Linux Commands
rpm install-options
--allfiles --badreloc --excludepath --excludedocs --force -h; --hash --ignoresize --ignorearch --ignoreos --includedocs --justdb --nocollections --nodeps --nodigest --nosignature --noplugins --noorder --noscripts --notriggers --oldpackage --percent --prefix --relocate --replacefiles --replacepkgs --test
rpm erase options
--allmatches --justdb --nodeps --noscripts --nopreun --notriggers --notriggerun --notriggerpostun --test
rpm query-options
--changelog -c; --configfiles --conflicts -d; --docfiles --dump --filesbypkg -i; --info --last -l; --list --obsoletes --provides --qf, --queryformat -R; --requires --scripts -s; --state --triggers --triggerscripts
rpm verify-options
--nodeps --nofiles --noscripts --nodigest --nosignature --nolinkto --nofiledigest --nosize --nouser --nogroup --nomtime --nomode --nordev --nocaps
apt-get -P
APT package handling utility --build-profiles; controls the activated build profiles for which a source package is built by apt-get source --compile and how build dependencies are satisfied
apt-get -b
APT package handling utility --compile, --build; compile source packages after downloading them
apt-get -c
APT package handling utility --config-file; specify a configuration file to use
apt-get -d
APT package handling utility --download-only; download package only
apt-get --diff-only
APT package handling utility --dsc-only, --tar-only; download only the diff, dsc, or tar file of a source archive
apt-get -f
APT package handling utility --fix-broken; attempt to correct a system with broken dependencies
apt-get -a
APT package handling utility --host-architecture; controls the architecture packages are built for by apt-get source --compile and how cross-builddependencies are satisfied
apt-get -m
APT package handling utility --ignore-missing, --fix-missing; ignore missing packages
apt-get -o
APT package handling utility --option; set a configuration option
apt-get -q
APT package handling utility --quiet; produces quiet output
apt-get -u
APT package handling utility --show-upgraded; show a list of all packages that are to be upgraded
apt-get -s
APT package handling utility --simulate, --just-print, --dry-run, --recon, --no-act; simulate events that would occur but do not actually change the system
apt-get -t
APT package handling utility --target-release, --default-release; lets you have simple control over which distribution packages will be retrieved from
apt-get -y
APT package handling utility --yes, --assume-yes; automatic yes to prompts
apt-get --print-uris
APT package handling utility URIs are printed; each has path, destination file name, size, and the expected md5 hash
apt-get --assume-no
APT package handling utility automatic no to all prompts
apt-get --list-cleanup
APT package handling utility automatically manages the contents of /var/lib/apt/lists to ensure that obsolete files are erased
apt-get autoclean
APT package handling utility clears out local repository and removes package files that can no longer be downloaded and/or are useless
apt-get clean
APT package handling utility clears out local repository of retrieved package files
apt-get --install-suggests
APT package handling utility consider suggested packages as a dependency for installing
apt-get check
APT package handling utility diagnostic tool; updates the package cache and checks for broken dependencies
apt-get --no-download
APT package handling utility disables downloading of packages
apt-get --no-install-recommends
APT package handling utility do not consider recommended packages as a dependency for installing
apt-get --no-upgrade
APT package handling utility do not upgrade packages
apt-get download
APT package handling utility download the given binary package into the current directory
apt-get changelog
APT package handling utility downloads and diplays the package changelog though sensible-pager
apt-get source
APT package handling utility fetch source packages
apt-get dselect-upgrade
APT package handling utility follows changes made by dselect to the status field of available packages and performs the necessary actions to realize that state
apt-get --force-yes
APT package handling utility force yes ; ****DANGEROUS****
apt-get --only-source
APT package handling utility given source names are not to be mapped through the binary table
apt-get --no-remove
APT package handling utility if any packages are to be removed, the command aborts without prompt
apt-get --allow-unauthenticated
APT package handling utility ignore if packages cannot be authenticated
apt-get --ignore-hold
APT package handling utility ignore package holds
apt-get install
APT package handling utility install specified packages
apt-get upgrade
APT package handling utility install the newest versions of all packages already installed on the system
apt-get --only-upgrade
APT package handling utility install upgrades for already installed packages only and ignore requests to install new packages
apt-get build-dep
APT package handling utility installs or removes packages in attempt to satisfy build dependencies for a source package specified
apt-get dist-upgrade
APT package handling utility intelligently handles changing dependencies with new versions of packages
apt-get --trivial-only
APT package handling utility only perform operations that are 'trivial'
apt-get --arch-only
APT package handling utility only process architecture-dependent build-dependencies
apt-get purge
APT package handling utility packages and related configuration files are deleted
apt-get --reinstall
APT package handling utility re-install packages that are already installed
apt-get update
APT package handling utility re-synchronize package index files from their sources fetched from the /etc/apt/sources.list file
apt-get remove
APT package handling utility remove a specified package
apt-get autoremove
APT package handling utility remove packages that were automatically installed to satisfy dependencies for other packages and are now no longer needed
apt-get --auto-remove
APT package handling utility removes unused dependency packages
apt-get --show-progress
APT package handling utility show user friendly progress information in the terminal window when packages are installed
apt-get --purge
APT package handling utility will remove anything
xfs_copy
Copy the contents of a file system
dpkg-deb -b
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --build directory; build a deb package
dpkg-deb -c
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --contents archive; lists the contents of the filesystem tree archive portion of the package archive
dpkg-deb -e
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --control <archive | directory>; extracts the control information files from a package archive into the specified directory
dpkg -x
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --extract <archive directory>; extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into the specified directory
dpkg-deb -f
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --field archive; extracts control file information from a binary package archive
dpkg-deb -I
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --info archive; provides information about a binary package archive
dpkg-deb -R
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --raw-extract <archive directory>; extracts the filesystem tree from a package archive into a specified directory, and the control information files into a DEBIAN subdirectory of the specified directory
dpkg-deb -W
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --show archive; provides information about a binary package archive
dpkg-deb -X
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool --vextract <archive directory>; like --extract with -v which prints a listing of the files extracted as it goes
dpkg-deb --fsys-tarfile
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool <archive>; extracts the filesystem tree data from a binary package and sends it to stdout in tar format
dpkg-deb -fsys-tarfile
Debian package archive (.deb) manipulation tool display the filesystem tar-file contained by a debian package
free -b
Display amount of free and used memory --bytes; memory in the system bytes
free -c
Display amount of free and used memory --count #; specify number of iterations to run
free -g
Display amount of free and used memory --giga; memory in gigabytes
free -h
Display amount of free and used memory --human; human-readable: B, K, M, G, or T
free -k
Display amount of free and used memory --kilo; memory in the system kilobytes
free -l
Display amount of free and used memory --lohi; detailed low and high memory statistics
free -m
Display amount of free and used memory --mega; memory in the system megabytes
free -s
Display amount of free and used memory --seconds #; delay updates for specified number of seconds
free -t
Display amount of free and used memory --total; display line showing the column totals
free -w
Display amount of free and used memory --wide; switch to wide mode
free --tera
Display amount of free and used memory memory in terabytes
free --si
Display amount of free and used memory use power of 1000 and not 1024
type -a
Display information about command type --all; also show locations containing the specified command
type -p
Display information about command type returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed or nothing
type -P
Display information about command type shell does not follow symbolic links when executing commands
type -f
Display information about command type use only function names
fsck -y filesystem
Filesystem consistency check always attempt to fix any detected filesystem corruption automatically
fsck -a filesystem-specific
Filesystem consistency check automatically repair without any questions
fsck -n filesystem-specific
Filesystem consistency check can avoid attempting to repair any problems for some filesystem-specific checkers
fsck -A
Filesystem consistency check check all filesystems at once that are listed in /etc/fstab
fsck -C
Filesystem consistency check display completion/progress bars for those filesystem checkers which support them
fsck -M
Filesystem consistency check do not check mounted filesystems
fsck -T
Filesystem consistency check do not print the title
fsck -r filesystem-specific
Filesystem consistency check interactively repair the filesystem
fsck -l
Filesystem consistency check lock the whole-disk device
fsck -r
Filesystem consistency check report certain statistics for each fsck when it completes
fsck -s
Filesystem consistency check serialize fsck operations
fsck -t
Filesystem consistency check specifies types of filesystems to be checked
fsck -N
Filesystem consistency check suppress execution; just display what would be done
fsck -P
Filesystem consistency check when -A flag is set, check the root filesystem in parallel with the others
fsck -R
Filesystem consistency check with -A, skip checking the root filesystem
parted -a
GNU partition manipulation program --align alignment-type; set alignment for newly created partitions: none, cylinder, minimal, and optimal
parted -l
GNU partition manipulation program --list; list partition layout
parted -m
GNU partition manipulation program --machine; displays machine parseable output
parted -s
GNU partition manipulation program --script, never prompts user
gdisk c
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator change GPT name of a partition
gdisk t
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator change single partitions type code
gdisk o
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator clear out all partition data
gdisk n
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator create a new partition
gdisk d
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator delete a partition
gdisk p
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator display basic partition summary data
gdisk l
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator display summary of partition types
gdisk r
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator enter recovery and transformation menu
gdisk x
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator expert menu
gdisk -l
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator list partition table
gdisk ?
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator print the menu
gdisk q
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator quit from the program without saving changes
gdisk b
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator save partition table to backup file
gdisk i
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator show detailed partition information
gdisk s
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator sort partition entries
gdisk v
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator verify disk
gdisk w
Interactive GUID partition table (GPT) manipulator write data
fdisk -l
Partition table manipulator list partition tables for device
fdisk -s
Partition table manipulator size of each partition printed
fdisk -C
Partition table manipulator specify number of cylinders of the disk
fdisk -H
Partition table manipulator specify number of heads of the disk
fdisk -S
Partition table manipulator specify number of sectors per track of disk
fdisk -b
Partition table manipulator specify sector size (512, 1024, 2048, 4096)
fdisk -c
Partition table manipulator switch off DOS-compatible mode
fdisk -u
Partition table manipulator when listing partition tables, list sizes in sectors instead of cylinders
rpm -a
RPM package manager --all; query all installed packages
rpm -c
RPM package manager --configfiles; list only configuration files
rpm -D
RPM package manager --define=MACRO EXPR; defines MACRO with value EXPR
rpm -d
RPM package manager --docfiles; list only documentation files
rpm -e
RPM package manager --erase
rpm -E
RPM package manager --eval=EXPR; prints macro expansion of EXPR
rpm -f
RPM package manager --file FILE; query package owning the FILE
rpm -F
RPM package manager --freshen
rpm -g
RPM package manager --group GROUP; query packages with the group of GROUP
rpm -h
RPM package manager --hash; print 50 hash marks as the package archive is unpacked
rpm -i
RPM package manager --info; display package information including name, version, and description
rpm -i
RPM package manager --install
rpm -L
RPM package manager --licensefiles; list only license files
rpm -l
RPM package manager --list; list files in package
rpm -p
RPM package manager --package PACKAGE_FILE; query a package specified
rpm -q
RPM package manager --query
rpm -R
RPM package manager --requires; list capabilities on which this package depends
rpm -s
RPM package manager --state; display the states of files in the package
rpm --triggers
RPM package manager --triggerscripts; display the trigger scripts, if any, which are contained in the package
rpm -U
RPM package manager --upgrade
rpm -V
RPM package manager --verify
rpm --oldpackage
RPM package manager allow an upgrade to replace a newer package with an older one
rpm --ignorearch
RPM package manager allow installation or upgrading even if the architectures of the binary package and host don't match
rpm --ignoreos
RPM package manager allow installation or upgrading even if the operating systems of the binary package and host don't match
rpm --changelog
RPM package manager display change information for the package
rpm --test
RPM package manager do not install, simply check for and report potential conflicts
rpm --noplugins
RPM package manager do not load and execute plugins
rpm --ignoresize
RPM package manager don't check mount file systems for sufficient disk space before installing this package
rpm --nodeps
RPM package manager don't do a dependency check before installing or upgrading a package
rpm --notriggerpostun
RPM package manager don't execute any trigger scriptlet of the named type
rpm --excludepath OLDPATH
RPM package manager don't install files whose name begins with OLDPATH
rpm --nomanifest
RPM package manager don't process non-package files as manifests
rpm --noorder
RPM package manager don't reorder the packages for an install
rpm --nodigest
RPM package manager don't verify package or header digests when reading
rpm --nosignature
RPM package manager don't verify package or header signatures when reading
rpm --dump
RPM package manager dump file information as: [path, size, mtime, digest, mode, owner, group, isconfig, isdoc, rdev, symlink]
rpm --rcfile
RPM package manager each file in the colon separated FILELIST is read sequentially by rpm for configuration information
rpm --prefix NEWPATH
RPM package manager for relocatable binary packages, translate all file paths that start with the installation prefix in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH
rpm --includedocs
RPM package manager install documentation files (DEFAULT)
rpm --allfiles
RPM package manager install or update all the missing ok files in the package regardless if they exist
rpm --replacepkgs
RPM package manager install the packages even if some of them are already installed on this system
rpm --replacefiles
RPM package manager install the packages even if they replace files from other, already installed, packages
rpm --filesbypkg
RPM package manager list all the files in each selected package
rpm --conflicts
RPM package manager list capabilities this package conflicts with
rpm --provides
RPM package manager list capabilities this package provides
rpm --obsoletes
RPM package manager list packages this package obsoletes
rpm --scripts
RPM package manager list the package specific scriptlets that are used as part of the installation and uninstallation processes
rpm --last
RPM package manager orders the package listing by install time such that the latest are at top
rpm --specfile FILE
RPM package manager parse and query FILE as if it were a package
rpm --pipe CMD
RPM package manager pipes the output of rpm to the specified command
rpm --quiet
RPM package manager print as little as possible
rpm -vv
RPM package manager print lots of ugly debugging information
rpm --percent
RPM package manager print percentages as files are unpacked from the package archive
rpm --whatprovides
RPM package manager query all packages that provide a specified capability
rpm --whatrequires
RPM package manager query all packages that require the specified capability for proper functioning
rpm --hdrid SHA1
RPM package manager query package that contains a given header identifier
rpm --pkgid MD5
RPM package manager query package that contains a given package identifier
rpm --triggeredby NAME
RPM package manager query packages that are triggered by packages NAME
rpm --tid TID
RPM package manager query packages that have a given TID transaction identifier
rpm --querybynumber HDRNUM
RPM package manager query the HDRNUMth database entry directly; useful for debugging
rpm --allmatches
RPM package manager remove all versions of the package
rpm --force
RPM package manager same as --replacepkgs, --replacefiles, and --oldpackage
rpm --setperms
RPM package manager sets permissions of files in the given package
rpm --setugids
RPM package manager sets user/group ownership of files in the given package
rpm --showrc
RPM package manager shows the values rpm will use for all the options are currently set in rpmrc and macros configuration
rpm --relocate OLD=NEW
RPM package manager translate all file paths that start with OLDPATH in the package relocation hint(s) to NEWPATH
rpm --undefine=MACRO
RPM package manager undefines MACRO
rpm --justdb
RPM package manager update only the database, not the filesystem
rpm --dbpath DIRECTORY
RPM package manager use the database in DIRECTORY rather than the default path
rpm --root DIRECTORY
RPM package manager use the filesystem tree rooted at DIRECTORY for all operations
rpm --badreloc
RPM package manager used with --relocate, permit relocations on all file paths
w -f
Show who is logged on and what they are doing --from; toggle printing the from field
w -i
Show who is logged on and what they are doing --ip-addr; display IP address instead of hostname
w -u
Show who is logged on and what they are doing --no-current; ignores username while figuring out the current process and cpu times
w -h
Show who is logged on and what they are doing --no-header; don't print the header
w -o
Show who is logged on and what they are doing --old-style; prints blank space for idle times less than one minute
w -s
Show who is logged on and what they are doing --short; use short format; don't print login time, JCPU or PCPU times
w user
Show who is logged on and what they are doing show information about the specified user
uptime -p
Tell how long the system has been running --pretty; show in pretty format
uptime -s
Tell how long the system has been running --since; system up since, specified date in yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS format
tar -r
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --append; append files to the end of an archive
tar -j
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --bzip2; compression
tar -A
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --catenate, --concatenate; append tar files to an archive
tar -l
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --check-links; print message if not all links are dumped
tar -c
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --create; create new archive
tar -d
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --diff, --compare; find differences between archive and file system
tar -C
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --directory=DIR; change to directory
tar -x
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --extract, --get; extract files from an archive
tar -f
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --file=ARCHIVE; use archive file
tar -z
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --gzip, --gunzip, --ungzip; compression
tar -k
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --keep-old-files; don't replace existing files when extracting
tar -t
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --list; list the archive contents
tar -K
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --starting-file MEMBER-NAME; begin at specified member name when reading archive
tar -L
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --tape-length NUMBER; change tape after writing specified number x 1024 bytes
tar -u
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --update; only append files newer than copy in archive
tar -J
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility --xz; compression
tar --add-file
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility add specified file to the archive
tar -a
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility auto compress
tar --backup
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility backup before removal, choose version CONTROL
tar -b
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility blocks x 512 bytes per record
tar --delete
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility delete from the archive
tar --no-acls
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility disable the POSIX ACLs support
tar --no-auto-compress
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility do not use archive suffix o determine the compression program
tar --keep-newer-files
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility don't replace existing files that are newer than the archive copies
tar --level=NUMBER
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility dump level for created listed-incremental archive
tar --acls
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility enable the POSIX ACLs support
tar --anchored
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility patterns match after any /
tar --atime-preserve
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility preserve access times on dumped files
tar --keep-directory-symlink
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility preserve existing symlinks to directories when extracting
tar -B
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility reblock as we read
tar --test-label
The GNU version of the tar archiving utility test the archive volume label and exit
yum --advisory=ADVS
Yellowdog Updater Modified --advisories=ADVS; packages corresponding to the advisory ID are included in updates
yum -x
Yellowdog Updater Modified --exclude=package; exclude a specific package by name or glob from all repositories
yum --sec-severity=SEVS
Yellowdog Updater Modified --secseverity=SEVS; includes in updates security relevant packages of the specified severity
yum -t
Yellowdog Updater Modified --tolerant; makes yum go slower, checking for things that shouldn't be possible
yum --disableexcludes=
Yellowdog Updater Modified [all | main | repoid] disable the excludes defined in your config files
yum --disableincludes=
Yellowdog Updater Modified [all | repoid] disables the includes defined in your config files
yum --color=
Yellowdog Updater Modified [always | auto | never] display colorized output automatically
yum check-update
Yellowdog Updater Modified can check for any updates that may be needed
yum check
Yellowdog Updater Modified check local rpmdb and produces information on any problems
yum clean
Yellowdog Updater Modified clear the cache directory
yum groups
Yellowdog Updater Modified collects all subcommands that act on groups together install update list remove info summary mark mark install mark remove mark packages mark packages-force mark blacklist mark convert-blacklist mark convert-whitelist mark convert unmark packages
yum updateinfo
Yellowdog Updater Modified contains subcommands to act in the repositories info [all | available | installed | updates] list [all | available | installed | updates] [summary] [all | available | installed | updates]
yum --disablerepo=repoidglob
Yellowdog Updater Modified disables specific repositories by id or glob
yum distro-sync
Yellowdog Updater Modified distribution-synchronization; sync the installed package set with the latest packages available. This will "normally" do the same thing as the upgrade command however if you have the package FOO installed at version 4, and the latest available is only version 3, then this command will downgrade FOO to version 3.
