Magyari Exercise Phys. Ch.19-25 Quizes

A subject, with eyes closed, repeatedly contracts a muscle until fatigue occurs. When the eyes are opened, the muscle's ability to produce force is improved. This experiment is a demonstration of fatigue being linked to which of the following sites? muscle CNS peripheral nervous system mitochondria

CNS

Performance of a one-repetition maximum (1RM) test to determine muscular strength is an example of a(n) _______________ strength test? isokinetic isometric dynamic isolateral

Dynamic

The incidence of anorexia nervosa in the U.S. is estimated to be approximately ________? 1 out of 1,000 adolescent girls 1 out of 100 adolescent girls 1 out of 10,000 adolescent girls 1 out of 10 adolescent girls

1 out of 100 adolescent girls

The recommended intake of protein for athletes who participate in high-intensity endurance exercise is? 1.2-1.4 g/kg/day. 2.6-3.7 g/kg/day. 0.8 g/kg/day. 0.9 g/kg/day.

1.2-1.4 g/kg/day.

Many training injuries occur due to overtraining. A common sense guideline to avoid training-induced injuries is that training intensity or duration should not be increased more than ____ per week. 5% 20% 10% 15%

10%

The recommended fluid/electrolyte intake during high-intensity events of one to three hours is? 1200-1,600 ml water with NaCl and 6-8% carbohydrate/hour. 500-1,000 ml water/hour without electrolytes. 500-1,000 ml water with NaCl and 6-8% carbohydrate/hour. None of these answers is correct

1200-1,600 ml water with NaCl and 6-8% carbohydrate/hour.

How many units of blood are shown to have a positive effect when reinfused in a subject via blood doping? 0.5 1.5 2 1

2

The thermal conductivity of water is about ________ greater than air. 15 10 100 25

25

Having a high VO2 max would be a primary factor for success in performances lasting? 30 to 180 seconds. >4 hours. 3 to 20 minutes. less than 10 seconds.

3 to 20 minutes

Blood buffers would most likely improve performances lasting? less than 10 seconds. 30 to 180 seconds. 3 to 20 minutes. longer than 20 minutes.

30 to 180 seconds

Training has been shown to improve the lactate threshold in endurance athletes by as much as __________ during 10 years of training. 5% 10% 20% 30%

30%

Peak running velocity is defined as the highest running speed that can be maintained for? 30 seconds. 5 minutes. 5 seconds. 60 seconds.

5 seconds

Genetics influences the training response and exerts a significant influence on how much VO2 max can be improved with training. "Low responders" to endurance exercise training may only improve their VO2 max by ______. 5% 15% 10% 20%

5%

Intervals aimed at specific improvement of the ATP-CP system should generally last _____ seconds. 5-10 30-60 >180 90-180

5-10

Genetics influences the training response and exerts a significant influence on how much VO2 max can be improved with training. "High responders" to endurance exercise training can improve their VO2 max by as much as ______. 35% 50% 25% 85%

50%

At three minutes of all-out high-intensity exercise, __________ of the ATP is derived from aerobic sources? 10% 60% 90% 40%

60%

The recommended intensity of warm-up exercise (5-10 minutes) for endurance activities is? 40%-50% VO2 max. at 90% race pace. at 100% race pace. 60%-70% VO2 max.

60%-70% VO2 max.

Which of the following training intensities of exercise are likely to elicit the greatest percentage of improvement in VO2 max? 65-70% VO2 max 55-60% VO2 max <50% VO2 max 80-100% VO2 max

80-100% VO2 max

In events lasting 21 to 60 minutes, the athlete would typically work at _______% VO2 max? <70 <50 <60 <90

<90

Which of the following statements are TRUE about protein consumption for athletes engaged in heavy training sessions?

????????????????????? Athletes should NOT consume protein from red meats during training. The protein requirement for athletes does NOT exceed the RDA recommendation. Maybe this one??? The protein requirement for athletes likely exceeds the RDA recommendation.

Ingestion of caffeine could improve exercise performance by several mechanisms. Which of the following are NOT likely mechanisms to explain the positive impact of caffeine on exercise performance?

??????????????????????????????????? I think its this one??? Acting as an antioxidant to prevent radical mediated damage

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of physiological testing for athletes? provides information about strengths and weaknesses. educates the subject about the physiology of exercise. provides feedback about effectiveness of training program.

