Lippert chapter review questions for written exam 1

inflation and deflation of the lungs can be compared to an object known as ______.

a bellows

the left AV valve has 2 other names. a. referring to the number of flaps, it is called the ______ valve. b. referring to its shape, it is called the ______ valve.

a. bicuspid b. mitral

identify the following in terms of open- or closed-kinetic chain activities: a. wheelchair push ups b. exercises with weight cuffs c. overhead wall pulleys

a. closed b. open c. open

In terms of muscle tissue characteristics: a. What can a muscle do that a rubber band cannot? b. what characteristic does a rubber band have that chewing gum does not?

a. contract b. elasticity

a. Veins carry which type of blood? b. What is the exception? c. Arteries carry which type of blood? d. What is the exception?

a. deoxygenated b. pulmonary veins c. oxygenated d. pulmonary arteries

what are synonymous terms for the following TMJ motions? a. opening the jaw b. closing the jaw c. moving the jaw posteriorly d. moving the jaw anteriorly e. moving the jaw toward the side

a. depression b. elevation c. retraction d. protraction e. lateral deviation

classify the bone marking: a. bicipital groove b. humeral head c. acetabulum

a. ditch like depression b. rounded, articular projection that fits into a joint c. deep depression

place one hand on your chest and the other on the anterior lateral side of your neck. sniff strongly. a. what movement occurs at your chest? b. did you feel any muscle contraction at your neck? c. what phase of respiration occurs when sniffing, and what neck muscles reversed their muscle action to produce sniffing?

a. elevation b. yes c. deep inspiration; scalene muscles and SCM

name the bone markings that can be classified as a. depressions and openings b. projections or processes that fit into joints c. projections or processes that attach connective tissue such as tendons, ligaments, and fascia

a. foramen, fossa , groove, meatus, sinus b. condyle, eminence, facet, head c. crest, epicondyle, line, spine, trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle

Usually when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. a. what is another name for the DISTAL attachment? b. What is another name for the PROXIMAL attachment?

a. insertion b. origin

Sit in a chair with your elbows supported on the armrests. Place your right hand on the left side of your chest with your fingers pointing up toward the left shoulder. Take a deep breath. a. What rib movement occurred and in what phase of respiration did it occur? b. what accessory breathing muscle is working? c. what type of chain activity is occurring?

a. rib cage elevates and expands; deep inspiration b. pectoralis major c. closed-chain

Sitting with a weight in your hand, forearm pronated, elbow extended, and shoulder medially rotated, slowly move your hand out to the side and raise it. a. What is the joint motion at the shoulder? b. what muscle contraction is occurring at the shoulder? c. what muscle group is contracting at the shoulder? d. what type of muscle contraction is occurring at the elbow? e. what muscle group is contracting at the elbow?

a. shoulder abduction b. concentric c. shoulder abductors d. isometric e. elbow extensors

while laying supine with your arm at your side and with a weight in your hand, raise the weight up and over your shoulder. a. what joint motion is occurring at the shoulder? b. is the muscle action during the first 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? c. are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action? d. is the muscle action during the second 90 degrees of the motion concentric or eccentric? e. are the shoulder flexors or extensors responsible for this action?

a. shoulder flexion b. concentric c. shoulder flexors d. eccentric e. shoulder extensors

At the end of a 100-yard dash, please describe: a. what stabilizing muscles are contracting to allow the abdominals to assist with expiration? why are they needed? b. how is the pectoralis minor contracting, and what action is produced? c. how are the levator scapula, upper trapezius, and rhomboids contracting, and what motion they are working together to produce? d. how does the action produced by the muscles in (c) help the pectorals minor assist with inspiration?

a. trunk extensors contract b/c they neutralize the trunk flexion action and stabilize the spine; rectus abdomens helps pull the rib cage down for expiration instead of flexing the trunk b. reverse muscle action causes the pectorals minor to lift up on the rib cage assisting in inspiration c. concentric contraction --> scapular elevation; upward pull on rib cage --> inspiration d. stabilize the scapula so the pectoralis minor can pull up on the ribs instead of pulling down

the flexor carpi radialis performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. the flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. a. in what wrist action do the two muscles act as a agonist? b. in what wrist action do the two muscles act as antagonists?

