information

vi

visual editor

vi ZZ

write and exit file

vi :w!

write file force