LUOA 9th grade Science FINAL EXAM

Most tornadoes range between ________________ in diameter.

300 feet to 1 mile

Roche moutonnee are small ________________.

"mountains" that lie in the direction of glacial flow

Absolute humidity __________________ (select all that apply).

- The amount of water vapor, by mass, in each cubic unit of air- Can be measured using several different types of mass ratios- Is also known as the vapor density

Cold air does not contain much moisture. Choose all the reasons for this.

-Cold air contracts so there is no room for the moisture-Cold air is very dense- The molecules of cold air squeezed closer together

During a time of low atmospheric pressure __________________ . (Select all that apply)

-air density is low- air converges- the temperature is warm- air rises- weather is lousy

How does the US weather service measure snow? (Choose 3)

-melt it and measure in inches- satellites- measure with a measuring stick and melt it and measure in inches

Latent heat is when __________, __________, and __________. (Choose 3)

1. Energy is being released 2. There is no temperature change during a phase change 3. Energy is being absorbed

Rain drops are _______________________.

10 to 1000 times bigger than cloud droplets

For every ________ increase in temperature, twice as much water vapor can enter the atmosphere through evaporation.

10°

How many tornadoes hit the United States every year?

1200

The average pH of acid rain is between ______ but it has been as low as between ______.

5 and 6, 2 and 3.

Tropical cyclonic storms originate between ________________.

5° and 30° latitude

At what temperature do clouds contain snow and ice crystals?

8 degrees Celsius - -20 degrees Celsius

nimboform

A nimbostratus cloud is a multi-level, gray, often dark, amorphous, nearly uniform cloud that usually produces continuous rain, snow, or sleet but no lightning or thunder.

Which direction do the jet streams blow? And why?

Because of the earth's rotation the winds blow from west to east.

How can meteorologists predict short - term weather forecasts?

By tracking changes in air temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind direction, radar of clouds, satellite observations

Meteorologists use which methods to predict long- range weather forecasting? (Select all that apply)

Calling on other countries to coordinate with their data collectionsComputer model simulationsTaking info from airplanes crossing through the atmosphere

How to calculate temperature

Celsius to Fahrenheit° F = 9/5 ( ° C) + 32 Fahrenheit to Celsius° C = 5/9 (° F - 32)

The high-level clouds include: (Select all that apply)

Cirrus Cirrocumulus Cirrostratus

Water collects on dust, ash, salt, nitrate, etc. When water collects on these, they are known as:

Condensation nuclei

Definition of radiation, convection, conduction

Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through direct contact. Convection is the transfer of thermal energy through the movement of a liquid or gas. Radiation is the transfer of thermal energy through thermal emission.

Mid-level clouds include: (Select all that apply)

Lenticular Altocumulus Altostratus

An air mass that would warm off the east coast of Canada would be characterized as a __________

Maritime polar air mass

Ground fog is also known as _______________________________.

Radiation fog

White or light colors __________ heat

Reflect

Local winds include: (Select 4 options).

Sea Breeze Land Breeze Valley Breeze Mountain Breeze.

A very cold air mass that is the same as a continental air mass is __________

an Arctic air mass

What causes wind?

atmospheric changes

What is Computer Model Forecasting?

atmospheric simulations done by a computer

What symbol would you find on the weather map that would label an air mass that is warm and dry?

cT

Wind in the northern hemisphere flows in a __________________ direction around and out of a high-pressure system.

clockwise

When cloud droplets merge to form larger droplets, it is called .

coalescence.

Down bursts can cause similar damage to a tornado because _________________.

cold air falls rapidly down through the thunderstorm

Why do clouds form in front of the cold air front?

cold air slides under warmer air causing unstable conditions

Know different types of fronts and their characteristics (ex. occluded)

cold front, warm front, stationary front, and occluded front.

Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air,

compared with the maximum amount of water vapor that the air can contain at that temperature

A Hadley cell is ________________________.

convection cell that circles the earth between 0° and 30°

An offshore breeze occurs when _____________________.

cooler air from the land replaces the warmer air over the water

An onshore breeze occurs when ___________________________.

cooler air from the ocean replaces warmer air on the land

Cloud albedo forcing ___________________. (Choose 3)

cools the earth, bounces shortwave radiation back into space, can cause a change in the climate of the earth.

Wind in the northern hemisphere flows in a __________________ direction around and into a low-pressure system.

counter clockwise

The main forms of precipitation include all of the following except

dew.

Warm fronts have what kind of slope?

diagonal

In order to find the relative humidity, 1st you take the __________ between the wet-bulb and dry-bulb temperatures. ___________ the smaller number from/to the larger number. Then find the ___________. Use the dewpoint to find the _________ humidity.

difference, subtract, dewpoint, relative

Radiosondes collect data including ________________. (Select all that apply)

direction wind speed temperature atmospheric pressure humidity

The Coriolis effect is lessened with surface winds because of ____________________.

friction

Stratiform

gray sheets that cover large areas, not distinct cloud units

___________________. (Choose 3) cools the earth, bounces shortwave radiation back into space, can cause a change in the climate of the earth. Higher clouds have more of an effect than low clouds. They let _______ energy in, but do not give off a lot of heat because they are very _______ themselves.

heat, cold

Isolines that connect equal points of pressure are called ___________ .

isobars

Computer Model Simulations are used for understanding and predicting which kinds of weather forecasting?

long-term weather changes

What symbol would you find on the weather map that would label an air mass that is cold and humid?

mP

Two glaciers come down different sides of the mountains. They join into one large glacier. Where the 2 glaciers meet they form a(n) ___________________.

medial moraine

What are the 2 different types of barometers?

mercury and aneroid.

During summer time, a ________ can occur, bringing large amounts of precipitation.

monsoon

Mountain breezes occur at

night, when cool, dense air flows from the mountainside into the valley.

Where on a cloud is where the temperature has reached its dew point?

on the bottom of the cloud

Air ________ in a low-pressure system to the upper atmosphere. It cools and flows to the ________ pressure area and ________ to the earth's surface. It warms then flows across the earth's surface the ______ pressure system.

rises, high, sinks, low

The Coriolis effect affects the way storms ______________

rotate

________________ winds occur when the warm land creates an area of low pressure in the summer.

sea breeze

The wind ________________________ due to orographic lifting. (Choose 3)

sinks and blows down the mountain on the leeward side- blows from the windward side of a mountain toward the leeward side- rises, condenses as it cools on the windward side

Aggregation can begin to form which type of precipitation?

snowflakes

Air wants to flow from high pressure to low pressure. Because of the Coriolis effect wind will blow to ___________________________.

the right in the northern hemisphere

During a time of high atmospheric pressure __________________ . (Select all that apply)

the temperature is cooler, the weather is good, it forms an anticyclone, t he air density is high

What are the factors a blizzard must have to be considered a blizzard? (Choose 3)

the wind must blow so hard it reduces visibilitytemperature less than -7°C (19.4°F)low-pressure storm systems

Very little precipitation falls in all of the following places except _______________________.

the windward side of mountains

Air wants to flow from high pressure to low pressure. Because of the Coriolis effect wind will blow to __________________.

to the left in the southern hemisphere

A severe thunderstorm has one of 3 characteristics. One of them is (a) _______________ (one general word)

tornado

Tropical cyclonic storms begin as _________________________________.

tropical depressions

A valley breeze occurs __________________.

when warm air rises from the mountain slopes

The water vapor can enter the atmosphere because of what five things?

wind blowing over the surface of the water, increased temperature of water, decreased pressure of water, evaporation, and transpiration

Black __________ heat and __________ it back

Absorbs, radiates

Land Breeze

Air movement from land to sea at night, when cool air from the land pushes the warmer air over the sea.