a. wrist flexion b. ulnar & radial deviation

From a supine position, tuck your chin and raise your head off the mat, hold for the count of 5, then return to starting position. a.) Is the head flexing or extending on C1 as you tuck in your chin? b.) what type of contraction is occurring as you tuck the chin? c.) what what is the muscle group involved in tucking your chin? d.) is your neck flexing or extending as you raise your head? e.) what type of contraction is occurring as you raise your head? f.) what muscles are prime movers in this joint motion? g.) what type of contraction is occurring as you hold your head for the count? h.) what muscles are prime movers in this action? i.) is neck flexion or extension occurring as you return to the starting position? j.) what type of contraction is occurring with this motion? k.) what muscles are involved with this action?

a.)

with respect to the ligaments that support the spine: a.) name the ligaments that attach to the bodies of the vertebrae and run the length of the vertebral column b.) name the primary motion that each of these ligaments limits

a.) anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments b.) anterior: prevents excessive hyperextension posterior: prevents excessive flexion

for the following steps, select elbow flexion as the motion to analyze: a.) identify the direction in which the bone moves during elbow flexion b.) identify the arthrokinematic motion that occurs by describing the direction in which the joint surface is gliding.

a.) anterior movement of radius and ulna b.) anterior glide of the proximal ends of radius and ulna

lie supine in a comfortable position with a pillow under your knees and head. place your right hand on your upper chest and your left hand on your stomach, just below your ribs. breathe in slowly though your nose with your mouth closed. a.) what type of breathing is occurring if your right hand is moving up and down? b.) what type of breathing is occurring if your left hand is moving?

a.) chest breathing b.) diaphragmatic breathing

a person bends down to touch the floor in the sagittal plane. a.) what type of force is applied to the anterior part of the vertebra? b.) what type of force is applied to the posterior part of the vertebra?

a.) compression b.) distraction/traction

identify the accessory motion force(s) occurring in the following activities. a.) at the shoulder when leaning on a table with your elbows extended b.) at the knee when a football player is hit on the front of the shin c.) at the elbow when picking up one end of a table d.) at the wrist when opening a jar e.) to the shoulders of a child when they are being swung around by their arms

a.) compression b.) shear c.) traction d.) torsional e.) traction

in terms of congruency, describe how a stack of pringles potato chips fits together. place a stack *come back to

a.) convex b.) concave c.) concave d.) convex e.) sellar

using the steps described in table 4-1, analyze the motion at the elbow joint: a.) name the joint surfaces and identify whether each surface is concave or convex b.) identify the more moveable segment c.) is the motion concave on convex or convex on concave? d.) will the more movable bony segment glide in the same or opposite direction as the rest of the bone?

a.) distal end of humerus- convex proximal end of radius and ulna - concave b.) radius and ulna c.) concave on convex d.) same direction

with respect to spinal flexion and extension, describe what happens to: a.) the lumbar curve b.) intervertebral foramen size c.) the annular portion of the disk d.) the nucleus portion of the disk? e.) the load on the intervertebral disk? f.) the load on the facet joints?

a.) flexion- decreases lumbar lordosis extension- increases lumbar lordosis b.) flexion- increases extension- decreases c.) flexion-compresses anteriorly extension- compresses posteriorly d.) flexion- moves posteriorly extension- moves anteriorly e.) flexion- increases extension- decreases f.) flexion- decreases extension- increases

While bending forward to pick up a light object from the floor, a.) what force is causing the forward bending? b.) what spinal muscles are contracting and what type of contraction are they performing?

a.) gravity b.) spinal extensors are contracting eccentrically

starting in anatomical position, move the shoulder into flexion. a.) is the humerus moving on he scapula or is the scapula moving on the humerus? b.) is the proximal end of the humerus a concave of convex joint surface? c.) does the glenoid fossa of the scapula have a concave or convex joint surface? d.) is the concave surface gliding on a fixed convex surface, or is a convex surface gliding on a fixed concave surface? e.) is the joint surface gliding in the same or opposite direction as the distal end of the moving bone?

a.) humerus moving on scapula b.) convex c.) concave d.) convex gliding on fixed concave surface e.) opposite direction

Describe neck and trunk motions in : a.) the frontal plane around the sagittal axis b.) the transverse plane around the vertical axis c.) the sagittal plane around the frontal axis

a.) lateral bending b.) rotation c.) flexion, extension, hyperextension

Lie prone with your head and shoulders over the edge of the table and head down. Tuck your chin in and raise your head to anatomical position. a.) What joint motion is occurring in the neck as you tuck your chin in? b.) What joint motion is occurring in the neck as you raise your head? c.) what type of contraction occurs as you raise your head? d.) what type of contraction occurs as you hold your head in anatomical position while in this prone position? e.) what are the prime movers that are working to raise your head?

