Lucas, The Art of Public Speaking chapters 1-9, 11

ch.3: what are the steps to becoming a better listener?

1. take listening seriously 2.be an active listener 3.give your undivided attention to the speaker 4. suspend judgement until you have hear the speakers entire message 5.resist distraction 6.when listen pay attention to main points, evidence, and speaker techniques.

Ch. 8 Four major types of speech connectives

1. transitions 2. internal previews 3. internal summaries 4. signposts

Ch. 8 what must be considered when deciding the effectiveness of the organization of the main points?

1. your topic 2. your purpose 3. your audience

ch.1 what are the similarities between public speaking and conversation?

1.organize 2.tailor 3.tell your story for maximum impact 4.adapt to listener feedback

Ch. 9: Rhetorical question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud.

Ch. 8: internal summary

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point/s

Ch. 8: signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech of that focuses attention on key ideas

ch.1 what is stage fright?

Anxiety over the prospects of giving a speech in front of an audience?

Ch. 8: internal preview

1. A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next. 2. works similar to a preview statement in a speech intro, except that it comes in the body.

Ch. 11: examples of inclusive language

1. Avoid the generic "He" 2. Avoid the use of "man" 3. Avoid stereotyping jobs, and social roles by gender. 4. Avoid naming of groups that would be consider offensive. Rather, go with names they use to identify.

Ch.8: ways to organize main points

1. chronological order 2. special order follows a directional pattern 3. causal order 4. topical order 5. problem-solution order

ch.4: what goal is achieved for an informative speech?

1. communicate information clearly 2. accurately 3. interestingly

Ch. 8: what are three main kinds of supporting materials?

1. examples 2. statistics 3. testimonies

ch.5: What are the 3 major questions to ask when learning about your audience?

1. fixed-alternative questions 2. scale questions 3. open ended questions

Ch. 9: Four objectives with the introduction

1. get the attention and interest of the audience 2. reveal the topic of the speech 3. establish credibility and goodwill 4. preview the body of the speech

ch.5: what is situational audience analysis?

Audience analysis that favors on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and occasion.

Ch. 9: Four objectives of the introduction

1. get the attention and interest of your audience 2. reveal the topic of your speech 3. establish your credibility and goodwill 4. preview the body of the speech

ch.7: what are some testimonies used for creditability?

1. identify people you quote or paraphrase 2. use unbiased sources 3. use qualified sources 4. quote or paraphrase accurately

Ch. 9: objectives of the conclusion

1. let the audience know you are ending (using a type of delivery) 2. reinforce your central idea

ch.3 when focusing your listening you must do what?

1. listen for main points 2.listen for evidence 3. listen for techique

ch.4: what are 4 major brainstorming procedures?

1. make inventory of your interests, and skills 2. use clustering to categorize your list 3. check references for ideas 4. use internet subject directory (Google)

ch.2 what are the five basic guidelines for ethical public speaking

1. make your goals ethically sounds 2. be fully prepared 3. be honest in what you say 4. avoid name-calling and abusive language 5. put ethical principles into practice all the time

ch. 7: different ways to use statistics

1. mean (the average) 2. median (middle number arranged from lowest to highest) 3. mode (number that occurs the most frequently)

ch.4: what are the guidelines for the central idea?

1. should be expressed in a full sentence 2. should not be in the form of a question 3. should avoid figurative language 4. should not be vague or overly general

Ch. 9: Different attention getters

1. show importance of topic and how it is related to audience 2. startle or question (rhetorical) 3. gaining curiosity 4. quotation or story

ch.2 reasons for poor listening?

1. spare brain time 2.not concentrating 3.listening too hard

ch.1 what are the 7 elements to the speech communication process?

1. speaker 2.message 3. channel 4. listener 5. feedback 6. interface 7. situation

Ch. 9: ways to reinforce your central idea

1. summarizing the speech 2. ending with a quotation 3. making a dramatic statement 4. referring to the introduction

ch.5 what is demographic audience analysis?

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership, racial, ethnic, or cultural background.

ch. 7 what are ways to make your ideas more creditable?

Citing testimonies

Ch. 11 Clutter

Discourse that take many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

ch.5: what is attitude? and why is it important?

a frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, ect. it is something to be considered for Situational audience analysis which builds on demographic analysis.

ch.1 what is adrenaline?

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress.

ch.6: what is a catalogue?

a listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library.

ch.4: what is brainstorming?

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas

ch.4: what is the central idea?

