lipids

cadiovascular disease

is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels

dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development

limit trans fat intake replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories

arterial plaque

lipid-filled patch that builds up within the wall of an artery

chlyomicrons

lipoprotein special particles that are designed for the transport of lipids in the circulation

lipid functions

maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours

fatty acid and triglyceride functions

to provide energy to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body

reduction of alcohol and refined carbohydrates

will help reduce blood triglyceride levels

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between

20-35%

monounsaturated fatty acid

A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.

Phospholipids

A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.

ateriosclerosis

A thickening or hardening of the walls of an artery, with impairment of blood circulation (by product of atrherosclerosis)

Cholesterol

A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.

sterols

A type of lipid based on cholesterol; includes testosterone and estrogen.

tests for person's risk for developing atherosclerosis

Check blood pressure Request lipoprotein profile Test triglyceride levels

lipid storage disorders

Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages tissues

saturated fatty acid

a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized

tyrosine

a nonessential amino acid the body makes from another amino acid called phenylalanine. It is an essential component for the production of several important brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.

alpha-linolenic acid

a polyunsaturated essential fatty acid; part of the omega-3 fatty acid family

Triglycerides

an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

lipoprotein lipase

an enzyme that sits on the outside of cells and breaks apart triglycerides, so that their fatty acids can be removed and taken up by the cell

Atherosclerosis

an extremely complex disease; condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

dietary fiber

can reduce LDL cholesterol levels

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

fatty acid

hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid

trans fatty acids

a kind of fat formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil during processing

LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol

"bad" blood cholesterol, delivers plaque to the arterial walls. < 100 mg/dl

HDL cholesterol

"good" high density lipoprotein. high protein, low fat

polysaturated fatty acids

Has many double bonds. Not packed tightly at all. Liquid at room temp. Double bond susceptible to oxidation. Ex: Vegetable Oil.

foam cells

Lipid-loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls.

cis fatty acids

Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in which carbon moieties lie on the same side of the double bond.

stanols

Phytosterols extracted from plants and added to foods such as margarin

thrombus

a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

gallstones

crystallized cholesterol in the gallbladder

gangrene

death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion

pancreatic lipase

digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

lipid storage diseases

disorders due to inborn errors of lipid metabolism resulting in the abnormal accumulation of lipids in the wrong places 1) Niemann-Pick disease: genetic defect in the enzyme SHINGOMYELINASE; causes accumulation of sphingomyelin in the brain, spleen, and liver 2) Tay-Sachs disease: deficiency of the enzyme HEXOSAMINIDASE; leads to accumulation of gangliosides in the brain and nervous tissue; causes CNS degeneration; death by age 4

plant sterols

essential components of plant membranes that, when consumed in the diet, appear to help lower cholesterol levels

modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease

excess body fat type 2 diabetes tobacco Use hypertension

atherosclerosis risk factors

having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis (hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, hypertension)

excess body fat around midsection is associated with

high blood LDL cholesterol high triglyceride levels

omega-3 fatty acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly found in fish oils that are beneficial to cardiovascular health (decrease blood clotting and inflammation)

omega-6 fatty acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids found primarily in corn and sunflower oils and most oils in processed foods (increase blood clotting and inflammation)

statins

prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels

erythrocytes

red blood cells

when plaque on an artery ruptures

repairing the rupture involves clot formation life-threatening blood clots may form

myocardial infarction

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)

cardiomyopathy

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle