LS Chp 11

Choose the following statements that are true regarding cortisol:

it is the major glucocorticoid, it helps the body deal with stress, it affects glucose metabolism

Which two are target organs of parathyroid hormone?

kidney and bones

Water-soluble hormones exert their action by binding to receptors_____.

on their target cell's surface

Uterine contractions during childbirth are stimulated by the hormone___.

oxytocin

The hormones secreted from the posterior pituitary are ________.

peptides

The ____ gland has two adjacent lobes, and is attached to the hypothalamus by an infundibulum.

pituitary

The ________(anterior or posterior?) pituitary isn't a true endocrine gland; it doesn't produce any hormones, it only secretes hormones made by another structure.

posterior

Hormone signaling via the posterior pituitary involves hypothalamic neurons with axons that terminate in the ____, while hormone signaling via the anterior pituitary involves hypothalamic neurons with axons that terminate in the___.

posterior pituitary; median eminence

Which is NOT typically an input that influences the secretion of a hormone by endocrine cells?

pressure applied to the gland by contraction of surrounding smooth muscle.

Some protein hormones are initially secreted in large, inactive forms called preprohormones that are cleaved into smaller inactive forms called___, which are packaged into secretory vesicles by the Golgi apparatus, where they are cleaved into the active form of the hormone.

prohormones

Growth hormone's metabolic effects include stimulating____.

protein synthesis in muscle, gluconeogenesis in liver, triglyceride breakdown in adipose tissue

High levels of calcium in the blood causes the kidneys to____.

reabsorb less calcium

Peptide and catecholamine hormones act as first messenger that bind to plasma membrane receptors and trigger signal transduction pathways that act to alter the concentration of intracellular signaling molecules that are generally called _____ _____.

second messenger

Peptide and catecholamine hormones act as first messengers that bind to plasma membrane receptors and trigger signal transduction pathways that act to alter the concentration of intracellular signaling molecules that are generally called ____ ____.

second messengers

The major structural classes of hormones included amines, peptides (and proteins) and ____.

steroids

Trauma, sleep deprivation, pain and infection are examples of threats to homeostasis that are generally referred to as____. The body responds to these conditions by secreting cortisol.

stress

While all cells in the body are exposed to a hormone, only cells referred to as its ____ cells have the ability to respond to a particular hormone.

target

The____ are the major producers of androgens in the male body, while the ____ are responsible for release of most estrogens and progesterone in the female body.

testes; ovaries

A growing long bone is divided, for descriptive purposes, into the ends, or ____, and the remainder, the_____.

epiphyses; shaft

____ glands are ductless glands that secrete chemicals into the blood called ____.

Endocrine; hormones

Rank the life stages in order according to the normal growth hormone concentrations, from highest at the top to lowest at the bottom.

1. Adolescence 2. Childhood 3. Adulthood

TSH stimulates _____ epithelial cells of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone

follicle

Match the letters with the correct layers of the adrenal cortex.

from top to bottom: zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Cortisol and cortisone are called ___ because they have important effects on the metabolism of glucose and other organic nutrients.

glucocorticoids

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) act on the gonads, so are together called (blank) hormones

gonadotropic

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) act on the gonads, so are together called ____ hormones.

gonadotropic

A patient has a thyroid disorder that causes a rapid pulse, intolerance to heat, sleeplessness, nervousness and weight loss. This patient likely has____.

hyperthyroidism

Hypophysiotropic hormones are produced in the____.

hypothalamus

A pituitary tumor that increases secretion of growth hormone above normal will result in____.

-increased secretion of somastatin

Which are normal physiological effects of the hormone cortisol?

-maintain normal blood pressure -maintaining blood glucose levels -organ differentiation in fetal life -anti-inflammatory functions

Which of these hormone favor increases bone reabsorption and decreased bone mass?

-parathyroid hormone-thyroid hormone-cortisol

The____secretes growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), which stimulates the ____ pituitary gland to secrete ___ hormone

hypothalamus; anterior; growth

In which of the following does the first hormone listed inhibit secretion of both of the other two hormones?

1. Cortisol; corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 2. Thyroxine; thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Place the following in the correct order:

1. Endocrine gland secretes hormone 2. Hormone is transported by the blood 3. Hormone binds to its specific receptors on target cells 4. Target cells respond to the hormone

Put the signal pathway events that occur during the body's response to stress in order from top to bottom.

1. Neurons stimulate the hypothalamus 2. The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) 3. The anterior pituitary secretes adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 4. The adrenal cortex secretes cortisol

Any primary defect resulting from damage or loss of functional thyroid tissue or inadequate iodine consumption in adults is known as___.

hypothyroidism

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, produces which two effects on the body?

ADH activates contraction of blood vessel smooth muscle; ADH causes the kidneys to retain water

Target cells of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) are found in an endocrine gland called the ____ _____.