a.) neck flexion b.) neck extension c.) concentric d.) isometric e.) obliquus capitis superior & inferior, rectus capitis posterior major & minor, splenius capitis & cervicis, semispinalis capitis & cervicis, erector spinae

Sitting or standing with your head and neck in anatomical position, press your right hand against the right side of your head. try to move your head but resist any motion with your hand. a.) what joint motion is occurring? b.) what type of contraction is occurring? c.) prime movers?

a.) right lateral bending of head and neck b.) isometric c.) right SCM, right splenius capitis & cervicis, right scalenes, right erector spinae, and right intertransversarii

While lying supine, lean your head toward your right shoulder without moving the shoulder. Both stretching and strengthening are occurring here. Indicate right and left sides in the following questions: a.) what joint motion is occurring here? b.) what muscle group is being stretched? c.) what are the prime movers of this joint motion? d.) what muscle group is being strengthened? e.) what are the prime movers of this joint motion?

a.) right neck lateral bending b.) left neck lateral benders c.) right SCM, right splenius capitis & cervicis, right scalenes, right erector spinae, and right intertransversarii d.) right neck lateral benders e.) same as c but left

in comparing the size of the quarter and a nickel, note that the quarter is larger. place a pencil mark *come back to

a.) yes b.) glide

what is the term for the situation in which a muscle contracts until it can contract no farther, even though more joint ROM is possible?

active insufficiency

Does the lymph in an afferent or efferent lymph vessel contain more impurities?

afferent

what is the difference between afferent and efferent nerve fibers?

afferent: transmitting sensory impulses from the periphery toward the brain efferent: transmit motor impulses from brain or spinal cord toward periphery

what are 2 joints that could be used to describe the symphysis pubis?

amphiarthrosis & cartilaginous

A person wheeling across a room in a wheelchair uses both linear and angular motion. Describe when each type of motion is being used.

angular motion is being used by upper extremity joints- shoulder, elbow, wrist- to propel wheelchair. linear motion occurs as the person moves across the room in the wheelchair

The sternum is _____ to the vertebral column

anterior

two motions occur during mandibular depression, (1) the disk and condyle glide forward and inferiorly, and (2) the mandible rotates anteriorly on the disk. which occurs first?

anterior rotation of the mandibular condyle on the disk

For a muscle to have an effective angle of pull to be a shoulder flexor and not a shoulder abductor, it would have to span the shoulder on what surface?

anterior surface

lying in the same position, place one hand on your stomach and theater hand over your mouth. cough. what muscle do you feel contract?

anterior trunk muscles (rectus & transverse abdominis, external & internal obliques)

Is the clavicle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

appendicular

Is the humerus part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

appendicular

is shoulder distraction an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

arthrokinematic

when the joint surface of the first metacarpal glides posteriorly on the trapezium during thumb abduction, is this considered an osteokinematic movement or an arthrokinematic movement? why?

arthrokinematic b/c we are referring to the direction of movement of the joint surfaces

what structural features allow the thoracic vertebrae to rotate but not flex?

articular processes positioned in the frontal plane

Is the sternum part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?

axial

what are the differences between the axial and appendicular skeleton?

axial: no long or short bones; provide support and protection appendicular: no irregular bones; provide framework for movement

two people have the same weight and BOS, but one is on stilts. which person is more stable? why? a.) the person on stilts b.) the person not on stilts

b.) the person not on stilts b/c their COG is not disturbed (COG is disturbed when it is raised)

give an example of a synarthrodial joint in the axial skeleton

bones of the skull

the diaphragm has only one bony attachment. how is the other end attached? how does the muscle work?

bony attachment/ origin= xiphoid process other end/ insertion = central tendon b/c the insertion is higher than the origin, the diaphragm muscle descends when it contracts (flattens out and allows more room in thoracic cavity). when it is relaxed it is dome shaped.

medial and lateral expansion of the thorax can be compared to __________ handle motion.

bucket

what type of joint structure pads and protects areas of great friction?

bursa

lymph capillaries are found in... a. brain b. bone c. muscle d. all of the above

c. muscle

is the TMJ in the close-packed position when the teeth are clenched or when the mouth is slightly open?

