logic 1
antecedent
"if"
only if
"implies" really means
if
"on condition that" really means
consequent
"then"
H > M
Hilton's opening a new hotel is a sufficient condition for Marriott's doing so.
False
Some arguments, while not completely valid are almost valid
valid deductive argument
a deductive argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
invalid deductive argument
a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true
unsound argument
a deductive argument that is invalid, has one or more false premises, or both.
sound argument
a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises.
expository passage
a kind of discourse that begins with a topic sentence followed by one or more sentences that develop the topic sentence. the objective is not to prove the topic sentence but only to expand it or elaborate it.
false
a sound argument may be invalid
false
a statement may legitimately be spoken of as valid or invalid
true
a valid argument may have a false premises and a false conclusion
arguments from example
although most forms of cancer if untreated can cause death, not all cancers are life-threatening. for example basal cell carcinoma the most common of all skin cancers, can produce disfigurement but it almost never results in death.
false
an argument may legitimately spoken of as true or false
illustrations
an expression involving one or more examples that is intended to show what something means or how it is done.
explanation
an expression that purports to shed light on some event or phenomenon
strong inductive argument
an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to
weak inductive argument
an inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises even though it is claimed to
cogent argument
an inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises. must meet total evidence requirement.
uncogent argument
an inductive argument that is weak, has one or more false premises, fails to meet the total evidence requirement or any combination of these.
piece of advice
before accepting a job after class hours, I would suggest that you give careful consideration to your course load.
~M . ~K
both megan and kathy are not winners
illustrations
chemical elements, as well as compounds, can be represented by molecular formulas. Thus, oxygen is represented by O2 what by H20 and sodium chloride by NaCl
~M v ~K
either megan or kathy is not a winner
true
if a deductive argument has a true premises and a false conclusion it is necessarily invalid
conditional statement
if/then statement
true
inductive arguments allow for varying degrees of strength and weakness
false
invalid deductive arguments are basically the same as inductive arguements
~M . K
megan is not a winner but Kathy is
~(M v K)
neither megan nor kathy is a winner
~(M . K)
not both megan and kathy are winners
~(M v K)
not either megan or kathy is a winner
loosely associated statemetns
not to honor men of worth will keep the people from contention; not to value goods that are hard to come by will keep them from theft; not to display what is desirable will keep them from being unsettled of mind.
report
the period of 1648-1789 was one of competition among the primary monarchs of Europe, Wars among the great powers were frequent but limited. France made major efforts to become paramount, but the balance of power operated to block French expansion.
explanation
the sky appears blue from the earth's surface because light rays from the sun are scattered by particles in the atmosphere.
explanans
the statement or group of statements that purports to do the explaining.
explanandum
the statement that describes the event or phenomenon to be explained
warning
watch out that you don't slip on the ice
statement of belief or opinion
we believe that our company must develop and produce outstanding products that will perform a great service or fulfill a need for our customers.
warning
whatever you do, never confide personal secrets to blabbermouth bob
statement of belief or opinion
when I can read the latte menu through the hole in m server's earlobe, something is seriously out of wack.
piece of advice
you should keep a few things in mind when buying a used car. Test drive the car at varying speeds, and conditions.