major exam 5. bio non science majors, ch 27,28,29
The cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are
red blood cells
Which is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?
Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. Fever kills some bacteria. Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria.
A heartbeat begins in the
sinoatrial node.
The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the
small intestines
The passage of food needs to occur in a controlled way, so the body contains rings of muscle in the digestive tract that regulate the movement of food. These are
sphincters
Homeostasis is defined as
the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.
An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)
allergy
Which is an example of active immunity?
antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes
A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)
antibody
What is not part of the innate defense response?
antibody production
The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are
arteries
Blood transports the most carbon dioxide in what form?
as bicarbonate ions
The upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the
atria
The force that blood exerts on artery walls is termed
blood pressure.
Immunological memory results from the production of
both B and T memory cells.
Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?
both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection
In herbivores, cellulose is primarily broken down
by bacteria living within the herbivore's gastrointestinal tract
The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are
capillaries
The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood
carbon dioxide
In the pulmonary circulation, ________ is expelled from the blood and ________ is picked up.
carbon dioxide; oxygen
In animals, the pouch that forms the entrance to the large intestine is the
cecum
A phagocyte is a
cell that engulfs other cells and debris.
In a process called ________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells.
clonal selection
The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is
complement protein.
Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?
coronary artery
The primary function of a vaccine is to
create immunological memory without causing disease.
Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are
detritivores
In mammals, a muscular ________ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.
diaphragm
What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?
diffusion down a concentration gradient
Epithelial cells of the small intestine contains 500 microvilli. What is the purpose of these microvilli?
to increase surface area for food absorption
The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of
filtration, absorption, and secretion.
White blood cells are produced
from bone marrow stem cells
In aquatic organisms, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water are
gills
A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for
growth. metabolism. repair of tissues. maintenance.
The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are
helper T cells.
blood
helps remove wastes from the body. delivers oxygen to the cells of the body. delivers food to the cells of the body. is a liquid connective tissue.
The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is
hemoglobin
Animals that eat only plants are
herbivores
The cecum is the largest in
herbivores
In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are
ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
You would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of
interferon
The major excretory organ of the human urinary system is the
kidney
The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the
large intestines
The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful is the
left ventricle
If you wanted to read more about protections for the body, and you came a cross a description of cellular components of blood that destroy foreign substances, you would be reading about
leukocytes
Which produces bile?
liver
Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is ________ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm ________.
lower; contract
The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the
trachea
Mammals excrete nitrogen wastes as what?
urea
In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the
ureter
The large vessels that carry blood to the heart are
veins
B cells or T cells are
lymphocytes
A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a
macrophage
A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a
mast cell
Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include
mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. tear fluid from the eye. an un-punctured skin. the acidity of the stomach.
The functional unit of a kidney is a
nephron
The upper respiratory tract is composed of
nose, pharynx, larynx
The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed
osmoregulation
Aerobic respiration consumes ________ gas and generates ________ gas as a waste product.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
At the capillaries, ________ leaves red blood cells and ________ enters the circulation.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
In the systemic circulation, ________ is expelled from the blood and ________ is picked up.
oxygen; carbon dioxide
Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed
peristalsis
The liquid matrix of blood is
plasma
Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are
plasma cells
Which is correct about primary and secondary immune responses?
Both respond to foreign antigens. The primary immune response occurs first. The primary immune response is smaller. Both are responses of adaptive immunity.