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech

ch.6: what is a biographical aid?

a reference work that provides information about people.

ch.6: what is an periodical database?

a research aid that catalogues articles form a large number of journals or magazines.

ch.7: what is a brief example ??

a specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point (specific instances)

ch.7 what is a extended example?

a story, narrative, anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point. (narratives, illustrations which tell a story vividly)

ch.6 what is an abstract?

a summary of a maganzine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Ch.9: Credibility

the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

Ch. 9: Goodwill

the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

Ch. 9: Preview the body of the speech by...

Preview statement

ch.5: what are open-ended questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

ch.7: what does it mean to quote out of context?

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it.

Ch. 11: Repetition

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Ch. 11: Alliteration

Repetition of the initial consonant sound of close or adjoining words

ch.2 what does paraphrasing mean?

To restate or summarize an authors ideas in one's own words

ch.1 what is ethnocentrism?

the belief that ones own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

ch.2 what is ethics?

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs.

ch.4: what is a general purpose?

the broad goal of a speech

ch.3 what is "spare 'brain time'"?

the difference between the rate at which most people talk and the rate which the brain can pricess language

ch.2 Bill of rights?

the first 10 amendments to the United States Constitution

Ch. 11: antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

Ch. 11: denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase.

Ch. 11: Connotative meaning

the meaning suggest by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. (giving the words their emotional power/intensity)

ch.1: listener?

the means by which a message is communicated

ch.1 what is feedback?

the message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker. (two-way communication)

Ch.8: why is chronological order effective?

the organization of the speech will have the main points follow a time pattern

ch.1 speaker?

the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

ch.6: what is a special encyclopedia?

a comprehensive reference work devoted to a specific subject such a religion, art, law, science, music, ect.

ch.1 what is the frame of reference?

the sum of a persons knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. (everything the speaker says is filtered through the frame of reference).

ch.5: what is egocentrism?

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

ch1. what is situation?

the time and place in which the speech communication occurs

ch.2 name-calling?

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups.

Ch. 11: imagery

the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

ch.3 what is hearing?

the vibration of sound waves on the eardrum and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

ch.7 why are examples important?

they help to clarify ideas, reinforce ideas, or personalize ideas

ch.4: what is the aim of the specific purpose statement?

to indicate precisely what your speech seeks to achieve

ch.4: what is the general purpose of your speech?

to inform or to persuade

ch.7: what does it mean to paraphrase?

to restate or summarize a sources ideas in ones own words

ch.5: to be an effective speaker means to what?

undergo the process of "identification" which is to create a bond with their listeners by emphasizing common values, goals, and experiences

ch.3 what types of listening can enhance your skills as a critical thinker?

1. appreciative listening 2. empathic listening 3. comprehensive listening 4. critical listening

ch.5: how to effectively prepare for your audience before the speech?

1. assessing how your audience is likely to respond to what you say 2. adjusting what you say to make it clear, appropriate and convincing

ch.4: what are the major elements that the purpose statement should encompass?

1. be a full infinitive phase 2. be worded as a distinct idea 3.avoid figurative language 4. concentrate on one distinct idea 5. not to be vague or general.

ch.4 how does the specific purpose statement achieve its aim to indicate precisely what it wants to achieve?

1. be a full infinitive phrase 2. be worded as a statement, not a question 3. avoid figurative language 4. concentrate on one distinct idea 5. not be vague or general

Ch. 7: types of examples to use in your speech?

1. brief examples 2. extended examples 3. hypothetical examples

ch.5: what is audience-centeredness?

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Ch. 11: Inclusive language

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ect.

Ch. 11: Rhythm

The pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

Ch. 11: parallelism

The similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

Ch. 11: Cliché

a trite or overused expression

ch.6 what is a transition?

a way of letting the audience know you are changing ideas

Ch. 9: crescendo ending

a way to signal the end of your speech by having a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity.

Ch. 9: dissolve ending

a way to signal the end of your speech by having a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement.

Ch. 8: what are transition statements?

a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

ch.6 what is reference work?

a work that synthesizes a large amount of relation information for easy access by researchers.

Ch. 11: Using language appropriately means

adapting to the particular occasion, audience, and topic at hand, and appropriateness to the speaker

ch.7 what is a hypothetical example?

an example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation (imaginary situation)

Ch. 11: simile

an explicit comparison introduced with the word "like" or "as" between things that are different yet have something in common

Ch. 11: metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as" between two things that are different yet have something is common

ch.6: what is a research interview?

an interview to gather information for a speech.

