LP#3

Nasal cavity

Area within the skull framed by cartilage and bone that extends fromthe anterior nares to the posterior nares; filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air

Muscularis externa

Contains two layers of smooth muscle (inner circular and outer longitudinal) that contractalternately producing rhythmic contractions of peristalsis

The mesentery is a double fold of parietal peritoneum. T/F

F visceral

Inspiration

Movement of air into the lungs

Serosa

Outer connective tissue layer partially composed of the visceral peritoneum found throughout much ofthe alimentary canal

Hypoventilation

A decrease in the rate and depth of ventilation

Hyperventilation

An increase in the rate and depth of ventilation

_______test is used to detect the presence of certain sugars.

Benedict's

Calculate the inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity for a patient with the followingpulmonary volumes:7 Tidal Volume = 600 mL7 Expiratory Reserve Volume = 1,450 mL7 Inspiratory Reserve Volume = 2,650 mL7 Residual Volume = 1,300 mL

Inspiratory Capacity = 3250 mLVital Capacity = 4700 mLTotal Lung Capacity = 6000 mL

______test is used to detect the presence of starch.

Lugol's

Terminal bronchioles

Passageways smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter that controlairflow to the structures for gas exchange

Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

System by which carbonic acid andbicarbonate buffer the blood and resist changes in pH

Bronchioles are passages of the respiratory tract that are less than 1 mm in diameter.

T

The paranasal sinuses filter, warm, and humidify inhaled air. T/F

T

The three smooth muscle layers of the stomach allow it to perform churning motions. T/F

T

Carbon dioxide is transported through the blood primarily as........ to a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme........

bicarbonate ions, carbonic anhydrase

The folds of the stomach are known as

c. rugae.

The lungs' elastic recoil is responsible for

. passive expiration.

Peritoneal cavity

A cavity located between a double-layered serous membrane thatsecretes serous fluid, allowing organs to slide over each other without friction; muchof the alimentary canal and many accessory organs reside here

Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal tract)

A passage extending from the mouth to the anus along which food is digested and absorbed; it includes the pharynx, esophagus,stomach, and intestines

Salivary glands

Accessory organs around the mouth that secrete saliva, whichcontains substances such as water, salivary amylase, antibodies, and lysozyme

Larynx

Cartilage-framed region of the respiratory tract within the neck that housesthe vocal cords

Pancreatic islet

Endocrine cells of the pancreas that secrete hormones such as insulin into the bloodstream

Pancreas

Exocrine and endocrine gland that sits posterior and inferior to thestomach; its exocrine functions are digestive whereas its endocrine functions aremetabolic

Acinar cells

Exocrine cells of the pancreas that produce and secrete pancreatic juice (i.e., digestive enzymes,bicarbonate ions, and water) into ducts

Expiration

Expelling of air from the lungs

Bile is produced by the gallbladder.

F stored

The left primary bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the right primary bronchus. T/F

F Right,Left

The superior vocal folds are the true vocal cords.

F inferior

Duodenum

First part of the small intestine that receives chyme from the stomach,bile from the common bile duct, and pancreatic juice from the main pancreatic duct

Ileum

Last part of the small intestine; between the jejunum of the small intestineand the cecum of the large intestine

Submucosa

Layer of connective tissue deep to the mucosa that houses blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, andelastic fibers

Jejunum

Middle part of the small intestine; between the duodenum and the ileum

Which of the following correctly describes the relationship of pressure and volume according to Boyle's law?

Pressure and volume are inversely proportional—as volume increases, pressure decreases

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Ring of smooth muscle located at the inferior end ofthe esophagus that prevents contents of the stomach from regurgitating up into theesophagus

Pyloric sphincter

Ring of smooth muscle located between the stomach and theduodenum that controls emptying of the stomach contents into the small intestine

Colon

Section of the large intestine containing four divisions (ascending, transverse,descending, and sigmoid colon); it extends to the rectum

Respiratory bronchioles

Small branches off the terminal bronchioles that havealveoli in their walls

Circumvallate papillae are located at the posterior tongue and house taste buds

T

Pharynx

The area located posterior to the nasal cavity (the nasopharynx), the oralcavity (the oropharynx), and the larynx (the laryngopharynx)

Atmospheric pressure

The force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere

Gas transport

The movement of gases through the blood

Pulmonary ventilation

The physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Functional residual capacity

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration Male: 2,400 mLFemale: 1,800 mL

Which of the following statements about the alveoli is true?

b. The grapelike structure of the alveolar sacs creates a huge surface area for pulmonary gas exchange.