ALL OF THESE ARE BENEFITS! provides information about strengths and weaknesses educates the subject about the physiology of exercise provides feedback about effectiveness of training program

Which of the following statements are true about carbohydrate intake during prolonged (i.e., >45 minutes) exercise? All of these answers are correct. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise delays fatigue. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise does not impact the rate of muscle glycogen usage. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise improves performance.

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT Carbohydrate feeding during exercise delays fatigue. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise does not impact the rate of muscle glycogen usage. Carbohydrate feeding during exercise improves performance.

Which of the following statements are true about carbohydrate metabolism during exercise? Hypoglycemia can occur during prolonged exercise (i.e., 3.5 hours) at exercise intensities at 58% of VO2 max. Exercising skeletal muscles can consume glucose at a rate of 1-2 grams/minute. All of these answers are correct Gluconeogenesis can supply glucose at a rate of only 0.2-0.4 grams/minute.

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT Hypoglycemia can occur during prolonged exercise (i.e., 3.5 hours) at exercise intensities at 58% of VO2 max. Exercising skeletal muscles can consume glucose at a rate of 1-2 grams/minute. Gluconeogenesis can supply glucose at a rate of only 0.2-0.4 grams/minute.

Which of the following statements are true about protein consumption to optimize post exercise muscle protein synthesis? Muscle protein synthesis is strongly activated when amino acids are supplied within one hour following the workout. The timing of post-exercise protein consumption is very important for older adults. Whey protein is digested more rapidly than casein protein. All of these answers are correct

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT Muscle protein synthesis is strongly activated when amino acids are supplied within one hour following the workout. The timing of post-exercise protein consumption is very important for older adults. Whey protein is digested more rapidly than casein protein.

Starting an endurance exercise training session with low glycogen levels has been shown to? activate both AMP Kinase and p38. increase the activation PGC-1α. promote protein synthesis in the active skeletal muscles.

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT activate both AMP Kinase and p38. increase the activation PGC-1α. promote protein synthesis in the active skeletal muscles.

Preceding a static stretch with an isometric contraction of the muscle group to be stretched _____________. can activate the Golgi tendon organ. is effective in improving muscle relaxation. is called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT can activate the Golgi tendon organ is effective in improving muscle relaxation is called proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation

VO2 max is defined by the Fick equation as the product of maximal cardiac output times the maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference. The age-related decline in VO2 max occurs due to a? decrease in maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference. decline in maximal heart rate. decrease in maximal stroke volume. All of these answers are correct.

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT decrease in maximal arterial-venous oxygen difference. decline in maximal heart rate. decrease in maximal stroke volume.

The age-related decline in VO2 max is due to? decreased maximal a-VO2 difference. decreased maximal heart rate. decreased maximal stroke volume.

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT decreased maximal a-VO2 difference. decreased maximal heart rate. decreased maximal stroke volume.

Which of the following factors are associated with increased risk of seizures during exercise in people with epilepsy? electrolyte imbalance hypoglycemia hyperventilation

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT electrolyte imbalance hypoglycemia hyperventilation

Individuals who are successful climbing to high altitudes have a great capacity to hyperventilate. Hyperventilation results in ______________? All of these answers are correct higher PO2 in the blood left shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve a decrease in arterial pH

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT higher PO2 in the blood left shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve a decrease in arterial pH

Which of the following is associated with adequate hydration during exercise? lower core temperature all of these lower perceived exertion lower heart rate

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT lower core temperature lower perceived exertion lower heart rate

Low energy availability in female athletes is associated with which of the following results? reduced estrogen production. All of these answers are correct. "switching off" of the menstrual cycle. altering the normal pattern of the release of luteinizing hormone

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT reduced estrogen production "switching off" of the menstrual cycle altering the normal pattern of the release of luteinizing hormone

Which of the following factors have the ability to impact the risk of developing heat injury during exercise? hydration status acclimatization All of these answers are correct wind

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT hydration status acclimatization wind

A high H+ concentration can contribute to fatigue by? reducing the force generated per cross-bridge. inhibiting Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. interfering with Ca++ binding to troponin.

ALL OF THESE ARE CORRECT. reducing the force generated per cross-bridge. inhibiting Ca++ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. interfering with Ca++ binding to troponin.

Clenbuterol use by athletes may cause? cardiac arrhythmias. increased resistance to fatigue. a decrease in tremors. muscle atrophy.

cardiac arrhythmias.

The most rapid and effective method of reducing body temperature in those with high body temperatures is? waiting; cooling is a slow process. moving the athlete to the shade. cold water immersion. rapid fluid replacement.

cold water immersion

The risk of developing hyponatremia is greater if the marathon runner? finishes the race more quickly (i.e., <3 hours). consumes less fluid than the amount of sweat loss. consumes large amounts of hypotonic fluids. consumes snacks and fluids containing sodium.

consumes large amounts of hypotonic fluids.

People with type 1 diabetes should _______________ the dose of insulin they inject on strenuous training days to avoid hypoglycemia? double not alter decrease increase

decrease

The optimum body fatness for male athletes is? 12 percent. dependent on the sport and the individual. 6 percent. 8 percent.

dependent on the sport and the individual.

In aerobic performances lasting 3 to 20 minutes, which of the following factors do not contribute to performance? depletion of muscle glycogen VO2 max Maximal cardiac output Fiber type

depletion of muscle glycogen

Supplementation with mega doses of the antioxidant vitamins C and E has been shown to? both diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules and diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to promote amino acid uptake in muscle fibers are correct diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules. accelerate training adaptations in skeletal muscles. diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to promote amino acid uptake in muscle fibers.

diminish training adaptations in muscle because free radicals are required to activate signal molecules.

The occurrence of irregular menses in female athletes is generally highest in? distance runners. the occurrence of irregular menses occurs equally in all female athletes. swimmers. cyclists.

distance runners.

Compared to male athletes, female athletes who participate in jumping and cutting sports are at higher risk for knee injuries, most likely because of? dynamic neuromuscular imbalances. fluctuation in sex hormones. gender differences in knee anatomy. the female athlete triad.

dynamic neuromuscular imbalances.

The term overload, when used in conjunction with a sport conditioning program, is defined as? injury or damage a muscle group. exercise performed above 90% VO2 max. exercise that results in emotional stress. exercise training that stresses the cardiovascular system and/or skeletal muscles above a level to which it's accustomed.

exercise training that stresses the cardiovascular system and/or skeletal muscles above a level to which it's accustomed.

An isokinetic dynamometer monitors the? force a muscle generates against an unmovable resistance. speed a muscle generates at a constant force. force a muscle generates during lengthening contractions ONLY. force a muscle generates at a constant speed.

force a muscle generates at a constant speed.

When environmental air temperature exceeds skin temperature? heat gain can occur in the body through convection and/or radiation. the sweat rate decreases. heat is lost from the body via convection.

heat gain can occur in the body through convection and/or radiation.

Which of the following is NOT an important factor that contributes to performance in endurance events? high lactate threshold superior exercise efficiency/economy high VO2 max high anaerobic capacity

high anaerobic capacity

Which of the following diets is associated with the highest muscle glycogen levels? high-carbohydrate diet low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet mixed diet All three diets are associated with similar muscle glycogen levels.

high-carbohydrate diet

Compared to the heart rate value measured at sea level, when a subject works at the same work rate at 3,000 meters altitude, the heart rate is? the same. dependent on the conditioning state of the subject. higher. lower.

higher

The term that denotes an inspired PO2 that is greater than that at sea level is? hyperoxia. normoxia. hypoxia. superoxia.

hyperoxia

The serious medical condition that can occur in ultra-endurance (4+ hours) events when water alone is used to replace fluid loss is? supercompensation. hyponatremia. glycosuria. hypernatremia.

hyponatremia.

Heavy endurance training in children has been shown to? increase the risk of cardiovascular failure. improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed. decrease the risk of pulmonary disease. cause permanent musculoskeletal damage.

improve maximal aerobic power comparable to adults if proper techniques of physical training are employed.

The term "supercompensation" refers to the? procedures for replacing fat stores following exhaustive exercise studies. increase in muscle glycogen when exhaustive exercise is followed by a high-carbohydrate diet. increase in muscle mass following heavy exercise. consumption of a high-protein diet following weight training to increase muscle mass.

increase in muscle glycogen when exhaustive exercise is followed by a high-carbohydrate diet.

Growing evidence suggests that compared to sedentary children, those who participate in regular endurance exercise training results in? decreased bone mineral content. decreased risk of developing asthma. increased bone mineral content. increased risk of knee injury.

increased bone mineral content.

At present, the recommendation for sports participation for people with epilepsy is that? the epileptic can participate in any sport when accompanied by a nonepileptic. epileptics should not participate in sports. the individual should limit physical activity to low-intensity sports. individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm.

individuals with only mild seizure problems and with the aid of medication can participate in most sports activities without harm.

The ergogenic effect of caffeine? does not vary between individuals. is dose dependent (i.e., depends upon on the amount of caffeine ingested). is due to a decrease in fat metabolism. is influenced by gender.

is dose dependent (i.e., depends upon on the amount of caffeine ingested).

A genetic predisposition for athletic talent _____________? has limited impact on the individual's ultimate athletic potential. is not necessary for an individual to compete at a world-class level. is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level. is important only in power events such as sprinting

is essential if an individual is to compete at a world-class level

A handgrip dynamometer is an easy method of assessing ______________ strength? isokinetic isotonic dynamic isometric

isometric

Exercise scientists often use data from laboratory tests to predict performance in a variety of sports. Which of the following measurements (or performance tests) are required to predict a performance time for a 10,000 meter race? Wingate power test and measurement of running economy lactate threshold and VO2 max critical power and VO2 max lactate threshold and measurement of running economy

lactate threshold and measurement of running economy

Which of the following nutrients should be included in a pregame meal? large amounts of fat large amounts of simple sugars large amounts of protein large amounts of complex carbohydrates

large amounts of complex carbohydrates

The key to safe participation in sports conditioning for the person with type 1 diabetes is to? learn to avoid small increases in blood glucose during training. keep the intensity of the exercise low. perform only short-term, high-intensity exercise. learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training.

learn to avoid hypoglycemic episodes during training.

Carbohydrate supplementation during exercise is most important in performances lasting? 30 to 180 seconds. longer than 60 minutes. less than 10 seconds. 3 to 20 minutes.

longer than 60 minutes

Which of the following dietary conditions increases the rate of amino acid utilization during prolonged exercise? low-carbohydrate diet high-fat diet high-carbohydrate diet low-protein diet

low-carbohydrate diet

Compared to competition at sea level, distance-running performances are generally not as good when conducted at high altitude. This is due to the? greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy. lower air density. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy. lower PO2 in the inspired air.

lower PO2 in the inspired air.

Maximal aerobic power decreases with high altitude due to the? increase in hemoglobin levels. lower PO2. lower percent of oxygen in the air. lower hemoglobin levels.

lower PO2.

When track meets are held at altitude, the sprint performances are usually better than at sea level because of the? lower PO2 of inspired oxygen. lower air density. greater reliance on anaerobic glycolysis for energy. greater reliance on creatine phosphate for energy.

lower air density.

The partial pressure of inspired oxygen (PO2) decreases with increasing altitude because of the lower percent of oxygen in the air. higher percent of carbon dioxide in the air. higher percent of nitrogen in the air. lower barometric pressure.

lower barometric pressure.

The major factor causing a decrease in VO2 max at moderate altitudes (~4000 meters) is? lower maximal heart rate. None of these answers is correct lower maximal stroke. lower oxygen extraction by muscle.

lower oxygen extraction by muscle.

Amphetamines may improve endurance performance by? decreasing arousal. increasing lactic acid removal. decreasing the use of plasma FFA as a fuel source. masking signs of fatigue.

masking signs of fatigue.

Current evidence suggests that compression garments ____________________? increase VO2 max. reduce wind resistance during running. improve performance in short-duration (i.e., events lasting <10 seconds) high intensity exercise. may decrease swelling following exercise-induced muscle soreness

may decrease swelling following exercise-induced muscle soreness

Delayed onset of muscle soreness is likely due to ____________. lactic acid buildup in muscles. microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum muscle cramps depletion of muscle glycogen

microscopic tears in the muscle resulting in calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

The best single "practical" indicator of salt and water balance is? urine color. measuring plasma sodium. measuring plasma volume. monitoring body weight.

monitoring body weight.

