lipids
cadiovascular disease
is a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
limit trans fat intake replace foods that are rich in saturated fats with foods higher in unsaturated fats reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total Calories
arterial plaque
lipid-filled patch that builds up within the wall of an artery
chlyomicrons
lipoprotein special particles that are designed for the transport of lipids in the circulation
lipid functions
maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours
fatty acid and triglyceride functions
to provide energy to aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins to insulate and protect the body
reduction of alcohol and refined carbohydrates
will help reduce blood triglyceride levels
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range - AMDR), adults should keep their daily distribution of fat calories between
20-35%
monounsaturated fatty acid
A fatty acid whose molecular structure includes only one double carbon bond.
Phospholipids
A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail.
ateriosclerosis
A thickening or hardening of the walls of an artery, with impairment of blood circulation (by product of atrherosclerosis)
Cholesterol
A type of fat made by the body from saturated fat; a minor part of fat in foods.
sterols
A type of lipid based on cholesterol; includes testosterone and estrogen.
tests for person's risk for developing atherosclerosis
Check blood pressure Request lipoprotein profile Test triglyceride levels
lipid storage disorders
Genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, which damages tissues
saturated fatty acid
a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
tyrosine
a nonessential amino acid the body makes from another amino acid called phenylalanine. It is an essential component for the production of several important brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
alpha-linolenic acid
a polyunsaturated essential fatty acid; part of the omega-3 fatty acid family
Triglycerides
an energy-rich compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.
lipoprotein lipase
an enzyme that sits on the outside of cells and breaks apart triglycerides, so that their fatty acids can be removed and taken up by the cell
Atherosclerosis
an extremely complex disease; condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
dietary fiber
can reduce LDL cholesterol levels
endocarditis
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
fatty acid
hydrocarbon chain often bonded to glycerol in a lipid
trans fatty acids
a kind of fat formed when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil during processing
LDL (low density lipoprotein) cholesterol
"bad" blood cholesterol, delivers plaque to the arterial walls. < 100 mg/dl
HDL cholesterol
"good" high density lipoprotein. high protein, low fat
polysaturated fatty acids
Has many double bonds. Not packed tightly at all. Liquid at room temp. Double bond susceptible to oxidation. Ex: Vegetable Oil.
foam cells
Lipid-loaded white blood cells that have surrounded large amounts of a fatty substance, usually cholesterol, on the blood vessel walls.
cis fatty acids
Naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids in which carbon moieties lie on the same side of the double bond.
stanols
Phytosterols extracted from plants and added to foods such as margarin
thrombus
a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein
gallstones
crystallized cholesterol in the gallbladder
gangrene
death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply followed by bacterial invasion
pancreatic lipase
digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
lipid storage diseases
disorders due to inborn errors of lipid metabolism resulting in the abnormal accumulation of lipids in the wrong places 1) Niemann-Pick disease: genetic defect in the enzyme SHINGOMYELINASE; causes accumulation of sphingomyelin in the brain, spleen, and liver 2) Tay-Sachs disease: deficiency of the enzyme HEXOSAMINIDASE; leads to accumulation of gangliosides in the brain and nervous tissue; causes CNS degeneration; death by age 4
plant sterols
essential components of plant membranes that, when consumed in the diet, appear to help lower cholesterol levels
modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease
excess body fat type 2 diabetes tobacco Use hypertension
atherosclerosis risk factors
having one or more risk factors increases a person's chance of developing atherosclerosis (hyperlipidemia/dyslipidemia, diabetes, smoking, hypertension)
excess body fat around midsection is associated with
high blood LDL cholesterol high triglyceride levels
omega-3 fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids commonly found in fish oils that are beneficial to cardiovascular health (decrease blood clotting and inflammation)
omega-6 fatty acids
polyunsaturated fatty acids found primarily in corn and sunflower oils and most oils in processed foods (increase blood clotting and inflammation)
statins
prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels
erythrocytes
red blood cells
when plaque on an artery ruptures
repairing the rupture involves clot formation life-threatening blood clots may form
myocardial infarction
the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack)
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle