logic 1

antecedent

"if"

only if

"implies" really means

if

"on condition that" really means

consequent

"then"

H > M

Hilton's opening a new hotel is a sufficient condition for Marriott's doing so.

False

Some arguments, while not completely valid are almost valid

valid deductive argument

a deductive argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

invalid deductive argument

a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true

unsound argument

a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both.

sound argument

a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.

expository passage

a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. the objective is not to prove the topic sentence but only to expand it or elaborate it.

false

a sound argument may be invalid

false

a statement may legitimately be spoken of as valid or invalid

true

a valid argument may have a false premises and a false conclusion

arguments from example

although most forms of cancer if untreated can cause death, not all cancers are life-threatening. for example basal cell carcinoma the most common of all skin cancers, can produce disfigurement but it almost never results in death.

false

an argument may legitimately spoken of as true or false

illustrations

an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done.

explanation

an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon

strong inductive argument

an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to

weak inductive argument

an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to

cogent argument

an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises. must meet total evidence requirement.

uncogent argument

an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement or any combination of these.

piece of advice

before accepting a job after class hours, I would suggest that you give careful consideration to your course load.

~M . ~K

both megan and kathy are not winners

illustrations

chemical elements, as well as compounds, can be represented by molecular formulas. Thus, oxygen is represented by O2 what by H20 and sodium chloride by NaCl

~M v ~K

either megan or kathy is not a winner

true

if a deductive argument has a true premises and a false conclusion it is necessarily invalid

conditional statement

if/then statement

true

inductive arguments allow for varying degrees of strength and weakness

false

invalid deductive arguments are basically the same as inductive arguements

~M . K

megan is not a winner but Kathy is

~(M v K)

neither megan nor kathy is a winner

~(M . K)

not both megan and kathy are winners

~(M v K)

not either megan or kathy is a winner

loosely associated statemetns

not to honor men of worth will keep the people from contention; not to value goods that are hard to come by will keep them from theft; not to display what is desirable will keep them from being unsettled of mind.

report

the period of 1648-1789 was one of competition among the primary monarchs of Europe, Wars among the great powers were frequent but limited. France made major efforts to become paramount, but the balance of power operated to block French expansion.

explanation

the sky appears blue from the earth's surface because light rays from the sun are scattered by particles in the atmosphere.

explanans

the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining.

explanandum

the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained

warning

watch out that you don't slip on the ice

statement of belief or opinion

we believe that our company must develop and produce outstanding products that will perform a great service or fulfill a need for our customers.

warning

whatever you do, never confide personal secrets to blabbermouth bob

statement of belief or opinion

when I can read the latte menu through the hole in m server's earlobe, something is seriously out of wack.

piece of advice

you should keep a few things in mind when buying a used car. Test drive the car at varying speeds, and conditions.