During relatively high intensity exercise lasting less than one hour, the primary fuel for muscular work is? plasma FFA. muscle glycogen. amino acids. blood glucose.

muscle glycogen.

Vitamin supplementation is? required for all athletes. needed only when an athlete is clearly deficient. important for achieving a high VO2 max. more important for male athletes.

needed only when an athlete is clearly deficient.

A double-blind research design is one in which? both the subject and the investigator know what treatment had been administered. neither the subject nor the investigator know what treatment had been administered. the subject does not know which treatment he/she has been administered. only the investigator knows what treatment has been administered.

neither the subject nor the investigator know what treatment had been administered.

Which of the following pollutants is generated by the reaction of UV light and emissions from internal combustion engines? ozone particulate matter carbon monoxide sulfur dioxide

ozone

In examining the mechanisms for exercise-induced fatigue, the vast majority of the evidence points to the? central nervous system alpha motor neuron in the spinal cord periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue)

periphery (i.e., peripheral fatigue)

What is the primary source of ATP production in ultra short-term (high intensity) exercise performances (i.e., exercise lasting less than 10 seconds)? phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system) oxidative phosphorylation equal ATP production is derived from phosphocreatine and oxidative phosphorylation equal ATP production is derived from glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation

phosphocreatine (i.e., ATP-PC system)

Recently, investigators have suggested that the term "female athlete triad" should be replaced with the term ________________? low energy triad None of these answers is correct athlete triad relative energy deficiency syndrome

relative energy deficiency syndrome

The "RICE" treatment is recommended to improve the recovery from delayed onset muscle soreness. RICE is an abbreviation for _________________.

rest, ice, compression, and elevation

A cool-down period following heavy exercise is important in ___________? preventing heat stroke. preventing muscle cramps. returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation. allowing the individual to reduce brain blood flow back to normal.

returning "pooled" blood from the exercising skeletal muscle back to central circulation.

When an athlete stops exercise training, the training effect is quickly lost. This illustrates the concept of ________? the "ten percent rule" reversibility overload specificity

reversibility "You dont use it you lose it"

Studies suggest that elevating the levels of _____________ in the brain can contribute to "central" fatigue during prolonged endurance events? epinephrine serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) acetylcholine norepinephrine

serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Blood buffers, used to improve anaerobic performances, exert their effect by? decreasing the rate at which H+ leaves muscle. slowing the rate of decrease of creatine phosphate. altering the rate at which oxygen leaves the hemoglobin. slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+ and thus, maintaining pH homeostasis.

slowing the rate of increase in plasma H+ and thus, maintaining pH homeostasis.

The vertical jump power test has been used to evaluate explosive anaerobic power. This test is valuable in predicting performance in ______________. running 40 yards running 100 yards (or meters) sports requiring vertical leaping ability

sports requiring vertical leaping ability

Measurement of the lactate threshold has been used to estimate maximal? aerobic power. steady-state running speed. power of the ATP-PC system. performance in events lasting less than 60 seconds.

steady-state running speed.

Although creatine monohydrate supplementation can increase creatine storage in muscles, a potential drawback of this supplementation is? phosphocreatine is not an important energy source during this type of exercise. supplementation can promote muscle swelling. supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain. all of these answers are correct.

supplementation may result in water retention and weight gain.

Which of the following is a long-standing medical concern for children participating in intense endurance or resistance training? that there will be permanent cardiopulmonary damage. skeletal muscles will grow faster than the bones. all of these. that mechanical injury will cause premature closure of the growth plate.

that mechanical injury will cause premature closure of the growth plate

Including a placebo in a research design to study ergogenic aids helps control for? the subject's belief that the substance tested is an ergogenic aid. investigator bias. differences in the training state of the subjects. the gender of the subjects.

the subject's belief that the substance tested is an ergogenic aid.

Experiments have shown that following a series of voluntary contractions to produce skeletal muscle fatigue, electrical stimulation of the "fatigued" muscle group results in an increase in the maximal voluntary force production. This experiment suggests that? exercise-induced muscle fatigue results from peripheral factors located within the muscle. exercise-induced muscle fatigue results from peripheral factors located at the neuromuscular junction. the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central nervous system can limit performance.

the upper limit of voluntary strength is psychologically set and that the central nervous system can limit performance.