yum makecache
Yellowdog Updater Modified download and make usable all metadata for the currently enabled repos
yum --enablerepo=repoidglob
Yellowdog Updater Modified enables specific repositories by id or glob that have been disabled in the configuration file
yum remove
Yellowdog Updater Modified erase; will remove specified package and dependencies
yum search
Yellowdog Updater Modified find packages when you know something about the package but aren't sure of it's name
yum fssnapshot
Yellowdog Updater Modified fssnap; subcommands act on the LVM data of the host [summary] list have-space create delete <devices(s)>
yum downgrade
Yellowdog Updater Modified go to the previously highest version
yum --security
Yellowdog Updater Modified include packages that say they fix a security issue, in updates
yum --bz=BZS
Yellowdog Updater Modified includes in updates packages that say they fix a Bugzilla ID
yum --cve=CVES
Yellowdog Updater Modified includes in updates packages that say they fix a CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures ID)
yum --bugfix
Yellowdog Updater Modified includes in updates packages that say they fix a bugfix issue
yum install
Yellowdog Updater Modified install latest version of packages and ensure all dependencies are satisfied
yum info
Yellowdog Updater Modified list description and summary information about available packages
yum repolist
Yellowdog Updater Modified list of configured repositories
yum repoinfo
Yellowdog Updater Modified list repolist information; same as repolist -v
yum list
Yellowdog Updater Modified list various information about available packages
yum --downloadonly
Yellowdog Updater Modified only download, do not update
yum --obsoletes
Yellowdog Updater Modified only has affect for an update; enables obsoletes processing logic
yum --release=version
Yellowdog Updater Modified pretend the current release version is the given string
yum load-transaction
Yellowdog Updater Modified reload a saved transaction file, which allows you to run a transaction on one machine and then use it on another
yum swap
Yellowdog Updater Modified remove one set of packages and install another set without having to use the shell command
yum autoremove
Yellowdog Updater Modified remove packages that weren't installed explicitly by the user and which aren't required by anything
yum --skip-broken
Yellowdog Updater Modified resolve depsolve problems by removing packages that are causing problems from the transaction
yum --nogpgcheck
Yellowdog Updater Modified run with GPG signature checking disabled
yum --noplugins
Yellowdog Updater Modified run with all plugins disabled
yum --disableplugin=plugin
Yellowdog Updater Modified run with one or more plugins disabled
yum upgrade
Yellowdog Updater Modified same as update command with --obsoletes flag set
yum --setopt=option=value
Yellowdog Updater Modified set any config option in yum config or repo files
yum --downloaddir=directory
Yellowdog Updater Modified specify alternate directory to store packages
yum fs
Yellowdog Updater Modified subcommands act on the filesystem data of the host filters filter languages en:es filter documentation refilter [packages] refilter-cleanup [packages] du [path] status [path] diff [path]
yum repository-packages
Yellowdog Updater Modified treat a repo as a collection of packages allowing the user to install or remove a single entity
yum update
Yellowdog Updater Modified update currently installed packages
yum history
Yellowdog Updater Modified view what has happened in past transactions
yum provides
Yellowdog Updater Modified whatprovides; will find out which package provides some features or file
yum shell
Yellowdog Updater Modified when filename is specified the contents of the file is executed in yum shell mode
yum reinstall
Yellowdog Updater Modified will reinstall identically versioned package as is currently installed
yum update-to
Yellowdog Updater Modified works like update, but always specifies the version we want
yum update-minimal
Yellowdog Updater Modified works like update, but updates to the minimal version
yum upgrade-to
Yellowdog Updater Modified works like upgrade, but specifies the version of packages we want
yum -y
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --assumeyes; assume yes to prompts
yum -C
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --cacheonly; run entirely from system cache
yum -c
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --config=file; specify a config file location; ftp, http, and local file paths
yum -d
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --debuglevel=number; specify debugging level; 0 - 10
yum -e
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --errorlevel=number; specify the error level; 0 - 10
yum -q
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --quiet; run without output
yum -R
Yellowdog Updater Modifier --randomwait=minutes; sets maximum amount of time to wait before performing a command
yum clean options
Yellowdog Updater Modifier OPTIONS: expire-cache packages headers metadata dbcache rpmdb plugins all
yum list options
Yellowdog Updater Modifier OPTIONS: available updates installed extras distro-extras obsoletes recent
yum --assumeno
Yellowdog Updater Modifier assume no
yum --showduplicates
Yellowdog Updater Modifier doesn't limit packages to their latest versions in the info
yum localinstall
Yellowdog Updater Modifier install a set of local rpm files
yum deplist
Yellowdog Updater Modifier list of all dependencies and what packages provide them
yum resolvedep
Yellowdog Updater Modifier list packages providing the specified dependencies
yum --rpmverbosity=name
Yellowdog Updater Modifier sets debug level to specified name for rpm scriptlets
yum --installroot=root
Yellowdog Updater Modifier specifies an alternative installroot, relative to which all packages will be installed
yum localupdate
Yellowdog Updater Modifier update the system by specifying local rpm files
bzip2 -z
a block-sorting file compressor --compress; forces compression
bzip2 -d
a block-sorting file compressor --decompress; force decompression
bzip2 -1 to -9
a block-sorting file compressor --fast, --best -1 is fast -9 is best
bzip2 -f
a block-sorting file compressor --force; force overwrite of output files
bzip2 -k
a block-sorting file compressor --keep; keep input files (don't delete) during compression or decompression
bzip2 -L -V
a block-sorting file compressor --license, --version; display license and version
bzip2 -q
a block-sorting file compressor --quiet; suppress non-essential warning messages
bzip2 -s
a block-sorting file compressor --small; reduce memory usage for compression, decompression and testing
bzip2 -c
a block-sorting file compressor --stdout; compress or decompress to stdout
bzip2 -t
a block-sorting file compressor --test; check integrity of specified file(s)
xfs_quota
ability to manage limits on disk space
tune2fs -j
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems add ext3 journal to the filesystem
tune2fs -e
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems change the behavior of the kernel when errors are detected
tune2fs -f
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems force operation to complete
tune2fs -l
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems list contents of the filesystem superblock
tune2fs -J
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems override the default ext3 journal parameters
tune2fs -E
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set extended options for the filesystem
tune2fs -o
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set or clear indicated default mount options in the filesystem
tune2fs -O
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set or clear the indicated filesystem features
tune2fs -m
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set percentage of filesystem that may be allocated
tune2fs -U
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the UUID of the filesystem clear random time
tune2fs -p
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the desired MMP check interval in seconds
tune2fs -g
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the group which can use the reserved filesystem blocks
tune2fs -i
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the interval between checks [d|m|w]
tune2fs -M
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the last mounted directory for the filesystem
tune2fs -C
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the mount count
tune2fs -c
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the number of mounts after which the filesystem will be checked
tune2fs -r
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the number of reversed filesystem blocks
tune2fs -T
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the time the filesystem was last checked
tune2fs -u
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set the user who can use the reserved filesystem blocks
tune2fs -L
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems set volume label of the filesystem
tune2fs -Q
adjust tunable filesystem parameters on ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystems sets 'quota' feature on the superblock
\a
alert (BEL)
renice -g
alter priority of running processes --pgrd ID; process group ID
renice -p
alter priority of running processes --pid ID; interpret as process IDs
renice -n
alter priority of running processes --priority N; specify scheduling priority to be used
renice -u
alter priority of running processes --user name_or_uid; interpreted as usernames or UIDs
\\
backslash
\b
backspace
mkfs -t
build a filesystem --type type; specify type of filesystem to build
mkfs fs-options
build a filesystem fs-specific options may be passed to the real filesystem builder
\xHH
byte with hexadecimal value HH (1 to 2 digits)
\0NNN
byte with octal value NNN (1 to 3 digits)
\r
carriage return
chattr -R
change file attributes on a Linux file system recursively change attributes of directories and their contents
chattr -f
change file attributes on a Linux file system suppress most error messages
chmod -c
change file mode bits --changes; report when change is made
chmod -R
change file mode bits --recursive; change files and directories recursively
chmod -f
change file mode bits --silent, --quiet; suppress most error messages
chmod --no-preserve-root
change file mode bits do not treat '/' specially
chmod --preserve-root
change file mode bits fail to operate recursively on '/'
chmod --reference=RFILE
change file mode bits specify RFILE to use instead of MODE values
touch -d
change file time stamps --date=STRING; specify and use alternate time
touch -c
change file time stamps --no-create; do not create a file
touch -h
change file time stamps --no-dereference; affect each symbolic link instead of any referenced file
touch --time=WORD
change file time stamps WORD is access, atime, or use mtime
touch -a
change file time stamps access time
touch -m
change file time stamps modification time
touch -r
change file timestamps --reference=FILE; use an alternate file's timestamps
touch -t
change file timestamps specify time [[CC]YY]MMDDhhmm[.ss]
xfs_admin
change parameters of the filesystem
gzip -a
compress or expand files --ascii; text mode
gzip -d
compress or expand files --decompress, --uncompress; decompress
gzip -#
compress or expand files --fast, --best; regulate speed of compression -1 or --fast = fastest ; less compression -9 or --best = slowest ; best compression
gzip -f
compress or expand files --force; force compression or decompression
gzip -L
compress or expand files --license; display the gzip license and quit
gzip -l
compress or expand files --list; for each compressed file, list fields; compressed and uncompressed size, ratio and name
gzip -N
compress or expand files --name; use to the original file name and time stamp; this is the default
gzip -n
compress or expand files --no-name; do not use the original file name and time stamp by default
gzip -q
compress or expand files --quiet; suppress all warnings
gzip -r
compress or expand files --recursive; travel directory structure recursively
gzip -c
compress or expand files --stdout, --to-stdout; write output on stdout ; keep original file unchanged
gzip -S
compress or expand files --suffix .suf; use suffix .suf instead of .gz
gzip -t
compress or expand files --test; check the compressed file integrity
cat -b
concatenate files and print on the standard output --number-nonblank
cat -n
concatenate files and print on the standard output --number; number all output
cat -A
concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-all
cat -E
concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-ends; display $ at the end of each line
cat -v
concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-nonprinting
cat -T
concatenate files and print on the standard output --show-tabs
cat -s
concatenate files and print on the standard output --squeeze-blank
dd cbs=BYTES
convert and copy a file convert BYTES at a time
dd conv=CONVS
convert and copy a file convert the file as per comma separated symbol list
dd count=N
convert and copy a file copy only N input blocks
dd bs=BYTES
convert and copy a file read and write BYTES at a time
dd iflag=FLAGS
convert and copy a file read as per comma separated symbol list
dd if=FILE
convert and copy a file read from FILE instead of stdin
dd ibs=BYTES
convert and copy a file read up to BYTES bytes at a time
dd skip=N
convert and copy a file skip N ibs-sized blocks at start of input
dd seek=N
convert and copy a file skip N obs-sized blocks at start of output
dd status=LEVEL
convert and copy a file the LEVEL of information to print to stderr: none, noxfer, or progress
dd obs=BYTES
convert and copy a file write BYTES bytes at a time
dd oflag=FLAGS
convert and copy a file write as per comma separated symbol list
dd of=FILE
convert and copy a file write to FILE instead of stdout
unexpand -a
convert spaces to tabs --all; convert all blanks instead of just initial blanks
unexpand -t
convert spaces to tabs --tabs=N; specify number of tabs apart instead of 8 --tabs=LIST; specify comma separated list of tab positions
unexpand --first-only
convert spaces to tabs convert only leading sequences of blanks (overrides -a)
expand -i
convert tabs to spaces --initial; do not convert tabs after non blanks
expand -t
convert tabs to spaces --tabs=NUMBER; have tabs NUMBER characters apart, not 8
pr -a
convert text files for printing --across; print across rather than down
pr -COLUMN
convert text files for printing --columns=COLUMN
pr -D
convert text files for printing --date-format=FORMAT; specify date FORMAT for the header
pr -d
convert text files for printing --double-space; double space output
pr -e
convert text files for printing --expand-tabs=CHAR[WIDTH]; expand input CHAR (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)
pr -N
convert text files for printing --first-line-number=NUMBER; start counting with NUMBER at 1st line of first page printed
pr -f
convert text files for printing --form-feed; use form feeds instead of new lines to separate pages
pr -h
convert text files for printing --header=HEADER; use centered HEADER instead of filename in page header
pr -o
convert text files for printing --indent=MARGIN; offset each line with MARGIN (zero) spaces
pr -J
convert text files for printing --join-lines; merge full lines
pr -l
convert text files for printing --length=PAGE_LENGTH; set the page length
pr -m
convert text files for printing --merge; print all files in parallel
pr -r
convert text files for printing --no-file-warnings; omit warning when a file cannot be opened
pr -n
convert text files for printing --number-lines=SEP[DIGITS]; number lines
pr -t
convert text files for printing --omit-header; omit page headers and trailers
pr -T
