MAN3025 Chapter 12

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?

Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

Effort to performance Performance to outcomes

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

Employees are underutilized. Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy

Which types of reinforcement are intended to weaken a behavior?

Extinction Punishment

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

Fitting jobs to people

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?

Goal-setting theory, Expectancy theory, Equity theory

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's acquired needs theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?

Increase employee efficiency Raise employee productivity Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?

Job enrichment Job enlargement

What are three types of learning opportunities?

Learning and development Studying co-workers Tuition reimbursement

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ______ theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

Mclelland's acquired needs theory

Which statements about motivation are true?

Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior, Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation.

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something we learn from our culture.

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

Organizational justice

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?

Physiological

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate

What three types of justice are the components of organizational justice?

Procedural, Interactional, Distributive

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives

What type of incentive compensation plan involves the distribution of a portion of the company's profits to employees?

Profit sharing

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?

Psychological states Core job characteristics Work outcomes

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

Reinforcement theory

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?

Responsibility for work outcomes Meaningfulness of work Knowledge of actual results of the work

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

Skill variety

Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?

Skill variety Task significance Feedback Autonomy

Extinction

Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

Task significance

The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization

Autonomy

The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them

Skill variety

The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities

Task identity

The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end

Feedback

The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

They are agreed on by both employees and managers. They link rewards to performance.

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

Two-factor theory

Positive reinforcement

Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior

Punishment

Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

Negative reinforcement

Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.

bonus program

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

bonuses

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

commission

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

competency, autonomy, and relatedness

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

design

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following?

fairness and justice

True or false: Money is the best motivator.

false

When rewarding an employee for a behavior, you should ______.

give rewards as soon as possible

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.

job design

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

measurable

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

merit

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

modification

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

needs

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.

personal and psychological development

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.

piece rate

Which are principal perspectives on motivation?

process, content, job design, reinforcement

The distribution to employees of a percentage of the company's profits is known as ______.

profit sharing

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

reinforcement

Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

safety, love, esteem, physiological

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.

sales commission

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

self-determination

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.

skill variety

True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

true

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.

working at a job they found meaningful