Lipase is an enzyme that digests ________ molecules.

lipid

Bile is helpful in preparing____ for digestion

lipid (fat)

Enzymes that break apart proteins are termed ________ enzymes.

proteolytic (protease)

Amylase is an enzyme that digests ____molecules.

starch (carbohydrate)

What are the functions of intercalated discs?

a. H2O + CO2 H2CO3 HCO3- + H+

Which of the following is not a trend we find in the respiratory tract?

a. The epithelium gradually increases in height as we move deeper into the respiratory tract

Enzymes called ______ digest sugars such as sucrose and maltose.

disaccharidase

The muscles of inspiration

increase lung volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure.

The___secretes bile salts

liver

Primary bronchi

The initial branches off the trachea that each serve one lung

Mucosa

The inner epithelial tissue lining of the alimentary canal that is composed of simple columnarepithelium overlying the lamina propria and a layer of muscularis mucosa

Respiration

The physiological process that consists of four separate processes:pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, and tissue gasexchange

Total lung capacity

Total amount of air exchangeable with pulmonary ventilation and theamount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expirationMale: 6,000 mLFemale: 4,200 mL

Vital capacity

Total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation Male: 4,800 mLFemale: 3,100 mL

Pleural cavity

Very thin potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae,filled with serous fluid

Know histology of trachea and nasal mucosa

in book

_____, here used in fatty creamy is a substance used to detect the presence of acids

litmus

Alveolar ducts

Portion of the respiratory bronchiole made up exclusively of alveoli

Trachea

Portion of the respiratory tract in the inferior neck and mediastinum thatconnects the larynx with the bronchial tree

Secondary bronchi

Branches off of the primary bronchi that each serve one lobe ofthe lung

The pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the esophagus to the stomach T/F

F stomach ,duodenum.

The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum. T/F

F ileum

Accessory organ

Organs that assist in mechanical or chemical digestion, includingthe teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, and liver

Tissue gas exchange

The diffusion of gases between the blood and the tissues

Emulsification

The first step in the process of lipid digestion, it breaks up the fat globules into smaller pieces withthe help of bile salts

Which of the following is not one of the components of the respiratory membrane?

c. Smooth muscle fibers.

A(n)_____ is a protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions.

enzyme

Polysaccharides are broken apart to yield_____molecules before beingcompletely digested

smaller

Tidal volume

Amount of air exchanged with normal, quiet ventilation Male: 500 mLFemale: 500 mL

Expiratory reservevolume

Amount of air forcibly expired after a tidal inspiration Male: 1,100 mLFemale: 700 mL

Carbonic anhydrase

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of water and carbondioxide into carbonic acid; it also catalyzes the reverse reaction

The trachea is lined with O -shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. T/F

False C shaped

Lungs and lobes

Lungs are organs composed of elastic connective tissue and tinyair sacs called alveoli; each lung is divided into sections (three in the right lung andtwo in the left lung) called lobes

Inspiratory capacity nerve

Maximum amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration Male: 3,600 mLFemale: 2,400 mL

Alveoli

Terminal structures of the respiratory tract; consist primarily of thin simplesquamous epithelium through which gases are exchanged with the blood

What are the functional differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

The conducting zone transports air, during which time it is warmed, humidified, and filtered. The respiratory zone contains alveoli, through which gas exchange occurs.

Pulmonary gas exchange

The diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

Intrapulmonary pressure

The force exerted by the weight of the air within the lungs

What are the key differences between a restrictive and an obstructive disease?

A restrictive disease reduces lung distensibility, making inspiration difficult. An obstructive disease increasesairway resistance, making expiration difficult.