convert text files for printing --omit-pagination; omit page headers and trailers, eliminate any pagination by form feeds set in input files
pr -i
convert text files for printing --output-tabs-CHAR[WIDTH]; replace spaces with CHARs (TABs) to tab WIDTH (8)
pr -W
convert text files for printing --page-width=PAGE_WIDTH; set page width, truncate lines
pr -S
convert text files for printing --sep-string=STRING; separate columns by STRING
pr -s
convert text files for printing --separator=CHAR; separate columns by a single character
pr -c
convert text files for printing --show-control-chars; use hat notation (^G) and octal backslash notation
pr -v
convert text files for printing --show-nonprinting; use octal backslash notation
pr -w
convert text files for printing --width=PAGE_WIDTH; set page width
xfs_rtcp
copies a file to the real-time partition on a filesystem
cp -a
copy files and directories --archive; same as -dR --preserve=all
cp -L
copy files and directories --dereference; always follow symbolic links in SOURCE
cp -f
copy files and directories --force
cp -i
copy files and directories --interactive
cp -l
copy files and directories --link; hard link files instead of copying
cp -n
copy files and directories --no-clobber ; do not overwrite existing file
cp -P
copy files and directories --no-dereference; never follow symbolic links in SOURCE
cp -T
copy files and directories --no-target-directory; treat DEST as a normal file
cp -x
copy files and directories --one-file-system; stay on this file system
cp -R
copy files and directories --recursive; copy directories recursively
cp -S
copy files and directories --suffix=SUFFIX; override usual backup suffix
cp -s
copy files and directories --symbolic-link; make symbolic links instead of copying
cp -t
copy files and directories --target-directory=DIRECTORY; copy all source arguments into DIRECTORY
cp -u
copy files and directories --update; copy only when the source file is newer than the destination file
cp --reflink=WHEN
copy files and directories control clone/CoW copies
cp --sparse=WHEN
copy files and directories control creation of sparse files
cp -c
copy files and directories deprecated, same as --preserve=context
cp --attributes-only
copy files and directories don't copy the file data, just attributes
cp --no-preserve=ATTR_LIST
copy files and directories don't preserve the specified attributes
cp -H
copy files and directories follow command-line symbolic links in SOURCE
cp -b
copy files and directories like --backup but does NOT accept an argument
cp --backup=CONTROL
copy files and directories make a backup of each existing destination file
cp --preserve=ATTR_LIST
copy files and directories preserve the specified attributes
cp --strip-trailing-slashes
copy files and directories remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument
cp --remove-destination
copy files and directories remove each existing destination file before attempting to open it
cp -d
copy files and directories same as --no-dereference --preserve=links
cp -p
copy files and directories same as --preserve=mode, ownership, timestamps
cp -Z
copy files and directories set SELinux security context of destination file to default type
cp --parents
copy files and directories use fill source file name under DIRECTORY
cpio -A
copy files to and from archives --append; append to an existing archive; only works in copy-out mode
cpio -o
copy files to and from archives --create; run in copy-out mode
cpio -L
copy files to and from archives --dereference; copy the file that a symbolic link points to
cpio -V
copy files to and from archives --dot; print a '.' for each file processed
cpio -i
copy files to and from archives --extract; run in copy-in mode
cpio -F
copy files to and from archives --file=archive; archive filename to use instead of standard input and output
cpio -H
copy files to and from archives --format=FORMAT; use a specified archive format; bin, odc, newc, crc, tar, ustar, hpbin, hpodc
cpio -C IO-SIZE
copy files to and from archives --io-size=IO-SIZE; set the I/O block size specified in bytes
cpio -l
copy files to and from archives --link; link files instead of copying them when possible
cpio -t
copy files to and from archives --list; print a table of contents of the input
cpio -d
copy files to and from archives --make-directories; create leading directories where needed
cpio -M
copy files to and from archives --message=MESSAGE; print specified message when the end of a volume of the backup media is reached, to prompt the user to insert a new volume
cpio -f
copy files to and from archives --nonmatching; only copy files that do not match any of the given patterns
cpio -0
copy files to and from archives --null; read a list of filenames terminated by a null character, instead of a newline, so that files whose names contain newlines can be archived
cpio -n
copy files to and from archives --numeric-uid-gid; show numeric UID and GID instead of translating them into names
cpio -p
copy files to and from archives --pass-through; run in copy-pass mode
cpio -E
copy files to and from archives --pattern-file=FILE; read additional patterns specifying filenames to extract or list from FILE
cpio -m
copy files to and from archives --preserve-modification-time; retain previous file modification times when creating files
cpio -r
copy files to and from archives --rename; interactively rename files
cpio -a
copy files to and from archives --reset-access-time; reset the access times of files after reading them
cpio -s
copy files to and from archives --swap-bytes; swap the bytes of each halfword(pair of bytes) in the files
cpio -S
copy files to and from archives --swap-halfwords; swap the halfwords of each word (4 bytes) in the files
cpio -b
copy files to and from archives --swap; swap both halfwords of words and bytes of halfwords in the data
cpio -u
copy files to and from archives --unconditional; replace all files, without asking
cpio -W
copy files to and from archives --warning; control warning display
cpio -I
copy files to and from archives archive filename to use instead of standard input
cpio -O
copy files to and from archives archive filename to use instead of standard output
cpio --no-absolute-filenames
copy files to and from archives create all files relative to the current directory in copy-in mode
cpio --no-preserve-owner
copy files to and from archives do not change the ownership of the files
cpio --quiet
copy files to and from archives do not print the number of blocks copied
cpio --absolute-filenames
copy files to and from archives do not strip leading file name components that contain ".." and leading slashes from file names in copy-in mode
cpio --to-stdout
copy files to and from archives extract files to stdout
cpio --usage
copy files to and from archives give a short usage message
cpio -k
copy files to and from archives ignored
cpio --rsh-command=COMMAND
copy files to and from archives notifies cpio that it should use COMMAND to communicate with remote devices
cpio --license
copy files to and from archives print license and exit
cpio -R
copy files to and from archives set ownership of all files created to the specified user and/or group in copy-out and copy-pass modes.
cpio -B
copy files to and from archives set the I/O block size to 5120 bytes. Initial block size is 512 bytes
cpio --block-size=BLOCK-SIZE
copy files to and from archives set the I/O to BLOCK-SIZE * 512 bytes
cpio --only-verify-crc
copy files to and from archives verify the sum32 checksum's of each file in the archive, when reading a crc format archive
cpio --force-local
copy files to and from archives with -F, -I, or -O, take the archive file name to be a local file even if it contains a colon
cpio --sparse
copy files to and from archives write files with large blocks of zeros as sparse files
vi yy
copy lines
xfs_mkfile
create a file
groupadd -f
create a new group --force; causes command to simply exit with success status if the specified group already exists
groupadd -g
create a new group --gid GID; specify unique GID
groupadd -K
create a new group --key KEY=VALUE; overrides /etc/login.defs defaults
groupadd -o
create a new group --non-unique; permits to add group with non-unique GID
groupadd -p
create a new group --password PASSWORD; specify password
groupadd -R
create a new group --root CHROOT_DIR; apply changes in the specified directory and use its configuration files
groupadd -r
create a new group --system; create a system group
useradd -k
create a new user or update default --skel SKEL_DIR; contains files and directories to be copied in the user's home directory
useradd -b
create a new user or update default new user information --base-dir BASE_DIR; concatenated with the account name to define the home directory
useradd -c
create a new user or update default new user information --comment COMMENT; add comment
useradd -m
create a new user or update default new user information --create-home; create user's home directory
useradd -D
create a new user or update default new user information --defaults; change default value
useradd -e
create a new user or update default new user information --expiredate EXPIRE_DATE; set expire date: YYYY-MM-DD
useradd -g
create a new user or update default new user information --gid GROUP; group name or number of the user's initial login group
useradd -G
create a new user or update default new user information --groups G1, G2, etc; comma-separated list of groups
useradd -d
create a new user or update default new user information --home-dir HOME_DIR; new user will be created using HOME_DIR as the value for the user's login directory
useradd -f
create a new user or update default new user information --inactive number; number of days after the password has expired before becoming permanently disabled
useradd -K
create a new user or update default new user information --key KEY=VALUE; overrides /etc/login.defs defaults
useradd -M
create a new user or update default new user information --no-create-home; do not create user home directory
useradd -l
create a new user or update default new user information --no-log-init; do not add the user to the lastlog and faillog databases
useradd -N
create a new user or update default new user information --no-user-group; do not create a group with the same name as the user, but add user to the group specified by the -g option
useradd -o
create a new user or update default new user information --non-unique; create user account with duplicate UID
useradd -p
create a new user or update default new user information --password PSWD; set user password
useradd -R
create a new user or update default new user information --root CHROOT_DIR; apply changes in the directory and use the configuration files from the CHROOT_DIR directory
useradd -Z
create a new user or update default new user information --selinux-user SEUSER; SELinux user for the user's login
useradd -s
create a new user or update default new user information --shell SHELL; the name of the user login shell
useradd -r
create a new user or update default new user information --system; create a system account
useradd -u
create a new user or update default new user information --uid UID; specify unique UUID
useradd -U
create a new user or update default new user information --user-group; create group with same name as user
mkfs.xfs /<device location>
create a xfs filesystem
mke2fs -j
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem add ext3 journal
mke2fs -E resize
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem allow block group descriptor table to grow
mke2fs -J device
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem attach filesystem to the journal block device located on the specified external journal
mke2fs -c
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem check for bad blocks before creating
mke2fs -E stride
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem configure filesystem for a RAID array with specified stride-size filesystem blocks
mke2fs -E stripe-width
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem configure the filesystem for a RAID array with specified stripe-width filesystem blocks per stripe
mke2fs -J
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem create ext3 journal using options specified on the command-line
mke2fs -J size
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem create internal journal of specified size in MB
mke2fs -E discard
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem discard blocks
mke2fs -E nodiscard
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem do not attempt to discard blocks
mke2fs -O journal_dev
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem external journal; must have been created with same block size as the new filesystem
mke2fs -F
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem force filesystem creation
mke2fs -E lazy_itable_init
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem inode table will not be fully initialized. speds up filesystem initialization noticeably
mke2fs -n
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem no filesystem is created, but displays its simulation
mke2fs -N
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem override the default calculation of the number of inodes that should be reserved for the filesystem
mke2fs -q
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem quiet execution
mke2fs -l
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem read bad blocks list from specified filename
mke2fs -E test_fs
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set a flag in the filesystem superblock
mke2fs -o
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set creator operating system field
mke2fs -E
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set extended options for the filesystem
mke2fs -r
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set filesystem revision
mke2fs -M
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set the last mounted directory for the filesystem
mke2fs -L
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem set volume label
mke2fs -U
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify UUID
mke2fs -t
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify a filesystem type
mke2fs -b
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify block size in bytes
mke2fs -i
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify bytes/inode ratio
mke2fs -O
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify features
mke2fs -T
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify how filesystem is going to be used
mke2fs -G
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify number of block groups that will be packed together to create a larger virtual block group in an ext4 filesystem
mke2fs -g
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify number of blocks in a block group
mke2fs -m
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify reserved blocks percentage for superuser
mke2fs -I
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify size of each inode in bytes
mke2fs -f
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify size of fragments in bytes
mke2fs -C
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem specify size of the cluster in bytes for filesystems using the bigalloc feature
mke2fs -D
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem use direct I/O when writing to the disk
mke2fs -S
create an ext2/ext3/ext4 filesystem write superblock and group descriptors only
xfs_db
debug a filesystem
xfs_io
debugging tool aimed at examining regular file I/O paths rather than the raw volume
xfs_metadump
debugging tool that copies XFS filesystem metadata to a file
xfs_fsr
defragment mounted file system
vi d
delete all line characters after current position
vi dd
delete one or many lines
file -b
