Lower Appendicular
Name three differences between the male and female pelves.
- subpubic angle is larger in women - pelvic inlet is larger in women - acetabulum is larger in males
# of foot bones
26
Which is NOT a member of the lower leg?
A.Biceps femoris
Match the labels on the following diagram with the correct bones of the pelvis.
A: sacrum B: subpubic angle C: illium D: Pubis E: Ischium
Gluteus Minimus Action
ABduction and medial rotation of hip
Gluteus Medius Action
ABducts and medially rotates hip (femur); steadies pelvis
Which ligament prevents the hyperextension of leg?
ACL
Which ligaments provides anterior/posterior stabilization of the knee joint ?
ACL/PCL
Adductors (deep)A. longus, A. magnus Action
ADduction of hip
gracilis action
ADducts hip; flexes knee
Name the following muscles and their function
Adductor longus - aDduction of the hip Sartorius- aBduct, laterally rotates hip, flexes knee Gracilis- aDducts hip and flexes knee
Which of the following muscles is not part of the quadriceps muscle group? Biceps femoris Rectus femoris Vastus intermedius Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis
Biceps femoris
The anterior compartment of the lower leg is comprised of muscles that are responsible primarily for which action?
Dorsiflexion of the foot
What action do the group of muscles highlighted in pink perform?
Extend hip, flex knee
Thigh, Leg and Foot Bones
Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges
What kind of cartilage is in pubic symphysis? Which type of joint is hip joint? How does the mobility of this joint compare to others?
Fibrocartilage, slight mobility, important in giving birth. Hip joint is synovial ball and socket. Less mobile than shoulder, more mobile than elbow.
Pelvic/Femoral Muscles
Gluteus maximus Gluteus medius Gluteus minimus Psoas major (deep) Sartorius Adductors (deep)A. longus, A. magnus Gracilis
What bone marking is indicated by the X?
Greater trochranter
Which group of muscles are involved in extension of the thigh?
Hamstring muscles
Which muscle group is quadriceps and which is hamstrings?
Hamstrings- extend hip, flex knee Quads,-flex hip, extend knee
What type of joint is the knee joint?
Hinge
What action of the hip is shown in this image? What primary muscles are being used?
Hip extension Gluteus Maximus
The knee joint
Knee is enclosed in articular capsule except on anterior surface where are quadriceps femoris tendon and patellar ligament that attach to the marking on tibia- tibial tuberosity.
Name two important factors that contribute to the stability of the knee.
Ligaments: help to prevent excessive movements at a joint and provide anterior/posterior stabilization of the knee joint. Menisci: These are flattened fibro-cartilaginous discs interposed between the articular cartilage surfaces of the knee joint. They serve to absorb shock in the joint, to maintain the proper apposition of the condyles, and help prevent lateral dislocation.
Which part of the foot acts as a shock absorber of human movement?
Midfoot
There are 4 ligaments that reinforce surfaces of the knee where they attach, and prevent moving leg too far relative to the thigh, in medial, lateral, front or back direction.
Namely, they prevent hyperabduction (tibial or medial colateral ligament), hyperadduction (fibular or lateral collateralligament), hyperextension (anterior cruciate ligament, ACL), and hyperflexion (posterior cruciate ligament, PCL).