Which of the following is a method to estimate the lactate threshold? the work rate at which maximal running velocity occurs. the work rate at which the ventilatory threshold occurs. the work rate at which HR exceeds 85% predicted HR max. the work rate at which the HR exceeds 1.00

the work rate at which the ventilatory threshold occurs

One disadvantage of studying muscle fatigue in vivo is that ________________. these studies only allow the study of fatigue during endurance events. these studies are not physiological. these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms

these studies often produce correlative data and it is difficult to identify mechanisms

To quantify the overall heat stress associated with any environment, the ______________ guide was developed. None of these answers is correct dry bulb temperature wet bulb temperature black globe temperature

wet bulb temperature

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of overtraining? Decrease in performance Decrease in the heart rate response to exercise Loss of body weight Chronic fatigue

NOT A SYMPTOM: Decrease in the heart rate response to exercise

Which of the following statements about Laboratory (physiological) testing is NOT true? Laboratory testing can provide an athlete information about their strengths and weaknesses. Laboratory testing can often provide valuable feedback about the effectiveness of exercise training programs. Laboratory testing is a powerful tool to identify future Olympic champions. Laboratory testing can be used an educational tool for the athlete to learn about exercise physiology

NOT TRUE: Laboratory testing is a powerful tool to identify future Olympic champions.

Which of the following is NOT among the criteria used to determine if a VO2 max test is valid? HR within 10 beats per minute of predicted HR max plateau in VO2 with increasing work rate blood lactate concentration >8 m moles · L-1 respiratory exchange ratio >1.00

NOT USED:respiratory exchange ratio >1.00

Which of the following components of performance testing are NOT important to consider when designing a laboratory test to evaluate sport performance? The test must be reliable. The test should be valid. The testing protocol should be relevant to the sport and sport specific. Follow-up testing should be avoided.

NOT important. Follow-up testing should be avoided.

Which of the following theories has NOT been proposed to explain the repeated bout effect of protection against exercise-induced muscle soreness? Cellular theory Neural theory Connective tissue theory Central nervous system theory

Neural???????

Measurement of the highest VO2 obtained during an incremental arm ergometer test is often called? VO2 arm. peak VO2. maximal aerobic power. VO2 max.

Peak VO2

Which of the following statements are TRUE about the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NAIDS) for the treatment of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)? The use of NAIDS does not reduce the pain associated with DOMS. The use of NAIDS increases the risk of stomach irritation. The specific drug, treatment program, and dosage of NAIDS to relieve DOMS pain is well established in the literature. The use of NAIDS has been shown to completely eliminate the muscle damage associated with DOMS within a 12 hour period.

The use of NAIDS increases the risk of stomach irritation.

The major factor that contributes to an age-related decline in endurance performance is? All of these factors contribute equally to the age-related decline in performance. a decrease in the lactate threshold. a decline in exercise economy. a decline in VO2 max.

a decline in VO2 max.

Some highly trained athletes experience a larger-than-expected decrease in VO2 max when tested at altitude. This may be due to? poor mitochondrial function. a greater decrease in maximal stroke volume. a greater decrease in maximal heart rate. a large desaturation of hemoglobin.

a large desaturation of hemoglobin.

The term homologous transfusion means that the subject received? his own blood. None of these answers is correct a matched donor's blood. artificial blood.

a matched donor's blood.

Early studies did not show a positive effect of blood doping because? the measurements of exercise performance were not accurate. a significant portion of the red blood cells were destroyed during storage of the blood. the subject could not tolerate the additional blood. too much blood was given to the subject.

a significant portion of the red blood cells were destroyed during storage of the blood.

Which of the following range of values represents "good" air quality as indicated by the Air Quality Index (AQI)? 151-200 51-100 101-150 0-50

0-50

The RDA for protein in healthy adults is? 1.6 g/kg/day. 1.2 g/kg/day. 0.6 g/kg/day. 0.8 g/kg/day.

0.8 g/kg/day.

The minimum number of sets required for strength gains in untrained, beginning weightlifters is ________ set? 2 1 >4 3

1

High circulating levels of catecholamines can? activate cyclic AMP. activate adenylate cyclase. inhibit phospodiesterase. Both activate adenylate cyclase and activate cyclic AMP answers are correct.

Both activate adenylate cyclase and activate cyclic AMP answers are correct.