close-packed position

When cracking an almond with a nutcracker, will the almond be easier to crack if it is closer to the axis or closer to the end of the handles? Why?

closer to axis- b/c resistance arm is shorter

The pulse of which artery can be felt in the neck?

common carotid artery

Which is heavier: compact bone or cancellous bone? Why?

compact b/c less porous

give one example of compact bone and one of cancellous bone

compact: diaphysis of long bones cancellous: metaphysic & epiphysis ; also found sandwiched b/t layers of compact bone

the chondrosternal joints involve what structures?

costal cartilages (ribs 1-7) articulate w/ sternum

the costovertebral and costotransverse joints involve what bony structures?

costovertebral: vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae articulates w/ head of ribs costotransverse: transverse process of thoracic vertebrae articulates w/ tubercles of ribs

When a football is kicked through the goalposts, what type of motion is being demonstrated by the football? By the kicker?

curvilinear; angular

the main shaft of bone is called what?

diaphysis

which pressure is lowest in an artery? when does it occur?

diastolic, when heart relaxes between beats

what muscles work like pulley?

digastric and omohyoid

If a clot breaks loose in a leg artery, where will it end up?

distal to its origin in a leg artery or an arteriole small enough in diameter to prevent its passage

if you place your and on the back of a dog, that is referred to as placing it on what surface?

dorsal surface of a dog

Is walking downhill a concentric or an eccentric contraction of your quadriceps muscle?

eccentric

When the anterior surface of the forearm moves toward the anterior surface of the humerus, what joint motion is involved? In what plane is the motion occurring? Around what axis?

elbow flexion; sagittal plane, frontal axis

what type of movement is allowed at the costovertebral, costotransverse, and chondrosternal joints?

elevation & depression --> inspiration & expiration

If a clot breaks loose in a leg vein, where will it end up?

end up in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lung b/c it will travel until reaching a vessel with a small enough diameter to prevent further passage

what is the name of the membrane that lines the medullary canal?

endosteum

which posterior muscle groups are the most superficial?

erector spinae

when you talk, are you doing so during inspiration, expiration, or both?

expiration

The head and neck regions are drained mostly by what two veins?

external and internal jugular vein

at the inguinal ligament, the main artery and vein change name from ______ (proximally) to ______ (distally).

external iliac artery and vein to femoral artery and vein

what are 3 types of joints that allow little or no motion?

fibrous joint i. synarthrosis ii. syndemosis iii. gomphosis

in an individual who has lost the ability to pick up the toes (ankle dorsiflexion), what nerve is involved? what is a common term for this condition?

fibular, foot drop

What joint motion is involved in returning the fingers to anatomical position from the fully spread position? In what plane and around what axis does the joint motion occur?

finger adduction; frontal plane, sagital axis

Assuming muscles are of normal length and taking a person's ankle into dorsiflexion, you would expect what type of end feel?

firm end feel

Lay the quarter flat on the table and hit it with your finger, sending it across the table. This would be what type of arthrokinematics motion?

glide

If a person had a subdural hematoma from a blow to the head, where would that hematoma be located?

hematoma would be deep to the dura (outermost layer of brain)

the rectus femoris flexes the hip and extends the knee. the vastus medialis extends only the knee. in what position must the hip and knee be placed to be able to stretch only the vastus medialis?

hip and knee must be flexed

Putting your right ankle on your left knee involves what type of hip rotation?

hip lateral rotation

a delivery person has several boxes stacked on a hand truck. would the person have to use more force to push the hand truck when the hand truck is more horizontal or vertical? why?

horizontal b/c lengthens or shortens the resistance arm

How does hyaline cartilage differ from fibrocartilage? Give an example of each type of cartilage.

hyaline cartilage: located on the bone ends of synovial joints and provides a smooth articulating surface. fibrocartilage: thicker and located b/t bones; provides shock absorption and spacing; examples = menisci of knee and disks of vertebrae

the hip is _____ to the chest

inferior

how do (a.) movements of the thorax and (b.) movements of the diaphragm affect inspiration and expiration?

inspiration- ribs elevate and diaphragm lowers expiration- ribs depress and diaphragm muscles elevate

how do the accessory muscles assist with breathing?

inspiration: assist the diaphragm and external intercostals in pulling up on the rib cage expiration: pull down on rib cage

Claw hand involves the loss of what muscle group? What nerve is primarily involved?

