major exam 5. bio non science majors, ch 27,28,29

The cellular components of blood that transport oxygen are

red blood cells

Which is a reason why fever is considered a defense mechanism?

Fever inactivates (kills) some viruses. Fever speeds up the rate of phagocytosis. Fever kills some bacteria. Fever reduces the iron level in the blood, thereby retarding the growth of some bacteria.

A heartbeat begins in the

sinoatrial node.

The main site of food absorption in the human digestive system is the

small intestines

The passage of food needs to occur in a controlled way, so the body contains rings of muscle in the digestive tract that regulate the movement of food. These are

sphincters

Homeostasis is defined as

the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal environment.

An exaggerated attack on a harmless antigen by an overly sensitive immune system is termed a(n)

allergy

Which is an example of active immunity?

antibodies produced from a vaccine, antibodies produced when the flu strikes

A Y-shaped protein that is produced in response to a specific antigen and recognizes these antigens is a(n)

antibody

What is not part of the innate defense response?

antibody production

The large vessels of the circulatory system that carry blood away from the heart are

arteries

Blood transports the most carbon dioxide in what form?

as bicarbonate ions

The upper chambers of the mammalian heart are the

atria

The force that blood exerts on artery walls is termed

blood pressure.

Immunological memory results from the production of

both B and T memory cells.

Histamine triggers vasodilation and leakiness in blood vessels during inflammation. Why would this be beneficial in fighting an infection by a pathogen?

both increased number of white blood cells and their migration to site of infection

In herbivores, cellulose is primarily broken down

by bacteria living within the herbivore's gastrointestinal tract

The small vessels from which water and dissolved substances diffuse between the blood and interstitial fluid are

capillaries

The most important signal that the brain uses to set the breathing rate is the level of blood

carbon dioxide

In the pulmonary circulation, ________ is expelled from the blood and ________ is picked up.

carbon dioxide; oxygen

In animals, the pouch that forms the entrance to the large intestine is the

cecum

A phagocyte is a

cell that engulfs other cells and debris.

In a process called ________, an army of plasma cells and memory cells are produced from properly stimulated B cells.

clonal selection

The substance that when activated triggers a chain reaction that punctures bacterial cell membranes is

complement protein.

Which is an artery that supplies blood to the heart muscle?

coronary artery

The primary function of a vaccine is to

create immunological memory without causing disease.

Animals that consume decaying organic matter as their main source of food are

detritivores

In mammals, a muscular ________ expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.

diaphragm

What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?

diffusion down a concentration gradient

Epithelial cells of the small intestine contains 500 microvilli. What is the purpose of these microvilli?

to increase surface area for food absorption

The chemical composition of urine reflects the process of

filtration, absorption, and secretion.

White blood cells are produced

from bone marrow stem cells

In aquatic organisms, highly folded structures that exchange gases directly with water are

gills

A nutrient is a substance that an organism uses for

growth. metabolism. repair of tissues. maintenance.

The "master cells" of the immune system that initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response are

helper T cells.

blood

helps remove wastes from the body. delivers oxygen to the cells of the body. delivers food to the cells of the body. is a liquid connective tissue.

The protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen is

hemoglobin

Animals that eat only plants are

herbivores

The cecum is the largest in

herbivores

In sequence of their occurrence, the four major steps that vertebrate organisms use to obtain and use food are

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.

You would know that a viral infection is ongoing in a body if you detect high levels of

interferon

The major excretory organ of the human urinary system is the

kidney

The main site of water and mineral absorption in the human digestive system is the

large intestines

The chamber of the heart that is the most powerful is the

left ventricle

If you wanted to read more about protections for the body, and you came a cross a description of cellular components of blood that destroy foreign substances, you would be reading about

leukocytes

Which produces bile?

liver

Air moves into the lungs when the air pressure in the lungs is ________ than the air pressure outside of the lungs. This occurs when the muscles of the diaphragm ________.

lower; contract

The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the

trachea

Mammals excrete nitrogen wastes as what?

urea

In humans, the muscular tube into which urine from the kidney first drains is the

ureter

The large vessels that carry blood to the heart are

veins

B cells or T cells are

lymphocytes

A primary "antigen presenting cell," a cell that presents an antigen to a helper T cell, is a

macrophage

A cell that does not circulate in blood, but instead settles in tissues near the skin and in the digestive tract, producing and releasing histamine when tissue is damaged, is a

mast cell

Physical and chemical barriers that form the first line of innate defense include

mucus and cilia of the respiratory tract. tear fluid from the eye. an un-punctured skin. the acidity of the stomach.

The functional unit of a kidney is a

nephron

The upper respiratory tract is composed of

nose, pharynx, larynx

The process used to control the level of water and ions in body fluids is termed

osmoregulation

Aerobic respiration consumes ________ gas and generates ________ gas as a waste product.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

At the capillaries, ________ leaves red blood cells and ________ enters the circulation.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

In the systemic circulation, ________ is expelled from the blood and ________ is picked up.

oxygen; carbon dioxide

Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions occurring along the human digestive system that propel food along the system are termed

peristalsis

The liquid matrix of blood is

plasma

Special cells produced by the immune system that are progeny of properly stimulated B cells and are antibody-producing factories are

plasma cells

Which is correct about primary and secondary immune responses?

Both respond to foreign antigens. The primary immune response occurs first. The primary immune response is smaller. Both are responses of adaptive immunity.