Which of the following physiological factors would NOT be beneficial to a mountain climber during high altitude climbing? right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve higher PO2 in the blood Both an increase in arterial PCO2 and right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are correct an increase in arterial PCO2

Both an increase in arterial PCO2 and right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve are correct

Which of the following statements about age-related changes in VO2 max are true? Both limited change in VO2 max occurs until age 40 and the age-related decline in VO2 max is approximately 1% per year after age 40 are correct. The age-related decline in VO2 max is approximately 1% per year after age 40. The age-related decline in VO2 max occurs due to impaired pulmonary gas exchange. Limited change in VO2 max occurs until age 40

Both limited change in VO2 max occurs until age 40 and the age-related decline in VO2 max is approximately 1% per year after age 40 are correct

Compared to studying muscle function in vivo, using an isolated single muscle fiber to study muscle fatigue provides which of the following advantages? force production of the single fiber can be measured. environment identical to in vivo conditions. measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible. Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force production of the single fiber can be measured are correct.

Both measurements of ions and metabolites within fiber possible and force production of the single fiber can be measured are correct

Daily supplementation with high doses of vitamins C and E has been shown to? diminish muscle fatigue during prolonged exercise. depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles. provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue. Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct

Both provide limited protection against exercise-induced muscle fatigue and depress exercise-induced training adaptations in skeletal muscles are correct

Which of the following beverages contain the most caffeine? tea most soft drinks (e.g., colas) coffee energy drinks (e.g., Red Bull)

Coffee (: <3

Which of the following statements is true, relative to fluids taken during exercise? Small volumes (about 200 ml) are absorbed faster than large volumes (about 600 ml). Exercise, independent of intensity, has no effect on the absorption of H2O. Cold drinks are absorbed faster than warm drinks. A glucose concentration greater than 10% does not interfere with the absorption of water.

Cold drinks are absorbed faster than warm drinks.

T or F All cardiac abnormalities that could lead to sudden cardiac death can be identified with routine medical examination.

False

T or F Amphetamines appear to have a positive effect on exercise performance in those who are alert and motivated.

False

T or F Athletes that are deficient in certain vitamins almost never experience improved performance when vitamin levels return to normal.

False

T or F Children can safely engage in endurance exercise, but they cannot improve their maximal aerobic power through training.

False

T or F Children with diabetes do not respond to training in the same manner as do nondiabetic children.

False

T or F During exercise, muscle ATP concentrations in skeletal muscles often fall to less than half of resting levels.

False

T or F Evidence exists that men and women adapt differently to exercise training programs, which suggests that a different approach to physical conditioning should be taken for men versus women.

False

T or F It is not physiologically possible to climb to the summit of Mount Everest without supplemental oxygen.

False

T or F Male athletes always require a higher carbohydrate (grams CHO per Kg body weight) than female athletes.

False

T or F Running performances lasting 21 to 60 minutes always involve an energy expenditure equal to VO2 max.

False

T or F Since athletes need more protein than the average sedentary individual, athletes should always increase the amount of protein in their diets.

False

T or F Stretching prior to exercise has been scientifically proven to reduce the incidence of exercise-induced injury.

False

T or F The effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation are most evident during the first of many repetitive bouts of short and intense exercise.

False

T or F The vast majority of the body's iron content is found in skeletal muscles containing a high percentage of fast fibers.

False

T or F VO2 max is an excellent predictor of performance in endurance events for trained runners.

False

T or F Wind speed affects environmental temperature.

False

Which of the following terms describes the most serious form of heat illnesses? heat exhaustion heat cramps heat syncope heat stroke

Heat Stroke

Aquatic exercise is recommended for pregnant women. Why? It relieves pressure on the fetus. It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature. It is associated with lower heart rate and perceived exertion. All of these.

It accelerates heat loss to maintain a lower body temperature.

T or F A well-designed conditioning program allocates the appropriate amount of aerobic and anaerobic time to match the energy demand of the sport.

True

T or F Acclimatization to the heat results in an increased rate of sweating during exercise.

True

T or F Although the drug erythropoietin can increase endurance performance by increasing the transport of oxygen, it can also impair blood flow if hemoglobin concentrations reach high levels.

True

T or F Chronic (e.g., > several weeks) exposure to altitude will increase hypoxia-inducing factor in the body.