transverse abdominus origin and insertion
O: Iliac crest, cartilages of inferior ribs, lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament I: Linea alba and public crest
external oblique origin and insertion
O: Inferior 8 ribs I: Linea Alba by a broad aponeurosis, Iliac crest
Rectus femoris O&I
O: anterior interior spine of pelvis and lip of acetabulum I: patella to tibial tuberosity
Sartorius O&I
O: anterior superior spine of ilium I: medial surface of tibia
Gluteus Maximus O&I
O: iliac crest, sacrum and coccyx I: iliotibial tract and posterior femur [hip]term-82
Biceps femoris (long head) O&I
O: ischial tuberosity I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Semitendinosus O&I
O: ischial tuberosity I: proximal medial portion of tibia
Semimembranosus O&I
O: ischial tuberosity I: medial condyle of tibia (posterior)
Tibialis anterior O&I
O: lateral condyle and upper lateral portion of tibia I: first cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Gastrocnemius O&I
O: lateral condyle and upper lateral portion of tibiaI: first cuneiform and 1st metatarsal
Biceps femoris (short head) O&I
O: linea aspera of femur I: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
Vastus medialis/Vastus lateralis O&I
O: linea aspera of femur I: patella to tibial tuberosity
internal oblique origin and insertion
O: lumbar fascia, inguinal ligament,and iliac crest I: Linea alba, pubic crest, inferior rib surfaces, costal cartilages
Psoas Major deep O&I
O: lumbar vertebrae I: lesser trochanter of femur
Soleus
O: medial border of tibia, head of fibula I: posterior surface of calcaneus
Gluteus Minimus O&I
O: outer portion of ilium I: anterior part of greater trochanter of femur
Adductors (deep)A. longus, A. magnus O&I
O: pubis I: linea aspera of femur
Gracilis O&I
O: pubis I: medial surface of tibia
rectus abdominis origin and insertion
O: symphysis pubis and pubic crest I: costal cartilage of 5th-7th ribs, xiphoid process of sternum
Gluteus Medius O&I
O: upper lateral portion of ilium I: lateral part of greater trochanter of femur
Pelvis
Ossa coxae + sacrum + coccyx
What is the primary action of the lower leg muscles highlighted in purple shown in the figure?
Plantar Flexion
Which muscles are involved in plantar flexion and dorsiflexion?
Plantar flexion - gastrocnemius and soleus Dorsiflexion - tibialis anterior
Which of the following is the common action of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles?
Plantarflexion
Left or right Knee? Ant or post?
Right Ant
What muscle is the arrow pointing to?
Sartorious
The quadriceps femoris is a group of four muscles located at the anterior thigh. Which muscle is not part of the quadriceps femoris?
Sartorius
Hamstring Muscles
Semimembranosus Semitendinosus Biceps femoris (long head) Biceps femoris (short head)
The doctor notices the patient's pain primarily occurs when she flexes her tibialis anterior muscle. What is the proximal attachment of this muscle? Note: The action of this muscle will help you determine its origin of attachment.
Shaft of tibia
obturator foramen.
The large opening in the anteroinferior hip bone between the ischium and pubis is the
Synovial membrane
The lining of a joint that secretes synovial fluid into the joint space. Connective tissue membrane which functions to diminish friction in the joint. Very extensive in the knee joint.
What are the attachments of the affected muscle that allow for dorsiflexion of the foot?
The proximal attachment of the lateral condyle and upper lateral portion of tibia Also, the distal attachment of the first cuneiform and 1st metatarsal.
Acetebulum
The three areas of each hip bone, the ilium, pubis, and ischium, converge centrally to form a deep, cup-shaped cavity hip socket
Which muscle is involved in dorsiflexion?
Tibialis Anterior
Lower Leg Muscles
Tibialis anterior Gastrocnemius Soleus
Male Pelvis
Tilted less far forward Adapted for support of male's heavier build and stronger muscles Cavity of true pelvis is narrow and deep
The female pelvis has a wider sub-pubic angle, typically greater than 100 degrees. T/F?
True
Transverse abdominus action
Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses
internal oblique action
Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to opposite side. Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
external oblique action
Unilateral: Lateral flexion of the vertebral column; rotation of vertebral column to opposite side. Bilateral: flexes vertebral column and compresses abdominal wall
talus
ankle
proximal tibiofibular joint
articulation between the head of the fibula and the inferior aspect of the lateral condyle of the tibia
Tarsals
calcaneus (heel bone) is the only individual bone you need to identify
patellar ligament
connects patella to tibia
quadriceps femoris tendon
connects the quadriceps femoris muscle to the patella
Tibialis anterior Action
dorsiflexion and inversion of ankle (foot)
Biceps femoris (long head) Action
extends and laterally rotates hip (femur); flexes knee
Semimembranosus Action
extends hip (femur); flexes knee
semitendinosus action
extends hip (femur); flexes knee
Vastus medialis/Vastus lateralis Action
extends knee
Gluteus Maximus Action
extension and lateral rotation of hip (femur)
rectus abdominis action
flex lumbar portion of vertebral column
Psoas Major deep Action
flexes hip (femur)
rectus femoris action
flexes hip (femur); extends knee
Biceps femoris (short head) Action
flexes knee
Sartorius O&I
flexes, ABducts and laterally rotates hip; flexes knee
Hip Extensors
gluteus maximus, biceps femoris (long and short head), semitendinosus, semimembranosus
obturator foramen
he largest foramen in the body. It decreases the weight of the coxa. The fibrous obturator membrane (not shown) covers the foramen, except one small area where blood vessels and nerves pass between it and the bone.
