Logic & Critical Thinking Philosophy 111 Final Exam

Premises

(Reasons) for believing the conclusion is true.

Denying the Antecedent

Denying the Antecedent as a premise and Denying the Consequent as the Conclusion. (INVALID Not P if P, then Q So, not Q

Denying the Consequent(Modus Tollens)

Denying the Consequent as a Premise and Denying the Antecedent as the Conclusion. (VALID) Not Q If P, then Q So, not P

Affirming the Antecedent (Modus Ponens)

Affirming the Antecedent as a premise and Affirming the Consequent as the Conclusion. (VALID) P if P then Q.

Affirming the Consequent

Affirming the Consequent as a premise and Affirming the Antecedent as the Conclusion. (INVALID) Q if P the Q so, P

Argument

A statement combined wl reasons so you believe it (Made out of Statements) . Also an argument with only premises

Final exam

Answer will always be Valid or Invalid (try both first), or It cannot be determined. Never C neither true or false or E non of the above

Sound Argument

Argument wl TWO ingredients -Premises must be TRUE - Form must be VALID So, the conclusion must be true

If Chaining

If A then B If B, Then C So, if A then C (VALID)

Not An Argument

If there is no premises it's not an argument, it would just be an unsupported statement.

What logic is NOT!

NOT about psychology or creativity. It doesn't address all strategies for persuading people. It's only about legitimate ways to persuade people.

An Argument Consist of two parts

Premises & Conclusion

Conclusion

Supported by the rest of the argument

Logic

The part of critical thinking that gives prices tests for checking weather a reason are good or not

Antacedent

The word after "IF"

Validity Arguments

Where you pretend the premises are TRUE & pretend that's all you know then you are guaranteed that the conclusion is TRUE (Check for FORM) P if P then Q so, Q

Critical Thinking

is about the difference between good and bad