Ch. 8: why is spatial order effective?

an organizational method in which the main points follow a directional pattern.

ch.3 what is a key-word outline?

an outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form. (best used for listening t0 classroom lectures)

ch.1 what is interference?

anything that impedes the communication of a message. interference can be external or internal to listeners

Ch. 8: what are supporting materials?

back-up ideas for the main points of the speech

Ch. 11: Thesaurus

book of synonyms

Ch. 11: Imagery can make your language more vivid, what are types of imagery?

concrete language, simile, and metaphors

ch.1: what is positive nervousness?

controlled nervousness that helps energize speaker for her/his presentation

ch.5: what is stereotyping?

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike.

ch.6 internal review and preview?

now that ive told you about this....im going to tell you about this....

ch.7 when citing word for word is what testimonies?

direct quotation

ch.1 critical thinking?

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, an the differences between fact, and opinion.

ch.6. review?

giving one detail from each main point in the conclusion.

ch.3: what is active listening?

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speakers point of view

Ch. 8: what are connectives?

help to tie a speech together using words or phrases to indicate a relationship

ch.6 signposting?

including curtain words in the transition, you can let your audience know that you are about to switch ideas (first, last, we now turn, on the other hand, finally)

ch.1 what is significant about interference in the communication model?

interference is anything that impede the communication which can happen externally (static or crossed wires, traffic noise), another can happen internally (toothache = distraction from pain) controlling from within.

Ch. 9: what does the preview statement signify?

it identifies the main points within the introduction which are to be discussed in the body.

ch.1 why is the "channel" important in the communication model?

it is the means by which the message is communicated with verbal or non verbal (radio, television, ect)

ch.3 what is significant about the thesis?

it is what you hope to prove by the end of the speech. it is the justification for why you chose your topic.

ch.2 ways to avoid plagiarism?

keep records of the following: 1.the title of the internet document 2. the author or organization responsible for the document 3. the date on which the document was last updated 4. the date on which you accessed the site

ch.2 what is Global plagiarism?

lifting your entire speech from a single source

ch.3 what is appreciative listening?

listening for pleasure or enjoyment (listening to music)

ch.3 what is critical listening?

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it. (listening to a sales pitch)

ch.3 what is empathic listening?

listening to provide emotional support to the speaker (listening to a friend in distress)

ch.3 what is comprehensive listening?

listening to understand the message of a speaker (listening to directions)

Ch 8: what are main points?

main points develop in the body of the speech

ch.1: what is a visualization?

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

Ch. 8: why is causal order effective?

organizational method in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship.

Ch. 8: why is topical order effective?

organizational method of having main points be divided by topics of logical and consistent subtopics

CH. 8: why is problem-solution order effective?

organizational method of main points by which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

Ch. 11: Rhythm can make your language more vivid, what are they different ways to exploit?

parallelism, repetition, alliteration, antithesis

ch.3 what is listening?

paying close attention to, and making sense of what we hear

ch.2 what is plagiarism ?

presenting another person's language or ideas as your own.

CH. 8: what is strategic organization?

putting a speech together in a way to achieve results with the audience.

ch.5: what are fixed-alternative questions?

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

ch.5: what are scale questions?

questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

ch.7 what is a testimony?

quotations or paraphrases used to support a point

ch.4: what is the purpose of the central idea?

refines and sharpens your specific purpose, while encapsulating the main points to be developed in the body of your speech.

ch.6 review-preview?

reviewing thesis and then adding what you are about to say with your main points.

ch.1 in reference to the communication model: when the listener looks bored during your speech what is the listener doing?

sending feedback

ch.1 what is the point of the communication model?

shared meaning

ch.2 what is an ethical decision?

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

ch.7: what is an example?

specific case used to illustrate or to represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

ch.2 what is patch work plagiarism?

stitching a speech together by copying from a few sources

ch. 7 Peer testimony?

testimony from ordinary people with first hand experience or insight on topic

ch.7 Expert testimony?

testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

ch.3 what happens when we listen too hard?

we turn into human sponges, but we end up missing the main points

ch.4: What is a residual message?

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech?

ch.1 : message?

whatever a speaker communicated to someone else.

ch.2 what is incremental plagiarism ?

when the speaker fails to give credit for a specific quotation and paraphrases that are borrowed from other people. i.e. quotations, and paraphrase

ch.4: what goal is achieved for a persuasive speech?

win listeners over with your point of view

Ch. 11 Abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

Ch. 11 Concrete Words

words that refer to tangible objects