determine file type --brief; do no prepend filenames to output
file -c
determine file type --checking-printout; cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file
file -C
determine file type --compile; write a magic.mgc output file that contains pre-parsed version of the magic file or directory
file -L
determine file type --dereference; causes symlinks to be followed
file -e
determine file type --exclude testname; exclude the test named in testname from the list of tests made to determine the file type
file -f
determine file type --files-from namefile; read the names of the files to be examined from namefile before the argument list
file -k
determine file type --keep-going; don't stop at first match
file -l
determine file type --list; print information about the strength of each magic pattern
file -m
determine file type --magic-file magicfiles; specify an alternative list of files and directories containing magic
file -i
determine file type --mime; output mime type strings rather than human readable
file -n
determine file type --no-buffer; force stdout to be flushed after checking each file
file -h
determine file type --no-dereference; causes symlinks not to be followed
file -N
determine file type --no-pad; don't pad filenames so that they align in the output
file -p
determine file type --preserve-date; preserve access time of the files analyzed to pretend that file never read them
file -0
determine file type --print0; output a null character '\0' after the end of the filename
file -r
determine file type --raw; don't translate unprintable characters to \ooo. normally this command translates unprintable characters to their octal representation
file -F
determine file type --separator separator; use specified string as the separator between the filename and the file
file -s
determine file type --special-files; read argument files which are block or character special files
file -z
determine file type try to look inside a compressed file
top -b
display Linux tasks batch mode
top -c
display Linux tasks command or program name toggle
top -S
display Linux tasks cumulative time mode
top -d
display Linux tasks delay time between screen updates
top -i
display Linux tasks idle processes
top -n
display Linux tasks number of iterations
top -s
display Linux tasks secure mode
top -u
display Linux tasks specify user
top -U
display Linux tasks specify user; matches real, effective, saved, and filesystem UIDs
top -p
display Linux tasks state specific process IDs (max of 20)
top -H
display Linux tasks threads toggle
echo -E
display line of text disable interpretation of backslash escapes (default)
echo -n
display line of text do not output the trailing newline
echo -e
display line of text enable interpretation of backslash escapes
ps -G grplist
display the status of current processes --Group grplist; select by real group ID (RGID) or name
ps -g grplist
display the status of current processes --group grplist; select by session or group name
ps -s sesslist
display the status of current processes --sid sesslist; select by session ID
ps -t
display the status of current processes --tty ttylist; associated with terminal
ps S
display the status of current processes accumulated CPU time by process and all it's children
ps -x
display the status of current processes includes processes with no controlling terminal
ps x
display the status of current processes lift the BSD-style "must have a tty" restriction
ps -p pidlist
display the status of current processes p pidlist, --pid pidlist; select by process ID
ps -l
display the status of current processes prints long listing
ps r
display the status of current processes restrict the selection to only running processes
ps -A
display the status of current processes same as -e, select all processes
ps -T
display the status of current processes select all processes associated with this terminal
ps T
display the status of current processes select all processes associated with this terminal
ps -a
display the status of current processes select all processes except both session leaders and processes not associated with a terminal
ps -d
display the status of current processes select all processes except for session leaders
ps --deselect
display the status of current processes select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions
ps -N
display the status of current processes select all processes except those that fulfill the specified conditions; identical to --deselect
ps -C cmdlist
display the status of current processes select by command name
ps --ppid pidlist
display the status of current processes select by parent process ID
ps -t ttylist
display the status of current processes t ttylist, -tty ttylist; select by terminal
ps -u
display the status of current processes user specified
ps -w
display the status of current processes wide output format
quota -A
displays users' disk usage and limits --all-nfs; report on all NFS filesystems even if they report to be on the same device
quota -f
displays users' disk usage and limits --filesystem-list; report only for filesystems specified on command line
quota -F
displays users' disk usage and limits --format=name; show for specified format
quota -g
displays users' disk usage and limits --group; print group quotas for the user's group
quota -s
displays users' disk usage and limits --human-readable; option will make quota try to choose units for showing limits, used space and used inodes
quota -l
displays users' disk usage and limits --local-only; report only on local filesystems
quota -i
displays users' disk usage and limits --no-autofs; ignore mount points mounted by automounter
quota -m
displays users' disk usage and limits --no-mixed-pathnames; always send paths with leading slash
quota -w
displays users' disk usage and limits --no-wrap; do not wrap the line if device name is too long
quota -Q
displays users' disk usage and limits --quiet-refuse; do not print error message if connection is refused
quota -q
displays users' disk usage and limits --quiet; print a more terse message, only information on filesystems where usage is high
quota -p
displays users' disk usage and limits --raw-grace; when user in grace period report time in seconds since epoch when his grace time runs out
quota -u
displays users' disk usage and limits --user; specify users
quota --hide-device
displays users' disk usage and limits do not show device name in filesystem ID
quota --show-mntpoint
displays users' disk usage and limits show mount point as a filesystem ID
quota --always-resolve
displays users' disk usage and limits try to translate user / group name to UID / GID
edquota -t
edit user quotas --edit-period; edit soft time limits for each filesystem
edquota -T
edit user quotas --edit-times; edit time for the user/group when softlimit is enforced
edquota -f
edit user quotas --filesystem name; perform specified operations for a given filesystem
edquota -F
edit user quotas --format=name; edit for a specified format
edquota -g
edit user quotas --group; edit group quota
edquota -m
edit user quotas --no-mixed-pathnames; trailing slash added to paths
edquota -p
edit user quotas --prototype=protoname; duplicate quota of the prototypical user
edquota -r
edit user quotas --remote; edit non-local quotas
edquota -u
edit user quotas --user; specify user (DEFAULT)
edquota --always-resolve
edit user quotas try and translate user / group name to UID/GID
\e
escape
du -a
estimate file space usage --all; write counts for all files
du -B
estimate file space usage --block-size=SIZE; scale size before printing them
du -b
estimate file space usage --bytes; equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
du -l
estimate file space usage --count-links; count sizes many times if hard linked
du -D
estimate file space usage --dereference-args; dereference only symlinks that are listed on the command line
du -L
estimate file space usage --dereference; dereference all symbolic links
du -X
estimate file space usage --exclude-from=FILE; exclude files that match any pattern in FILE
du -h
estimate file space usage --human-readable; print sizes in human readable format
du -d
estimate file space usage --max-depth=N; print the total for a directory only if it is N or fewer levels below the command line argument
du -P
estimate file space usage --no-dereference; don't follow any symbolic links
du -0
estimate file space usage --null; end each output line with 0-byte rather than newline
du -x
estimate file space usage --one-file-system; skip directories on different file systems
du -S
estimate file space usage --separate-dirs; for directories do not include size of subdirectories
du -s
estimate file space usage --summarize; display only total for each argument
du -t
estimate file space usage --threshold=SIZE; exclude entries smaller than SIZE if possible
du -c
estimate file space usage --total; produce a grand total
du --exclude=PATTERN
estimate file space usage exclude files that match PATTERN
du -k
estimate file space usage like --block-size=1K
du -m
estimate file space usage like --block-size=1M
du --si
estimate file space usage like -h, but uses powers of 1000, not 1024
du --inodes
estimate file space usage list inode usage information instead of block usage
du --apparent-size
estimate file space usage print apparent sizes rather than disk usage
du --time
estimate file space usage show time of the last modification of any file in the directory or it's subdirectories
du --time-style=STYLE
estimate file space usage show time using STYLE: full-iso, long-iso, iso, or +FORMAT
du --time=WORD
estimate file space usage specify time to show: atime, access, use, ctime, or status
du --files0-from=F
estimate file space usage summarize disk usage of the NUL-terminated file names specified in the file F; if F is -, read names from stdin
xfs_estimate
estimate the amount of space that a filesystem will take
debugfs -i
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger device represents an ext2 image file
debugfs -b
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger forces the use of a given block size
debugfs -c
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger open in catastrophic mode
debugfs -w
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger open in read/write mode
debugfs -f
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger read-in commands from a file and then execute them
debugfs -R
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger single command request
debugfs -d
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger specifies data source device with the -i option
debugfs -s
ext2/ext3/ext4 file system debugger superblock to be read from the given block number
xfs_growfs
extend the filesystem
locate -A
find files by name --all; print only entries that match all patterns
locate -b
find files by name --basename; match only base name
locate -c
find files by name --count; write number of matching entries only
locate -d
find files by name --database DBPATH; replace the default database with the specified
locate -e
find files by name --existing; print only entries of files existing at the time the command was run
locate -L
find files by name --follow; follow trailing symbolic links
locate -i
find files by name --ignore-case; ignore case
locate -l
find files by name --limit, -n LIMIT; exit after finding LIMIT entries
locate -P
find files by name --nofollow, -H; do not follow trailing symbolic links
locate -0
find files by name --null; separate entries using the NUL character
locate -q
find files by name --quiet; write no messages or errors
locate -r
find files by name --regexp REGEXP; search basic regexp
locate -S
find files by name --statistics; write stats about each read database to stdout
locate -w
find files by name --wholename; match whole path name
locate --regex
find files by name interpret all patterns as extended regexps
vi :q!
force quit
\f
form feed
xfs_ncheck
generate a list of inode numbers alogn with path names
\t
horizontal tab
xfsdump
incremental dump utility; backs up files and their attributes
vi p
insert last deleted text after current character
vi a
insert mode after character
vi o
insert mode before current line
vi i
insert mode before current position
vi c
insert mode, change current character
dpkg package selection states
install hold deinstall purge
join -i
join lines of two files on a common field --ignore-case; ignore case when comparing fields
join -z
join lines of two files on a common field --zero-terminated; end line with 0 byte, not newline
join -a
join lines of two files on a common field also print unpairable lines from specified file
join --check-order
join lines of two files on a common field check that input is correctly sorted
join --nocheck-order
join lines of two files on a common field do NOT check that input is correctly sorted
join -j
join lines of two files on a common field equivalent to '-1 FIELD -2 FIELD'
join -1
join lines of two files on a common field join on field of file 1
join -2
join lines of two files on a common field join on this field of file2
join -v
join lines of two files on a common field like -a, but suppress joined output lines
join -o
join lines of two files on a common field obey FORMAT while constructing output line
join -e
join lines of two files on a common field replace missing input fields with EMPTY
join --header
join lines of two files on a common field treat first line of file as field headers, print without trying to pair
join -t
join lines of two files on a common field user CHAR as input and output field seperator
ls -a
list directory contents --all
ls -A
list directory contents --almost-all ; do not list . and .. for current and parent directory
ls -F
list directory contents --classify; append indicator to entries
ls -H
list directory contents --dereference-command-line; follow symbolic links listed on the command line
ls -L
list directory contents --dereference; when showing file info for sym link, show info for the file the link references rather that the link itself
ls -d
list directory contents --directory; list directories only
ls -D
list directory contents --dired; generate output designed for emacs' dired mode
ls -b
list directory contents --escape; print C-style escapes for nongraphic characters
ls -q
list directory contents --hide-control-chars; print ? instead of non-graphic characters
ls -h
list directory contents --human-readable; with -l, print sizes in human readable format
ls -B
list directory contents --ignore-backups; do not list implied entries ending with ~
ls -I
list directory contents --ignore=PATTERN; do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
ls -p
list directory contents --indicator-style=slash; append indicator to entries
ls -i
list directory contents --inode; print the index number of each file
ls -k
list directory contents --kibibytes; show 1024-byte blocks for disk usage
ls -N
list directory contents --literal; print raw entry names
ls -G
list directory contents --no-group ; do not display group names
ls -n
list directory contents --numeric-uid-gid; list numeric UIDs and GIDs
ls -Q
list directory contents --quote-name; enclose entry names in double quotes
ls -R
list directory contents --recursive; list directories recursively
ls -r
list directory contents --reverse; sort in reverse order
ls -s
list directory contents --size; print size of each file in blocks
ls -T
list directory contents --tabsize=COLS; specify tab size
ls -w
list directory contents --width=COLS; assume screen width
ls --format=WORD
list directory contents across -x, commas -m, horizontal -x, long -l, single-column -1, verbose -l, vertical -C
ls --indicator-style=WORD
list directory contents append indicator with style WORD to entry names
ls --color=WHEN
list directory contents colorize the output; never, auto, or always for WHEN
ls --hide=PATTERN