Inspiratory reservevolume

Amount of air forcibly inspired after a tidal inspiration Male: 3,000 mLFemale: 1,900 mL

Residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after expiration of the expiratory reserve volume Male: 1,200 mLFemale: 1,100 mL

Lourdes has been diagnosed with gallstones that are blocking her cystic duct.a What functional impairment will Lourdes face with a blockage of the cystic duct?

Bile leaves the gallbladder through the cystic duct. The gallbladder stores bile, so less bile will be releasedthan normal. This will interfere with the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.

Explain why lipids are absorbed into a different structure than are carbohydrates and proteins.

Carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed into intestinal capillaries because they are small, water-solublemolecules. Lipids are packaged into structures called chylomicrons, which are too large to be absorbed intocapillaries. For this reason, they are absorbed into lacteals, which have large valves in their walls that allowlarger particles to enter.

Digestive enzyme

Enzymes produced by organs of the digestive system that catalyze reactions that break fooddown chemically into smaller molecules

Bile

Fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that contains bile salts, which are amphipathicmolecules that emulsify fats in the small intestine and aid in their digestion

Liver lobule

Hexagonal plates of cells that have a vein in the center of each lobule that eventually drains intohepatic veins; at each lobule's six corners, there are three vessels called portal triads

Liver

Organ located on the right side of the abdominal cavity consisting of four lobes; produces bile fordigestion; detoxifies, processes, and eliminates toxins in blood before the blood enters the general circulation inthe body

Boyle's law

Principle stating that the pressure and volume of a container areinversely proportional—as pressure increases, volume decreases, and vice versa

Chemical digestion

Process by which the chemical bonds between food molecules are broken in chemicalreactions

Gallbladder

Saclike organ located posterior to the liver's right lobe that stores the liver's bile; when stimulated bycertain hormones, it will contract and eject bile into the cystic duct to aid in digestion

Respiratory tract

Series of highly branching passages that conducts air to the structures for gas exchange

Will a blockage of the cystic duct interfere with the production of bile? Why or why not?

The gallbladder only stores bile produced by the liver--it does not make bile. For this reason, a cystic ductblockage will not hamper bile production.

The carrot has caused inflammation around the alveoli in the affected area, which has collapsed the alveoli.How would this affect his ability to exchange gases?

The grapelike structure of the alveoli provides a huge surface area for gas exchange. When the alveolicollapse, surface area decreases drastically, giving far less surface area for gas exchange.

What happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation, and why?

The pH of the blood increases during hyperventilation because carbon dioxide is "blown off." Thisdecreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn decreases the number of hydrogen ionsreleased from carbonic anhydrase. This increases the pH of the blood.

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down carbohydrates is

amylase.

The pleural cavity contains a thin layer of , which functions to .

b. serous fluid; reduce friction as the lungs change shape and size

The conducting zone transports air, during which time it is warmed, humidified, and filtered. The respiratory zone contains alveoli, through which gas exchange occurs.

c. alveolar ducts

Fill in the blanks: Bile drains from the gallbladder via the......duct and drains from the liver via the......duct. These two ducts unite to form the........duct.

cystic,common hepatic,common bile

Bile _______ globules of fat.

emulsifies

Clusters of bile salts, digested lipids, and other nonpolar substances that escort lipids to enterocytes arecalled

micelles.

Carbohydrates are absorbed into the body in the form of_____ molecules.

monosaccharide

Glucose is an example of a(n) ________type of carbohydratemolecule.

monosaccharide (simple )

Henry accidentally inhales a fragment of a carrot, and it lodges deep in his respiratory tract, in therespiratory bronchioles of his right lower lobe.a Trace the pathway the piece of carrot had to take from his mouth to his respiratory bronchiole.

mouth → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → right primary bronchus → right inferiorsecondary bronchus → tertiary bronchus → bronchial tree → bronchiole → terminal bronchiole →respiratory bronchio

The substance_____contains several enzymes and is often use to cleancontact lenses.

pancreatin

Pulmonary gas exchange is best defined as

the movement of gases across the respiratory membrane.