In the video on air circulation, it tells you that the windiest place on the Earth is _________________________.

Antarctica

How does carbon get into the atmosphere?

Atmospheric carbon dioxide comes from two primary sources—natural and human activities. Natural sources of carbon dioxide include most animals, which exhale carbon dioxide as a waste product. Human activities that lead to carbon dioxide emissions come primarily from energy production, including burning coal, oil, or natural gas.

A maritime tropical air mass moves in over cold land. It is very far from its source region. It changes characteristics __________

Due to air mass modification

What is the name of weather satellites that monitors the Western hemisphere?

Geostationary

The greatest annual rainfall is located __________________________.

In the equatorial regions and on the Windward side of mountains.

How greenhouse gases work

Solar energy absorbed at Earth's surface is radiated back into the atmosphere as heat. As the heat makes its way through the atmosphere and back out to space, greenhouse gases absorb much of it. Why do greenhouse gases absorb heat? Greenhouse gases are more complex than other gas molecules in the atmosphere, with a structure that can absorb heat. They radiate the heat back to the Earth's surface, to another greenhouse gas molecule, or out to space.

The low-level clouds include: (Select all that apply)

Stratocumulus Nimbostratus Stratus

The strongest tropical cyclonic storm to hit land in recorded history was __________________________________.

Super Typhoon Haiyan AKA Typhoon Yolonda

What is the strongest type of tropical cyclonic storms and where are they located?

Super Typhoon, 100° and 180° E in the Western Pacific

If air cools beyond its dew point and still does not condense, the air is said to be ______________

Supersaturated

Difference between vaporization and boiling

The following are the two prime differences: Evaporation is the process of a substance in a liquid state changing to a gaseous state due to an increase in temperature and/or pressure. Vaporization is also the phase change from liquid to gas state but above the boiling point of the liquid.

The maximum amount of water vapor air can contain at a particular temperature is 20 g/kg.

The formula is:relative humidity = specific humidity x 100% = maximum capacity

What is the lifted condensation level?

The lifted condensation level is the point of height where the dew point is the same as the surrounding temperature. Higher clouds have more of an effect than low clouds.

Describe the difference between hurricanes, typhoons, cyclones. Include where they are found.

The only difference between hurricanes, typhoons, and cyclones is where they're located. Otherwise they're basically the same things.-Cyclones are usually located in the Southern Hemisphere.-Typhoons are usually located in the Northeast Pacific-Hurricanes are usually located in the Atlantic and the Northeast Pacific.

What are three of the major purposes of long-term weather tracking? (Choose 3)

To prepare for emergenciesTo help save property and livestockTo plan events such as the Presidential Inaugural address on the Capital lawn

Different types of greenhouse gases

There are several different types of greenhouse gases. The major ones are carbon dioxide, water vapor, methane, and nitrous oxide.

Calculating dew point

This can be expressed as a simple rule of thumb: For every 1 °C difference in the dew point and dry bulb temperatures, the relative humidity decreases by 5%, starting with RH = 100% when the dew point equals the dry bulb temperature.

What is one relationship between warm air and humidity?

Warm air expands, so there is a lot of room for moisture.

Most powerful substance to hold heat in atmosphere

Water vapor

Advection fogs are caused by _________________________

Wind blowing warm, moist air over a cold surface

Cumuliform

a massive, rounded form often with a flat base, billowing upwards

Cold fronts have what kind of slopes?

steep

Low-pressure systems are associated with what type of weather?

stormy

What 3 factors affect air pressure?

temperature, altitude, and water vapor.

What do isobars that are very close together tell you?

that there is a large pressure change, possibly showing a weather system

Pressure-gradient force is __________________.

the acceleration of wind due to the change in pressures over a gradient

The wind appears to curve due to _____________________.

the earth's rotation

Between 30° North and 30° South, the winds blow towards

the equator.