True

T or F If maximal exercise is conducted at 21,000 feet altitude, VO2 max may be lower due to an actual reduction in maximal heart rate.

True

T or F If medical complications do not exist, it is widely believed that women who are physically fit can perform regular exercise during pregnancy.

True

T or F It is generally believed that regular, but not excessive, physical activity in children promotes optimal bone growth and development.

True

T or F Lactate threshold can be used to predict the estimated finish time in a race.

True

T or F One of the purposes of a pre-game meal is to provide adequate hydration.

True

T or F Running economy becomes an increasingly important determinant of success as the duration of the performance increases.

True

T or F The mass of sodium in the body determines the total body water content.

True

T or F The term "hematological passport" refers to a systematic approach used to identify athletes that are using "doping" procedures to increase their oxygen transport capacity.

True

When the intensity of exercise exceeds 75% of VO2 max, which of the following fibers are likely brought into play? Type IIa Type I Type IIx Type Ix

Type IIx

Many investigators argue that the following measurement is the single best predictor of success in endurance events. Lactate threshold VO2 max Critical power Wingate power test

VO2 Max

The term that describes the potential loss of heat due to cold air and air movement is? frostbite. hypothermia. None of these answers is correct wind chill.

Wind chill

Which of the following performance tests is a good test of anaerobic, glycolytic power? Wingate test one-repetition maximum test vertical leap test VO2 max test

Wingate Test

Which of the following laboratory tests would provide the LEAST important information about performance potential in a long endurance event (e.g., a marathon)? test to measure exercise economy Wingate test test to measure lactate threshold test to measure maximal oxygen uptake

Wingate test

Both the lactate threshold and the measurement of critical power have been used to predict performance in endurance events. Studies reveal that, from an exercise intensity viewpoint, critical power measurements represent an exercise intensity _____________. 10% below the lactate threshold 30% below the lactate threshold above the lactate threshold equal to the lactate threshold

above the LT

Which of the following changes would account for the greatest potential reduction in aerodynamic drag during a cycling competition? using an aerodynamic bicycle frame wearing Lycra shorts and jersey switching to a flat-disc rear wheel adopting a lower riding position

adopting a lower riding position

The female athlete triad includes? eating disorders, bulimia, and normenorrhea. amenorrhea, bone mineral loss, and eating disorders. bone mineral loss, dysmenorrhea, and eating disorders. amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and normenorrhea.

amenorrhea, bone mineral loss, and eating disorders.

Fatigue refers to? the sensation of pain associated with repeated muscle contractions. an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions. the feeling of sleepiness that occurs during repeated muscle contractions. an increased free radical production that occurs during repeated muscle contractions.

an inability to maintain power output during repeated contractions.

Children and adults with asthma can engage in physical conditioning and sports if they? learn to ignore breathing difficulties. are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms. train with other asthmatics. engage only in low-intensity activities.

are able to control or prevent exercise-induced bronchospasms.

Breathing carbon monoxide can decrease VO2 max by? decreasing the number of red blood cells. decreasing the arterial PO2 to half its normal value. by reducing pulmonary ventilation. binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.

binding to hemoglobin to displace oxygen.

Providing high quality protein to athletes immediately prior to or after a training session has been shown to? accelerate gains in anaerobic power. increase the activation PGC-1α. increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training. both increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training and accelerate gains in anaerobic power are correct

both increase the rate of muscle protein synthesis following both endurance and resistance training and accelerate gains in anaerobic power are correct

The two major causes of bone mineral loss in female athletes are inadequate? calcium/vitamin D intake and high blood estrogen levels. calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels. phosphate intake and high blood testosterone. phosphate intake and high blood estrogen levels.

calcium/vitamin D intake and low blood estrogen levels.

Oxygen has been shown to be an effective ergogenic aid when the O2? is used in recovery from endurance exercise. is used before endurance exercise. breathed prior to a football game. can be breathed during an endurance exercise.

can be breathed during an endurance exercise.

The concept of critical power is based on the notion that athletes? can work at 90% of VO2 max without fatigue. can maintain a specific submaximal power output without fatigue. cannot work below the lactate threshold for extended periods. can sustain maximal intensity exercise for only one minute.

can maintain a specific submaximal power output without fatigue.