parts of fibula
head of the fibula is the small, knob-like, proximal end of the fibula. It articulates with the inferior aspect of the lateral tibial condyle, forming the proximal tibiofibular joint. The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus, which forms the easily palpated bony bump on the lateral side of the ankle. The deep (medial) side of the lateral malleolus articulates with the talus bone of the foot as part of the ankle joint. The distal fibula also articulates with the fibular notch of the tibia.
Femur
head, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, lateral and medial condyles
calcenous bone
heel bone
Illium
hip bone
What is the largest part of the hip bone?
ilium
Pelvic Girdle
illium iscium pubis
subpubic angle
inverted V-shape formed by the convergence of the right and left ischiopubic rami; this angle is greater than 80 degrees in females and less than 70 degrees in males
Fibula
lateral malleolus
In this anterior view of the knee, what is indicated?
lateral meniscus
Parts of tibia
medial condyle of the tibia and the lateral condyle of the tibia. The tibia does not have epicondyles. The top surface of each condyle is smooth and flattened. The tibial tuberosity is an elevated area on the anterior side of the tibia, near its proximal end. That is the place where patellar ligament attaches. This marking is very useful when orienting bones to determine if they are left or right during lab. Tibia is in addition always close to the midline of the body, while fibula is laterally oriented.
Tibia
medial malleolus
In the knee joint, which of the following are pads of fibrocartilage located on the condyles of the tibia? These pads act as cushions between articular surfaces and partially stabilize the joint medially and laterally.
menisci
Parts of femur
neck of femur greater trochanter lesser trochanter
Soleus Action
plantar flexes ankle (foot), stabilizes leg when standing
Gastrocnemius action
plantar flexes ankle (foot); flexes knee
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches
tibial or medial colateral ligament
prevent hyperabduction
fibular or lateral collateralligament
prevent hyperadduction
Which of the following is the primary extensor of the knee joint?
quadriceps
Which of these abdominal muscles is active during sit-ups, but not responsible for the side-stretch action seen in this picture?
rectus Abdominus
Abdomen Muscles
rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique transverse abdominis
quadricep muscles
rectus femoris vastus lateralis/vastus medialis
Right or left femur?
right
posterior cruciate ligament, PCL
runs from anterior femur to posterior tibia, when knee is flexed PCL prevents hyperflexion and prevents tibia to move to posteriorly toward a femur
anterior cruciate ligament, ACL
runs from posterior femur to anterior tibia, when knee is extended ACL is pulled tight preventing hyperextension and prevents tibia to move to anteriorly toward femur
bursa
s a thin connective tissue sac filled with lubricating liquid. They are located in regions where skin, ligaments, muscles, or muscle tendons can rub against each other, usually near a body joint
What is the name of the human muscle that runs diagonally across the anterior of the thigh, indicated at the arrow in the image below?
sartorius
Metatarsals
sole of the foot. distinguish metatarsals from phalanges
menisci, medial and lateral
stabilize medially and laterally joint and act as cushion between articulated surfaces as the femur moves.
pubic symphysis
the cartilaginous joint known that allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
ischium
the lower, posterior portions of the pelvis
Muscles that share attachments sites and muscular compartments normally perform similar functions. Explain the significance of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles sharing a distal attachment to the posterior surface of the calcaneus (what shared function they have).
their muscle action is to plantarflex the ankle when walking
Female Pelvis
tilted forward, adapted to childbearing, broad, shallow, pubic angle lightweight, 80-90◦ subpupic angle
Phalanges
toes. distinguish metatarsals from phalanges
The distal end of the femur articulates with ___________ bone(s): the ______________________.
two; tibia and patella