intrinsic muscle group, ulnar nerve

If a person had pressure on a nerve root, what bony area is likely to be involved?

invertebratal foramen made up of the inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above and superior vertebral notch below

When touching the left shoulder with the left hand, is a person using the contralateral or ipsilateral hand?

ipsilateral hand

describe the role of the transverse ligament.

it keeps the dens in place and helps it not slip posteriorly and damage the spinal cord

What joint structure surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces?

joint capsule

the radius is on the _____ side of the forearm

lateral

While lifting a suitcase up off the floor (with right hand and standing up), what muscle is contracting and what type of contraction is it performing?

left quadratus lumborum contracts concentrically to perform left laterally bending back to the neutral position

which cervical muscle would be stretched if you leaned your head toward the right shoulder and rotated your head to the left?

left sternocleidomastoid

what is the name of the series of ligaments that connect the lamina above to the lamina below along the length of the vertebral column?

ligamentum flavus

two people are standing on the same side of a patient's bed. they plan to move the patient toward them by pulling on the draw sheet. this move would be what type of force: linear, parallel, concurrent, or force couple?

linear force

what are parallel, linear, and concurrent forces?

linear: 2 or more forces are acting along the same line parallel: occur in the same plane and in the same or opposite direction concurrent: 2 or more forces must act on a common point but must pull or push in different directions

what type of bone is mainly involved in an individual's growth in height? in what portion of the bone does this growth occur?

long bones; epiphysis

if a person had an SCI at L4, would it be considered an upper or lower motor neuron lesion?

lower

Forming the letter O with your lips requires what motion of the TMJ and contraction of what muscle that flattens out the cheek?

mandibular depression; buccinator

name the two bones and their articular surfaces that make up the temporomandibular joint

mandibular fossa of the temporal bone, condyle of the mandible

what muscle makes up the fullness of the posterior portion of the cheek?

masseter

Name all of the joints that move when atlantoaxial rotation occurs. Identify the type/classification of each of these joints.

median atlantoaxial joint- uniaxial pivot joint 2 lateral atlantoaxial joints- plane-shaped synovial joints

in an individual who has lost the ability to oppose the thumb, what nerve is involved? what is a common term for this condition?

median, ape hand

the line of pull of the right and left external intercostal muscles forms a V shape in front similar to the right and left external obliques. however, in the back, they have opposite line of pull. why?

my words: the fibers have not changed direction, but the ribs have curved 180 degrees, causing this apparent change in direction. book: the line of pull does not change from front to back, but the muscle moves 180 degrees around the rib cage, giving the appearance of changing direction from front to back.

what makes up white matter?

myelinated tissue

Looking at a spot on the ceiling directly over your head involves what joint motion?

neck hyperextension

if you wanted a muscle to lift a very strong load, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

oblique muscle fibers

During AO joint extension, name the bony segment that is gliding and the direction of the glide.

occipital condyle glides anteriorly on the superior articular facet of C1

name the ligament that extends over the spinous process from the occiput to C7 and from C7 to the sacrum

occiput to C7: nuchal ligament C7 to sacrum: supra spinal ligament

what is the muscle origin of all accessory inspiratory muscles in relation to the rib cage?

origin is above the rib cage and is in a position to pull the rib cage up

is shoulder flexion and extension an arthrokinematic or osteokinematic type of motion?

osteokinematic

the surfaces of the thumb metacarpophlangeal joint are what shape?

ovoid

if you wanted a muscle to contract through a very great range, what muscle fiber arrangement would you want?

parallel muscle fibers

before moving the patient what can the people do to increase their own stability?

people need to get as close to the bed as possible to shorten the lever arm. they need to move their legs apart- increases BOS. bend their knees slightly to lower COG

Would the spinal cord injury at L4 show clinical signs more like a spinal cord lesion or a peripheral nerve lesion? Why?

peripheral b/c spinal cord ends at L2

The calcaneus is on the _____ portion of the foot.

posterior

if you place your hand on the back of a person, that is referred to as placing it on what surface?

posterior surface of a person

in children, does long bone growth occur at a traction epiphysis or at a pressure epiphysis?

pressure epiphysis

What joint motions are involved in turning the palm of the hand up and down? In what plane and around what axis does that joint motion occur?