list directory contents do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN
ls -g
list directory contents do not list owner
ls -U
list directory contents do not sort
ls -f
list directory contents do not sort
ls -C
list directory contents entries by columns
ls -m
list directory contents fill width with comma separated list of entries
ls --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
list directory contents follow each command line symbolic link
ls --group-directories-first
list directory contents group directories before files
ls -o
list directory contents like -l, but do not list group information
ls -x
list directory contents list entries by lines instead of columns
ls -1
list directory contents list one file per line
ls -l
list directory contents long listing format
ls --block-size=SIZE
list directory contents scale by SIZE before printing
ls --show-control-chars
list directory contents show non-graphic characters as-is
ls -X
list directory contents sort alphabetically by entry extentions
ls --sort=WORD
list directory contents sort by WORD instead of name
ls -S
list directory contents sort by file size
ls -t
list directory contents sort by modification time
ls -v
list directory contents sort by version
ls --quoting-style=WORD
list directory contents use quoting style WORD for entry names; literal, locale, shell-always, d, escape
ls --author
list directory contents with -l, print the author of files
ls --time=WORD
list directory contents with -l, show time as WORD instead of default modification time
ls --time-style=STYLE
list directory contents with -l, show times using STYLE
ls -u
list directory contents with -lt, sort by and show access time
ls -c
list directory contents with -lt, sort by and show ctime
lsattr -a
list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system list all files and directories
lsattr -d
list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system list directories like other files, rather than listing their contents
lsattr -R
list file attributes on a Linux second extended file system recursively list attributes of directories and their contents
whereis -b
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command binaries
whereis -B
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command limit where command searches for binaries
whereis -M
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command limit where command searches for manual sections
whereis -S
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command limit where command searches for sources
whereis -m
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command manual sections
whereis -u
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command search for unusual entries
whereis -s
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command sources
whereis -f
locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command terminate the directory list and signals the start of file names, must be used when any of the -B, -M, or -S options are used
mkdir -m
make directories --mode=MODE; set file mode
mkdir -p
make directories --parents; make parent directories as needed
mkdir -Z
make directories set SELinux security context of each created directory to the default type
paste -d
merge lines of files --delimiters=LIST; use delimiters
paste -s
merge lines of files --serial; one file at a time instead of in parallel
mount -B
mount a file system --bind; remount a subtree somewhere else
mount -f
mount a file system --fake; causes everything to be done except for the system call
mount -F
mount a file system --fork; fork off a new mount for each device; mount in parallel
mount -T
mount a file system --fstab path; specify alternate fstab
mount -i
mount a file system --internal-only; don't call /sbin/mount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists
mount -L
mount a file system --label label; specified label
mount -M
mount a file system --move; move a subtree to some other place
mount -c
mount a file system --no-canonicalize; don't canonicalize paths
mount -n
mount a file system --no-mtab; mount without writing in /etc/mtab
mount -o
mount a file system --options opts; specify comma-separated options
mount -R
mount a file system --rbind; remount a subtree and all possible submounts somewhere else
mount -r
mount a file system --read-only; mount the filesystem as read-only
mount -w
mount a file system --rw, --read-write; mount the filesystem read/write (default)
mount -l
mount a file system --show-labels; add the labels in the mount output
mount -O
mount a file system --test-opts opts; used with -a to limit the set of filesystems for which -a is applied
mount -t
mount a file system --types vfstype; specify the filesystem type
mount -U
mount a file system --uuid number; mount the partition that has the specified uuid
mount -a
mount a file system -all; mount all filesystems mentioned in /etc/fstab
mount --source
mount a file system allows to explicitly define that the argument is mount source
mount --target dir
mount a file system allows you to define mount target
mount -s
mount a file system sloppy mount option
mv -Z
move files --context; set SELinux security context of destination file to default type
mv -f
move files --force; do not prompt before overwrite
mv -i
move files --interactive; prompt before overwrite
mv -n
move files --no-clobber; do not overwrite an existing file
mv -T
move files --no-target-directory; treat DEST as a normal file
mv -S
move files --suffix=SUFFIX; override the usual backup suffix
mv -t
move files --target-directory=DIRECTORY; move source argument into the DIRECTORY
mv -u
move files --update; move only when the SOURCE file is newer than the destination file
mv -h
move files if target is symbolic link to a directory, do not follow it
mv -b
move files like --backup, but does not accept argument
mv --backup=CONTROL
move files make a backup of each existing destination file
mv --strip-trailing-slashes
move files remove any trailing slashes from each source argument
vi h, k, j, i
move left, right, down, up
\n
new line
dpkg package states
not-installed config-files half-installed unpacked half-configured triggers-awaited triggers-pending installed
nl -b
number lines of files --body-numbering=STYLE; uses STYLE for numbering body lines
nl -f
number lines of files --footer-numbering=STYLE; uses STYLE for numbering footer lines
nl -h
number lines of files --header-numbering=STYLE; use STYLE for numbering header lines
nl -l
number lines of files --join-blank-lines=NUMBER; count number of empty lines as one
nl -i
number lines of files --line-increment=NUMBER; line number increment at each line
nl -p
number lines of files --no-renumber; do NOT reset line numbers at logical pages
nl -n
number lines of files --number-format=FORMAT; insert line numbers according to FORMAT
nl -s
number lines of files --number-separator=STRING; add STRING after line number
nl -w
number lines of files --number-width=NUMBER; use number columns for line numbers
nl -d
number lines of files --section-delimiter=CC; use CC for separating logical pages
nl -v
number lines of files --starting-line-number=NUMBER; first line number on each logical page
head -c
output the first part of files --bytes=[-]K; print specified number of bytes of file
head -n
output the first part of files --lines=[-]K; number of lines to print
head -q
output the first part of files --quiet, --silent; never print headers giving file names
head -v
output the first part of files --verbose; always print headers giving file names
tail -c
output the last part of files --bytes=K; specify last number of bytes to display
tail -f
output the last part of files --follow=[name|descriptor]; show appended data as file grows
tail -n
output the last part of files --lines=NUM; show last NUM of lines, instead of 10
tail -q
output the last part of files --quiet, --silent; never output headers giving filenames
tail -s
output the last part of files --sleep-interval=N; set a sleep interval
tail --max-unchanged-stats=N
output the last part of files change size after specified number of iterations
tail --retry
output the last part of files keep trying to open a file
tail -F
output the last part of files same as --follow=name --retry
tail --pid=PID
output the last part of files with -f, terminate after specified PID dies
dpkg -C
package manager for Debian --audit; searches for packages that have been partially installed
dpkg -B
package manager for Debian --auto-deconfigure; When a package is removed, there is a possibility that another installed package depended on the removed package. Specifying this option will cause automatic deconfiguration of the package which depended on the removed package.
dpkg -Doctal
package manager for Debian --debug=octal; switch debugging on
dpkg --no-act
package manager for Debian --dry-run, --simulate; do everything which is supposed to be done, but don't write any changes
dpkg -i
package manager for Debian --install package-file; install a package
dpkg-query -p
package manager for Debian --print-avail <packagename>; display details about packagename
dpkg -A
package manager for Debian --record-avail package-file; update from the specified package file
dpkg -R
package manager for Debian --recursive; recursively handle all regular files matching pattern *.deb found at specified directories and all of its subdirectories
dpkg -r
package manager for Debian --remove, -P, --purge packagename; remove a package
dpkg-query -S
package manager for Debian --search <filename>; search for packages that own files corresponding to the given pattern
dpkg -O
package manager for Debian --selected-only; only process the packages that are selected for installation
dpkg -E
package manager for Debian --skip-same-version; don't install the package if the same version of the package is already installed
dpkg -V
package manager for Debian --verify packagename; verifies the integrity of the packagename or all packages
dpkg --add-architecture
package manager for Debian add architecture to the list of architectures for which packages can be installed
dpkg --triggers
package manager for Debian cancels a previous --no-triggers
dpkg --abort-after=number
package manager for Debian change after how many errors dpkg will abort
dpkg --admindir=dir
package manager for Debian change default administrative directory (default -- /var/lib/dpkg)
dpkg --instdir=dir
package manager for Debian change the default installation directory
dpkg --root=dir
package manager for Debian changing root changes instdir to dir and admindir to dir/var/lib/dpkg
dpkg --configure
package manager for Debian configure a package that has been unpacked but not yet configured
dpkg --no-force-things
package manager for Debian do not force
dpkg --no-triggers
package manager for Debian do not run any triggers in this run
dpkg --no-debsig
package manager for Debian do not try to verify package signature
dpkg -G
package manager for Debian don't install a package if a newer version of the same package is already installed
dpkg --clear-avail
package manager for Debian erase existing information about what packages are available
dpkg --path-exclude=glob-pattern
package manager for Debian exclude the pattern
dpkg --force-things
package manager for Debian force things
dpkg --get-selections
package manager for Debian get list of package selections and write it to stdout
dpkg --ignore-depends=package
package manager for Debian ignore dependency-checking for specified packages
dpkg --path-include=glob-pattern
package manager for Debian include the pattern
dpkg --pre-invoke=command
package manager for Debian invoke a command before
dpkg --log=filename
package manager for Debian log status change updates and actions to filename
dpkg --print-architecture
package manager for Debian print architecture of packages dpkg installs
dpkg --print-foreign-architectures
package manager for Debian print list of extra architectures dpkg is configured to allow packages to be installed for
dpkg --triggers-only
package manager for Debian processes only triggers
dpkg --refuse-things
package manager for Debian refuse
dpkg --remove-architecture
package manager for Debian remove architecture from the list of architectures for which packages can be installed
dpkg --post-invoke=command
package manager for Debian run a command after
dpkg --yet-to-unpack
package manager for Debian searches for packages selected for installation, but has not been installed yet
dpkg --status-fd n
package manager for Debian send machine readable package status and progress information to file descriptor n
dpkg --status-logger=command
package manager for Debian send machine readable package status and progress information to shell command's stdin
dpkg --clear-selections
package manager for Debian set requested state of every non-essential package to deinstall
dpkg --set-selections
package manager for Debian set selections using file read from stdin
dpkg --verify-format name
package manager for Debian sets the output format for the --verify command
dpkg --unpack
package manager for Debian unpack a package, but do NOT configure
dpkg --merge-avail
package manager for Debian update available packages old information is combined with information from the specified package file
dpkg --update-avail
package manager for Debian update available packages old information is replaced with the information in the specified packages file
dpkg --compare-versions
package manager for Debian ver1 op ver2; compare version numbers where op is a binary operator
jobs -l
print currently running jobs last job to be started is printed
jobs -p
print currently running jobs show process ID for each process
grep -G
print lines matching a pattern --basic-regex; default, interpret as a basic regular expression
grep -b
print lines matching a pattern --byte-offset; print the 0-based byte offset within the input file before each line of output
grep --color=WHEN
print lines matching a pattern --colour=WHEN; displayed the matched output in color on the terminal
grep -c
print lines matching a pattern --count; print a count of matching lines for each input file
grep -E
print lines matching a pattern --extended-regex; egrep, interpret as extended regular expression
grep -f
print lines matching a pattern --file=FILE; obtain pattern from specified file
grep -l
print lines matching a pattern --files-with-matches; print the name of each input file from which output would normally have been printed
grep -L
print lines matching a pattern --files-without-match; print the name of each input file from which no output would normally have been printed
grep -F
print lines matching a pattern --fixed-strings, --fixed-regexp; fgrep, interpret as list of fixed strings
grep -i
print lines matching a pattern --ignore-case; ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and input files
grep -T
print lines matching a pattern --initial-tab; first character of line content lies on a tab stop, so alignment of tabs looks normal
grep -v
print lines matching a pattern --invert-match; invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines
grep -n
print lines matching a pattern --line-number; prefix each line of output with line number
grep -x
print lines matching a pattern --line-regexp; select only matches that exactly match the whole line
grep -m
print lines matching a pattern --max-count=N; stop reading the file after specified number of lines
grep -h
print lines matching a pattern --no-filename; suppress the prefixing of file names on output
grep -s
print lines matching a pattern --no-messages; suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files
grep -Z
print lines matching a pattern --null; output a zero byte instead of character that normally follows a filename
grep -o
print lines matching a pattern --only-matching; print only matched parts of a matching line with each as separate output line
