LS8A (Overview: Processes of Learning)

How do psychologists define learning?

Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

_____ are more likely to be smokers than introverts because extroverts have a physiological need for stimulation and therefore seek experiences that are physiologically arousing,

Extraverts

When learning occurs, there is no physical evidence in the brain.

False

_____ is the sensory process by which organisms adapt to constant stimulation

Habituation

____________ is a sensory process by which organisms adapt to constant stimulation.

Habituation

Learning occurs when ____ is moved from short-term into long-term memory.

Information

enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience

Learninig

_____ neurons are at least partially responsible for the modeling behavior exhibited in observational learning.

Mirror

When an individual imitates or matches the behaviors of others, it is an example of _____.

Modeling

Behavior____ is a formalized technique based on operant conditioning that has been used to help people stop smoking and stick to a diet

Modification

Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this?

New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.

imitation and modeling plays important roles in how we learn; ____ learning theory of psychology takes into account this type of learning.

Social

Which learning model best explains why people start to smoke?

Social Learning theory

Which of the following is the outcome of forming associations?

The events become linked in an individual's memory and one event may suggest another will follow.

Which of the following statements concerning neural growth is true?

The longer a person or animal is in an enriched environment, the more neural growth there will be in the hippocampus

What is the effect of not using learned information?

The synapses that support our knowledge weaken and ultimately degrade-and we forget what we once knew

Watching______ in the media, be it on TV or in a video game, is related to actual aggressive behavior

Violence

When children saw the model behave aggressively with the Bobo doll, the children

Were more violent with bobo if they saw the model rewarded for their behavior

In which situation is the target's behavior more likely to be modeled by others?

When the model is seen being rewarded.

Which of the following statements is true regarding association?

When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur.

A sensitivity period is

a period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation

An _____ occurs when one piece of information from the environment is linked repeatedly with another and the organism begins to connect the two sources

Association

When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?

Association

An ______ is the process by which two pieces of information from the environment are repeatedly linked, so that we begin to connect them in our minds.

association

There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.

habituation

Lorenz observed that soon after hatching, ducklings would learn to follow whomever saw most. The phenomena is called_____

imprinting

____ is the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth.

imprinting

the term___ is used to describe clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning, a period when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation.

imprinting

Sam was regularly bullied in school by a senior named Jeremy. As a result, whenever he meets a person named Jeremy his palms start to sweat and his heart races, even though he is now an adult. Sam's behavior is an example of ___________.

learning by association

Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______.

link between two events in the environment

Without the connections between learning and ____, we could not process, retain or make use of new information

memory

Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________.

mimicry

Drake teaches his three-year-old daughter, Sarah, how to sharpen a pencil. The next day, Sarah successfully sharpens her pencils. This scenario is an example of ______.

mimicry

For autistic children who have a hard time imitating other people's behaviors, scientists might look to a deficit in____ as an explanation for the difficulty.

mirror neurons

For some neurons, having the experience of watching someone do something is as if you are personally having the same experience. The neurons responsible for this information are called.

mirror neurons

When a child tells a doll not to eat too much candy after having been told so by its mother, this is an example of _____ which is one of the four observational learning processes.

modeling

_____ matters in social learning theory for both the model and the observer.

reinforcement

A simple association forms between two events when ___________.

the two events occur together

Who is associated with social learning theory?

Bandura

Which of the following is an example of habituation?

No longer noticing the hum of your refrigerator that once annoyed you.

Enactive learning is learning by doing, whereas ___ learning is learning by watching the behavior of others.

Observational

_____ learning is achieved by watching others.

Observational

_____ learning is learning by watching the behavior of others, whereas enactive learning is learning by doing.

Observational

What type of learning was demonstrated in Bandura's "Bobo doll" study?

Observational Learning

Which learning model best explains why people continue to smoke?

Operant Conditioning

Which learning model best explains why people continue to smoke?

Operant conditioning

In terms of smoking behavior, which learning theories best explain these facts: Most teens start smoking because they seem some of the rewards that come with smoking-coolness, peer acceptance, looking like and adult; when kids see other who smoke get some of these rewards, they may model smoking behavior to get them also.

Operant conditioning Social learning theory

Which of the following is not a personality trait associated with whether people start smoking or not?

Restrained

Ethology is the

Scientific study of animal behavior