pronation (palm down), supination (palm up); transverse plane, vertical axis

what is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

protect tendons from excess wear; patella has additional function --> increase angle of pull of the quadriceps muscle

the femur is ______ to the tibia

proximal

anterior-posterior expansion of the thorax can be compared to _______ handle motion.

pump

As the pelvis rises up on one side while ascending a step, what muscle is contracting, and what type of action is it performing?

quadrates lumborum performs reverse muscle action to elevate the pelvis

what is the term that describes a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves toward the distal end?

reverse muscle action

A muscle on the right side of the trunk will always produce lateral bending to which side?

right side (same side)

You stand a quarter on its edge and give it a small push so that it travels slowly across to the other side of the table. What type of arthrokinematic motion does this represent?

roll

identify the 11 degrees of freedom of the upper extremity

shoulder = 3 elbow = 1 radioulnar = 1 wrist = 2 MCP = 2 PIP = 1 DIP =1

Diarthrodial, synovial, triaxial, and ball-and-socket are all terms that could be used to describe which joint of the upper extremity? could these terms also be used to describe a joint in the lower extremity, and if so which joint?

shoulder joint; yes, hip joint

Putting your hand in your back pocket involves what shoulder joint rotation?

shoulder medial rotation

Compare the push rims of a standard wheelchair and a racing wheelchair. Note that the racing wheelchair has much smaller push rims. What is the advantage of smaller push rims to a wheelchair racer?

smaller push rims require more force, but the distance the wheelchair will travel with a single push is greater

you would feel what type of end feel at the end of the knee flexion range?

soft end feel

Hold a pencil vertically with the lead end on the table. Holding the eraser end between your thumb and index finger, roll the pencil between your fingers, keeping the lead end in contact with the table. This is demonstrating which type of arthrokinematic motion?

spin

Does a motor nerve send impulses from the periphery to the spinal cord or from the spinal cord to the periphery?

spinal cord to periphery

what bony structures make up the thorax?

sternum, ribs, costal cartilages, thoracic vertebrae

at what point does lymph drain into the vascular system?

subclavian vein

in anatomical position, the forearms are in what position?

supination

what position would a person have to be in to perform shoulder abduction and adduction in a gravity-eliminated position?

supine or prone lying down

A person lying on the bed and gazing at the ceiling is in the ________ position.

supine position

what are the 2 terms for a joint that allows a great deal of motion?

synovial or diarthrodial joint

which pressure is highest in an artery? when does it occur?

systolic, when heart contracts

you are handed a cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra. what identifying features help you distinguish among them?

table 15-2

what muscle can be palpated superior and anterior to the ear?

temporalis

what type of joints structure connects bone to muscle?

tendon

In terms of BOS, why is it more difficult for a person in a wheelchair to balance on only the back wheels ("wheelie") rather than on all four wheels?

the BOS of a wheelchair during a "wheelie" is very narrow. to maintain balance, the person must keep the body's COG within that BOS. however, the BOS is very wide when the wheelchair is resting on all four wheels, and it is easy to keep the body's COG within it.

what structural features allow the lumbar vertebrae to flex but not rotate?

the articular processes positioned in the sagittal plane

lateral deviation of the mandible to the left involves both spinning and gliding motions. describe how that happens

the left condyle spins in the mandibular socket while the right condyle slides forward

Please perform an analysis of what is happening to the length of the rectus femoris muscle at both the hip and the knee when an individual moves from a seated position to a standing position

the rectus femoris is lengthening over the anterior aspect of the hip and contracting (shortening) over the anterior aspect of the knee.

Which lymph duct drains a larger area of the body?

thoracic (left) duct

How do thoracic nerves differ from cervical or lumbar nerves?

thoracic: directly innervate the muscles near where they arise from the spinal cord cervical/lumbar: nerves branch or divide, forming a plexus and innervating muscle quite distal to the level of the cord from which they originate

what is another term for "Adam's apple"?

thyroid cartilage

Sitting in a chair, a man turns around to look behind him. What type of force is being applied to the vertebral column?

torsional

the right atrioventricular (AV) valve is also referred to as the ______ valve.

tricuspid

Picking up a pencil on the floor beside your chair involves what trunk joint motion?

trunk lateral bending

what makes up gray matter?

unmyelinated tissue

what are the differences between upper and lower motor neurons?

upper motor neurons: synapse above the level of the spinal cord's anterior horn lower motor neurons: synapse at cell bodies or axons pathological conditions occurring to either upper or lower motor neurons have quite different clinical signs.

the zygomatic arch is made up of which two bones?

zygomatic and temporal bones

Putting a weight cuff in which position would require more effort at the shoulder joint to move the weight cuff through shoulder range of motion? (a.) Cuff positioned at the wrist or (b.) cuff positioned at the elbow?