grep -P
print lines matching a pattern --perl-regexp; interpret as Perl regular expression
grep -q
print lines matching a pattern --quiet, --silent; do not write anything to stdout
grep -e
print lines matching a pattern --regexp=PATTERN; can be used to specify multiple search patterns
grep -u
print lines matching a pattern --unix-byte-offsets; report byte offsets as if the files were Unix-style text file
grep -H
print lines matching a pattern --with-filename; print the filename for each match
grep -w
print lines matching a pattern --word-regexp; select only lines containing matches that form whole words
grep --label=LABEL
print lines matching a pattern display input actually coming from stdin as input coming from specified file
pwd -L
print name of current working directory --logical; use command from environment, even if it contains symlinks
pwd -P
print name of current working directory --physical; avoid all symlinks
wc -c
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --bytes; byte count
wc -m
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --chars; character count
wc -l
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --lines; line counts
wc -L
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --max-line-length; print length of longest line
wc -w
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file --words; word count
wc --files0-from=F
print newline, word, and byte counts for each file read input from the files specified by NUL-terminated names in file F
uname -a
print system information --all; print all system information
uname -i
print system information --hardware-platform; print hardware platform
uname -s
print system information --kernel-name; print kernel name
uname -r
print system information --kernel-release; print kernel release
uname -v
print system information --kernel-version; print kernel version
uname -m
print system information --machine; print machine hardware name
uname -n
print system information --nodename; print network node hostname
uname -o
print system information --operating-system; print operating system
uname -p
print system information --processor; print processor type
groups
print the groups a user is in
xfs_logprint
prints log of the filesystem
xfs_bmap
prints the map of disk blocks used by files in an XFS filesystem
\c
produce no further output
rmdir -p
remove empty directories --parents; removes directory and parent directories
rmdir --ignore-fail-on-non-empty
remove empty directories ignore each failure that is solely because a directory is not empty
rm -d
remove files or directories --dir; remove empty directories
rm -f
remove files or directories --force
rm -r
remove files or directories --recursive; remove directories and their contents
rm --preserve-root
remove files or directories do not remove '/'
rm --no-preserve-root
remove files or directories do not treat '/' specially
rm --interactive=WHEN
remove files or directories prompt according to WHEN; never, once (-I), always(-i); without WHEN, prompt always
rm -i
remove files or directories prompt before every removal
rm -I
remove files or directories prompt once before removing more that three files, or when removing recursively
rm --one-file-system
remove files or directories when removing recursively, skip any directory that is on a different file system
cut -b
remove sections from each line of files --bytes=LIST; select only these bytes
cut -c
remove sections from each line of files --characters=LIST; select only these characters
cut -d
remove sections from each line of files --delimiter=DELIM; specify a delimiter
cut -f
remove sections from each line of files --fields=LIST; select only these fields
cut -s
remove sections from each line of files --only-delimited; do not print lines not containing delimiters
cut --complement
remove sections from each line of files complement the set of selected bytes, characters, or fields
cut --output-delimiter=STRING
remove sections from each line of files use STRING as the output delimiter
cut -n
remove sections from each line of files with -b; don't split multibyte characters
df -a
report file system disk space usage --all; include dummy file systems
df -B
report file system disk space usage --block-size=SIZE; scale sizes by SIZE before printing them
df -x
report file system disk space usage --exclude-type=TYPE; limit listing to file systems not of type TYPE
df -h
report file system disk space usage --human-readable; print sizes in human readable format
df -i
report file system disk space usage --inodes; list inode information instead of block usage
df -l
report file system disk space usage --local; limit listing to local file systems
df -P
report file system disk space usage --portability; use POSIX output format
df -T
report file system disk space usage --print-type; print filesystem type
df -H
report file system disk space usage --si; use powers of 1000 instead of 1024
df -t
report file system disk space usage --type=TYPE; limit to file systems of specified TYPE
df --no-sync
report file system disk space usage do not invoke sync before getting usage info
df --sync
report file system disk space usage invoke sync before getting usage info
df --total
report file system disk space usage produce a grand total
df --direct
report file system disk space usage show statistics for a file instead of a mount point
df --output=FIELD_LIST
report file system disk space usage use the output format defined by FIELD_LIST or print all fields if no file is specified
uniq -D
report or omit repeated lines --all-repeated=METHOD; print all duplicate lines
uniq -w
report or omit repeated lines --check-chars=N; compare no more than N characters in lines
uniq -c
report or omit repeated lines --count; count number of occurrences
uniq -i
report or omit repeated lines --ignore-case; ignore differences in case when comparing
uniq -d
report or omit repeated lines --repeated; only print duplicate lines
uniq -s
report or omit repeated lines --skip-chars=N; skip the first N characters
uniq -f
report or omit repeated lines --skip-fields=N; avoid comparing the first N fields
uniq -u
report or omit repeated lines --unique; only print unique lines
uniq -z
report or omit repeated lines --zero-terminated; end lines with 0 byte, not newline
od -A
represents in octal format --address-radix=RADIX; output format for file offsets
od -t
represents in octal format --format=TYPE; select output format(s)
od -v
represents in octal format --output-duplicates; do not use * to mark line suppression
od -N
represents in octal format --read-bytes=BYTES; limit dump to BYTES input bytes
od -j
represents in octal format --skip-bytes=BYTES; skip BYTES input bytes first
od -S BYTES
represents in octal format --strings=[=BYTES]output strings of at least BYTES graphic chars
od -w
represents in octal format --width=BYTES; output BYTES bytes per output line
od --traditional
represents in octal format accept arguments in 3rd form above
od -b
represents in octal format byte offset
od -c
represents in octal format character format
od -d
represents in octal format displayed as 2-byte decimal units
od -o
represents in octal format displayed as 2-byte octal units
od -i
represents in octal format displayed as decimal integers
od -x
represents in octal format displayed as hexadecimal 2 byte units
od -a
represents in octal format named characters
od -s
represents in octal format select decimal 2-byte units
od -l
represents in octal format select decimal longs
od -f
represents in octal format select floats
xfsrestore
restore filesystems from dumps
xfs_mdrestore
restore metadump image to a filesystem image
nohup
run a command immune to hangups
fg
run a job in the foreground
nice -n
run a program with modified scheduling priority --adjustment=N; add integer N for adjustment to the niceness (Most favor: -20 to Least favor: 19)
bg
run jobs in the background can add & to end of command
xfs_repair
scans filesystem and corrects any problems encountered
find -noleaf
search for files in a directory hierarchy Do not optimize by assuming that directories contain 2 fewer subdirectories than their hard link count. This option is needed when searching filesystems that do not follow the Unix directory-link convention, such as CD-ROM or MS-DOS filesystems or AFS volume mount points.
find -perm -mode
search for files in a directory hierarchy all of the permission bits mode are set for the file
find -false
search for files in a directory hierarchy always false
find -true
search for files in a directory hierarchy always true
find -perm /mode
search for files in a directory hierarchy any of the permission bits are set for the file
find -perm +mode
search for files in a directory hierarchy any of the permission bits mode are set for the file
find -xtype c
search for files in a directory hierarchy checks the type of the file that -type does not check
find -newerXY reference
search for files in a directory hierarchy compares the timestamp of the current file with the reference
find -mmin n
search for files in a directory hierarchy data was last modified n minutes ago
find -mtime n
search for files in a directory hierarchy data was last modified n*24 hours ago
find -delete
search for files in a directory hierarchy delete files
find -maxdepth
search for files in a directory hierarchy descend at most levels of directories below the command line argument
find -mindepth
search for files in a directory hierarchy do not apply any tests or actions at levels less than specified
find -H
search for files in a directory hierarchy do not follow symbolic links except while processing the command line arguments
find -mount
search for files in a directory hierarchy don't descend directories on other filesystems. An alternate name for -xdev
find -exec command ;
search for files in a directory hierarchy execute a command
find -group gname
search for files in a directory hierarchy file belongs to group name
find -inum n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file has inode number of n
find -links n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file has n links
find -empty
search for files in a directory hierarchy file is empty and either a file or directory
find -type c
search for files in a directory hierarchy file is of type c: 'b' block 'c' character 'd' directory 'p' named pipe (FIFO) 'f' regular file 'l' symbolic link 's' socket 'D' door (Solaris)
find -fstype type
search for files in a directory hierarchy file is on a specified filesystem type
find -user uname
search for files in a directory hierarchy file is owned by specified user
find -lname pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy file is symbolic link whose contents match shell pattern specified
find -wholename pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy file name matches shell pattern specified
find -samefile name
search for files in a directory hierarchy file refers to the same inode as name
find -size n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file uses n units of space 'b' 512-byte blocks 'c' bytes 'w' 2-byte words 'k' kilobytes (1024 bytes) 'M' megabytes (1048576 bytes) 'G' gigabytes (1073741824 bytes)
find -anewer file
search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed more recently than file was modified
find -used n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed n days after its status was last changed
find -amin n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed n minutes ago
find -atime n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file was last accessed n*24 hour ago
find -newer file
search for files in a directory hierarchy file was modified more recently than specified file
find -gid n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file's numeric gid is n
find -uid n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file's numeric user ID is n
find -cnewer file
search for files in a directory hierarchy file's status was changed more recently than file was modified
find -cmin n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file's status was last changed n minutes ago
find -ctime n
search for files in a directory hierarchy file's status was last changed n*24 hours ago
find -path pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy filename matches shell pattern
find -L
search for files in a directory hierarchy follow symbolic links
find -ok command ;
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -exec but ask the user first
find -execdir command {} +
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -exec, but the specified command is run from the subdirectory containing the matched file
find -okdir command ;
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -execdir but ask the user first in the same was as for -ok
find -ilname
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -lname, but match is case insensitive
find -fls file
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -ls but write to specified file like -fprint. output file is always created
find -iname
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -name, but match is case insensitive
find -ipath pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -path but match is case insensitive
find -fprint0 file
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -print0 but write to file like -fprint
find -fprintf file format
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -printf but write to file like -fprint. The output file is always created, even with no match
find -iregex pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy like -regex, but match is case insensitive
find -ls
search for files in a directory hierarchy list current file in ls -dils format on stdout
find -executable
search for files in a directory hierarchy matches executable files and directories
find -writable
search for files in a directory hierarchy matches files which are writable
find -readable
search for files in a directory hierarchy matches readable files
find -context pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy matches the specified glob pattern
find -daystart
search for files in a directory hierarchy measures times (for -amin, -atime, -cmin, ctime, -mmin, and -mtime) from beginning of today rather than 24 hours ago
find -P
search for files in a directory hierarchy never follow symbolic links (default behaviour)
find -ignore_readdir_race
search for files in a directory hierarchy no error message will be issued when command fails to stat a file
find -nogroup
search for files in a directory hierarchy no group corresponds to file's numeric group ID
find -nouser
search for files in a directory hierarchy no user corresponds to file's numeric user ID
find -printf format
search for files in a directory hierarchy print format on stdout interpreting '\' escapes and '%' directives
find -print
search for files in a directory hierarchy print full file name to stdout followed by a newline
find -print0
search for files in a directory hierarchy print full file name to stdout followed by null character
find -fprint file
search for files in a directory hierarchy print the full file name into the specified file
find -depth
search for files in a directory hierarchy process each directory's contents before the directory itself
find -exec command { } +
search for files in a directory hierarchy runs the command on the selected files, but the command line is built by appending each selected file name at the end
find -perm mode
search for files in a directory hierarchy specify exact permission bits of the file
find -name pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy specify name to search for
find -regex pattern
search for files in a directory hierarchy specify regular expression pattern to search
find -d
search for files in a directory hierarchy synonym for -depth
vi ?