Adrenal cortex

Which of these stimulates the secretion of cortisol?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Name the mineral corticoid that regulates electrolyte and water balance by stimulating the kidneys to retain sodium and excrete potassium.

Aldosterone

Match the lobe of the pituitary gland with its embryological origin. Anterior pituitary: Posterior pituitary:

Anterior pituitary: glandular tissue derived from pharynx Posterior pituitary: Neural tissue extending from hypothalamus

Which of the following are effects of thyroid hormone?

Body heat production, increased fatty acid release from adipocytes; stimulate Na+/K+ ATPase activity throughout the body and stimulates carbohydrate absorption from the small intestine

Which of the following are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

DHEA, Androstenedione, Cortisol, Aldosterone, corticosterone

Match the endocrine disorder with its definition: hyposecretion, hyporesponsiveness, hypersecretion, hyperresponsiveness

Hyposecretion: abnormally low hormone secretion Hyporesponsiveness: decreased sensitivity of a target cell to a hormone Hypersecretion: abnormally high hormone secretion Hyperresponsiveness: increased sensitivity of a target cell to a hormone

The main effect of 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D is to___.

Increase absorption of dietary calcium in the intestines

When cortisol is elevated during stress, which of the following effects does it have on organic metabolism?

Increased plasma concentration of amino acids, increased plasma concentration of glucose

Which of these is an anabolic hormone that promotes the transport of glucose and amino acids from the extracellular fluid into adipose tissue and muscle cells?

Insulin

Match the bone cell with its function: Osteocytes Osteoblasts Osteoclasts

Osteocytes: cells surrounded by calcified matrix; Osteoblasts: deposit collagen, which calcifies; Osteoclasts: breaks down bone by secreting hydrogen

Which are growth-specific effects of thyroid hormone?

Required for synthesis of GH, stimulates chondrocyte differentiation in bone, makes bone cells more responsive to local growth factors

Match the regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus with their functions. Somatostatin: gonadotropin-releasing hormone: corticotropin-releasing hormone: thyrotropin-releasing hormone:

Somatostatin-inhibits the secretion of growth hormone Gonadotropin-stimulates the secretion of FSH and LH Corticotropin-releasing hormone-stimulates the secretion of ACTH Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulates the secretion of TSH

Choose the actions of prolactin (PRL)

Stimulates production of milk by mammary glands during nursing; Stimulates development of mammary glands during pregnancy; Inhibits gonadotropin secretion during breastfeeding

____ and ____ are hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that mimic the effects of the sympathetic nervous system.

epinephrine, norepinephrine

Growth of long bones occur primarily at a junction between the ends of the shaft called the ______.

epiphyseal growth plate

What makes a hormone's target cells different from non-target cells?

Target cells have receptors that are able to bind to that particular hormone.

Match the type of hormone with its most common binding site: Water-soluable: Lipid-soluable:

Water-soluable: plasma membrane receptors Lipid-soluable: cytoplasmic and nuclear receptors

The anterior pituitary is also called the____, and the posterior pituitary is also called the____.

adenohypophysis; neurohypophysis

Which endocrine gland has a cortex and medulla?

adrenal gland

The chemical class of hormones known as peptides and proteins are made out of____

amino acids

Dehydroepiandrosterone, or DHEA, is categorized as a(n)____.

androgen

The majority of the body's calcium is in the____.

bones

Which of the following statements are true are true regarding calcitonin?

calcitonin inhibits the activity of osteoclasts, calcitonin is produced in the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

The vascular system connecting the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary consists of____.

capillaries in the median eminence, the hypothalamus-hypophyseal portal vessels in the infundibulum, and capillaries in the anterior pituitary

Neurons associated with the posterior pituitary form synapses onto____.

capillaries in the neurohypophysis

Steroid hormones are derived from____.

cholesterol

While the ____ system is responsible for bringing calcium into the body, the ___ system is responsible for eliminating excess calcium.

digestive/urinary

Which of the following are true statements?

endocrine glands secrete hormones into the blood, a target cell has receptors for specific hormones.

Which two of the following bind primarily to intracellular receptors?

thyroid hormones, steroid hormones

Which hormone is the main tropic hormone that induces secretion of thyroxine and triiodothyronine?

thyroid-stimulating hormone

Hormones that stimulate endocrine glands to secret their hormones are sometimes referred to as____ hormones.

tropic

Anterior pituitary hormones that stimulate target glands to secret their hormones are called ____ hormones. They might also stimulate the growth of the target glands, and effect specifically referred to as a___ effect.

tropic; trophic

True or false: The endocrine system includes organs which are components of other organ systems, such as the heart.

true

True or false: The endocrine system is one of the two major control systems of the body

true

T3 has permissive effects that mimic symptoms of excess epinephrine and norepinephrine because it_____.

up-regulates beta-adrenergic receptors

Which pituitary hormone has a primary function to stimulate the kidneys to retain water?

vasopressin