(a.) Cuff positioned at the wrist b/c there is a longer resistance arm

what is/are the most common level(s) for a herniated disk, and why?

(pg. 246) L4-5 & L5-S1 b/c the PLL is thinner and more narrow at this level and does not act as an effective barrier between the disk and spinal cord.

explain why a person who leans to the right when carrying a heavy suitcase in the left hand. if the suitcase was very heavy, what might a person do with their right arm? why?

-holding the suitcase on the left shifts her COG to the left -by leaning to the right, she is bringing her COG back over the BOS -with a very heavy suitcase, the person's COG shifts farther left, so besides leaning to the right, she might raise her right arm out to the side in an attempt to shift the COG more to the right.

superficial lymph drainage goes into what 3 regional lymph node groups?

1. cervical regional node 2. axillary regional node 3. inguinal regional node

identify the main cervical positions in the following activities: 1 .sleeping on your stomach 2. cradling the telephone between your ear and shoulder 3. looking at the top of a tall building from the street below 4. lying supine on a sofa with your head propped up on a pillow or the sofa's arm 5. painting the ceiling

1. cervical rotation & maybe extension 2. lateral bending 3. cervical hyperextension 4. cervical flexion 5. cervical hyperextension

what are the 3 main functions of lymph vessels?

1. collect 2. filter 3. return lymph to the bloodstream

identify the phases of respiration occurring during the activities: 1. blowing up a balloon 2. holding your breath for the count of 15 3. sneezing 4. whistling a tune 5. sitting quietly

1. forced inspiration, then forced expiration 2. deep inspiration 3. forced expiration 4. forced expiration 5. quiet inspiration and expiration

Name the 10 structures that a clot would travel through on its way from the left femoral vein (1) to the lung (10).

1. left femoral vein 2. left external iliac vein 3. left common iliac vein 4. inferior vena cava 5. right atrium 6. right AV valve 7. right ventricle 8. pulmonic valve 9. pulmonary arteries 10. lung

why does the quadrates lumborum muscle not play a role in trunk flexion, extension, or rotation?

1. no flexion or extension b/c located at anterior-posterior midline 2. no rotation b/c it has a vertical line of pull (action = lateral bending)

what are the 3 features that describe diarthrodial joints?

1. number of axes 2. the shape of joint 3. the joint motion involved

the blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to the lungs are the _____ . those that transport blood from the lungs to the heart are the _____.

1. pulmonary arteries 2. pulmonary veins

the semilunar valve located at the exit of the right ventricle is also called the _____ valve. the valve located at the exit of the left ventricle is called the _____ valve.

1. pulmonic valve 2. aortic valve

Name the bony, membranous, and fluid features that protect the brain from trauma.

1. skull 2. 3 layers of membrane (meninges) 3. cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

name 5 mechanisms that help move lymph from the periphery to the venous system

1. valves 2. lymph angion 3. squeezing action of muscles 4. movement of diaphragm 5. good posture

identify the main trunk action in the following activities: 6. preparing to hit a tennis ball with a backhand swing with the racket in your right hand 7. hitting the tennis ball with the backhand swing 8. reaching down to pick up a suitcase beside you 9. the follow through of punting a football 10. doing a backwards handstand

6. trunk rotation to left 7. trunk rotation to right 8. trunk lateral bending 9. trunk flexion 10. trunk hyperextension

The first heart sound ("lub") is heard when which valves close?

AV valves

what is the functional significance with regard to respiration between a person with a C3 spinal cord injury and a person with an injury at C5?

C3 and above: need ventilator to breathe C5: impaired respiration; can breathe unassisted, but activities like coughing, yelling, and taking deep breaths are limited

Diarthrodial, synovial, biaxial, and saddle are all terms that could be used to describe which joint?

CMC joint of thumb

Which would impair function of the TMJ more: Damage to the mandibular division of CN V or damage to the CN VII?

CN V (trigeminal)

the spinal cord extends to about what vertebral level?

L2

the second heart should ("dub") is heard when which valves close?

SL valves

Why are rubber tips put on the ends of crutches?

To increase the amount of friction between the crutch tip and the ground to prevent slippage