searches backward in file
vi /
searches forward in file
kill 6
send a signal to a process SIGABRT; abort signal
kill 14
send a signal to a process SIGALRM; timer signal
kill 8
send a signal to a process SIGFPE; floating point exception
kill 1
send a signal to a process SIGHUP; hangup
kill 4
send a signal to a process SIGILL; illegal instruction
kill 2
send a signal to a process SIGINT ; Interrupt from keyboard
kill 13
send a signal to a process SIGPIPE; broken pipe
kill 3
send a signal to a process SIGQUIT; quit from keyboard
kill 11
send a signal to a process SIGSEGV; invalid memory reference
kill 15
send a signal to a process SIGTERM; termination signal
mkswap -c
set up a Linux swap area --check; check the device for bad blocks before creating swap area
mkswap -f
set up a Linux swap area --force; go ahead. allows creation of swap area larger than file or partition it resides on
mkswap -L
set up a Linux swap area --label label; specify a label for the device
mkswap -p
set up a Linux swap area --pagesize size; specify page size to use; usually unnecessary as command reads size from the kernel
mkswap -v0
set up a Linux swap area --swapversion 0; create old style swap area; NOT SUPPORTED
mkswap -v1
set up a Linux swap area --swapversion 1; create a new style swap area
mkswap -U
set up a Linux swap area --uuid UUID; specify UUID to use
which -a
shows the full path of (shell) commands --all; print all matching executables
which -i
shows the full path of (shell) commands --read-alias; read from stdin, reporting matching ones on stdout
which --skip-alias
shows the full path of (shell) commands ignore --read-alias option
which --skip-functions
shows the full path of (shell) commands ignore option --read-functions
which --show-dot
shows the full path of (shell) commands print paths that start with . where a matching executable is found
which --read-functions
shows the full path of (shell) commands read shell functions from stdin, reporting matches to stdout
which--show-tilde
shows the full path of (shell) commands show tilde when directory matches the HOME directory
which --skip-dot
shows the full path of (shell) commands skip directories in path that start with .
which --skip-tilde
shows the full path of (shell) commands skip paths that start with a tilde ~
which --tty-only
shows the full path of (shell) commands stop processing options if not tty
fmt -c
simple optimal text formatter --crown-margin; preserve indentation of first 2 lines
fmt -g
simple optimal text formatter --goal=WIDTH; goal width (default 93% of width)
fmt -p
simple optimal text formatter --prefix=STRING; reformat only lines beginning with STRING
fmt -s
simple optimal text formatter --split-only; split long lines, do not refill
fmt -t
simple optimal text formatter --tagged-paragraph; indentation of first line different from second
fmt -u
simple optimal text formatter --uniform-spacing; one space between words, 2 after sentences
fmt -w
simple optimal text formatter --width=WIDTH; maximum line width
sort -d
sort lines of text file --dictionary-order; consider only blanks and alphanumeric characters
sort -g
sort lines of text file --general-numeric-sort; compare according to generic numeric value
sort -f
sort lines of text file --ignore-case; fold lower case to upper case characters
sort -b
sort lines of text file --ignore-leading-blanks; ignore leading blanks
sort -i
sort lines of text file --ignore-nonprinting; consider only printing characters
sort -k
sort lines of text file --key; start a key at POS1 (origin 1), end it at POS2 (default end of line)
sort -M
sort lines of text file --month-sort
sort -n
sort lines of text file --numeric-sort ; compare according to string numerical value
sort -R
sort lines of text file --random-sort; sort by random hash of keys
sort -r
sort lines of text file --reverse; reverse the result of comparisons
sort -V
sort lines of text file --version-sort; natural sort of version numbers within text
sort --random-source=FILE
sort lines of text file get random bytes from file
sort -h
sort lines of text file human-numeric-sort; compare human readable numbers
sort --sort=WORD
sort lines of text file sort according to a WORD
split -b
split a file into pieces --bytes=SIZE; specify bytes per output file
split -e
split a file into pieces --elide-empty-files; do not generate empty output files with -n
split -C
split a file into pieces --line-bytes=SIZE; put max SIZE bytes of lines per output
split -l
split a file into pieces --lines=NUMBER; specify NUMBER of lines per output file
split -n
split a file into pieces --number=CHUNKS; generate CHUNKS output files
split -d
split a file into pieces --numeric-suffixes=FROM; use numeric suffixes instead of alphabetic; FROM changes the start value
split -a
split a file into pieces --suffix-length=N; use suffix length
split -u
split a file into pieces --unbuffered; immediately copy input to output with '-n r/...'
split --additional-suffix=SUFFIX
split a file into pieces append an additional suffix to filenames
split --filter=COMMAND
split a file into pieces write a shell command
sed -b
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --binary; does anything
sed -c
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --copy; use copy instead of rename when shuffling files in -i mode
sed -e
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --expression=script; add a script to the commands to be executed
sed -f
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --file=script-file; add contents of a script file to the commands to be executed
sed -i
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --in-place=SUFFIX; edit files in place
sed -l
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --line-length=N; specify the desired line-wrap length
sed -z
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --null-data; seperate lines by NUL characters
sed -n
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --quiet; --silent; suppress automatic printing of pattern space
sed -r
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --regex-extended; use extended regular expressions in the script
sed -s
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --separate; consider files as separate rather than continuous long stream
sed -u
stream editor for filtering and transforming text --unbuffered; load minimal amounts of data from the input files and flush the output buffers more often
sed --posix
stream editor for filtering and transforming text disable all GNU extensions
sed --follow-symlinks
stream editor for filtering and transforming text follow symlinks when processing in place
repquota -a
summarize quotas for a filesystem --all; report on all filesystems indicated in /etc/mtab to be read-write with quotas
repquota -c
summarize quotas for a filesystem --cache; cache entries for UIDs/GIDs
repquota -F
summarize quotas for a filesystem --format=name; report for specified format
repquota -g
summarize quotas for a filesystem --group; report for groups
repquota - s
summarize quotas for a filesystem --human-readable; show used space, used inodes, and limits in easy reading format
repquota -i
summarize quotas for a filesystem --no-autofs; ignore mountpoints by automounter
repquota -C
summarize quotas for a filesystem --no-cache; translate individual entries
repquota -n
summarize quotas for a filesystem --no-names; don't resolve UIDs/GIDs
repquota -p
summarize quotas for a filesystem --raw-grace; report time in seconds since epoch when grace time runs out
repquota -t
summarize quotas for a filesystem --truncate-names; truncate user/group names longer than 9 characters
repquota -u
summarize quotas for a filesystem --user; report for users
xfs_freeze
suspend access or resume write activity to a file system
dpkg-query -c
tool to query the dpkg database --control-path <packagename control file>; list paths for control files installed to your system from the packagename
dpkg-query -l
tool to query the dpkg database --list <packagename>; list packages matching a given pattern
dpkg-query -L
tool to query the dpkg database --listfiles <packagenames>; list files installed on you system specify packagename
dpkg-query -W
tool to query the dpkg database --show <packagename>; list packages matching the given pattern. Output can be customized using the --showformat option
dpkg-query -s
tool to query the dpkg database --status <packagename>; report status of specified package
dpkg-query --control-show
tool to query the dpkg database <packagename control-file>; print the control-file installed to your system from packagename to the stdout
dpkg-query --control-list
tool to query the dpkg database <packagename>; list control files installed to your system from the specified package name
tr -c
translate or delete characters --complement; use complement SET1
tr -d
translate or delete characters --delete; delete characters in SET1
tr -s
translate or delete characters --squeeze-repeats; replace each input sequence of a repeated character that is listed in SET1 with a single occurrence of that character
tr -t
translate or delete characters --truncate-set1; truncate SET1 to length of SET2
quotaoff -a
turn filesystem quotas off --all; force all filesystems in /etc/fstab to disable
quotaoff -F
turn filesystem quotas off --format=name; report for specified format
quotaoff -g
turn filesystem quotas off --group; manipulate group quotas
quotaoff -p
turn filesystem quotas off --print-state; only print the state of quotas
quotaoff -u
turn filesystem quotas off --user; manipulate user quotas
quotaoff -x
turn filesystem quotas off --xfs-command delete; free up space used to hold quota information in an XFS filesystem --xfs-command enforce; switch off limit enforcement for XFS --xfs-command account; disable quota accounting
quotaon -a
turn filesystem quotas on --all; automatically mounts contents of /etc/fstab
quotaon -F
turn filesystem quotas on --format=name; report for a specified format
quotaon -g
turn filesystem quotas on --group; manipulates group quotas
quotaon -f
turn filesystem quotas on --off; turn off
quotaon -p
turn filesystem quotas on --print-state; only print the state of quotas
quotaon -u
turn filesystem quotas on --user; manipulate user quotas (DEFAULT)
vi :e!
undo any changes
umount -A
unmount file systems --all-targets; umount all mountpoints in the current namespace for the specified filesystem
umount -a
unmount file systems --all; all filesystems are unmounted in /etc/mtab
umount -d
unmount file systems --detach-loop; free the loop device
umount -f
unmount file systems --force; force unmount
umount -i
unmount file systems --internal-only; don't call /sbin/umount.<filesystem> helper even if it exists
umount -l
unmount file systems --lazy; detach the filesystem from the filesystem hierarchy now, and cleanup all references to the filesystem as soon as it is not busy anymore
umount -c
unmount file systems --no-canonicalize; do not canonicalize paths
umount -n
unmount file systems --no-mtab; unmount without writing in /etc/mtab
umount -r
unmount file systems --read-only; in case unmounting fails, try to remount read-only
umount -R
unmount file systems --recursive; recursively unmount each directory specified
umount -O
unmount file systems --test-opts options, list; indicate actions should be taken on file systems with specific options in /etc/fstab
umount -t
unmount file systems --types vfstype, ext2, ext3; indicate actions should be taken only on file systems of the specified type
umount --fake
unmount file systems causes everything to be done except for the actual system call
updatedb -f
update the database for mlocate --add-prunefs FS; add entries in list FS to PRUNEFS
updatedb -n
update the database for mlocate --add-prunenames NAMES; add entries
updatedb -e
update the database for mlocate --add-prunepaths PATHS; add entries in white-space-separated list PATHS to PRUNEPATHS
updatedb -U
update the database for mlocate --database-root PATH; store only results of scanning the file system subtree rooted at PATH to the generated database
updatedb -o
update the database for mlocate --output FILE; write the database to FILE
updatedb -1
update the database for mlocate --require-visibility FLAG; set the "require file visibility before reporting it" flag
updatedb --prunefs FS
update the database for mlocate set PRUNEFS to FS, overriding the configuration file
updatedb --prunenames NAMES
update the database for mlocate set PRUNENAMES to NAMES, overriding the configuration file
updatedb --prunepaths PATHS
update the database for mlocate set PRUNEPATHS to PATHS, overriding the configuration file
updatedb --prune-bind-mounts FLAG
update the database for mlocate set PRUNE_BIND_MOUNTS to FLAG, overriding the configuration file
updatedb --debug-pruning
update the database for mlocate write debugging information about pruning decisions to stderr
\v
vertical tab
xfs_info
view filesystem information
vi
visual editor
vi ZZ
write and exit file
vi :w!
write file force